When the Islamic prophet Muhammad initially spread Islam in his hometown, Mecca, he did not meet with any significant opposition from his tribesmen, the Quraysh. Rather, they were indifferent to his activities, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings. This was the case until Muhammad started attacking their beliefs, which caused tensions to arise.[1][2][3] The Muslims then reportedly received persecution that lasted for twelve years beginning from the advent of Islam to Hijrah.[4][pageneeded]
After Abu Talib refused, they (Quraysh of Makkah) gathered together to confer and decided to draw up a document in which they undertook not to marry women from the Banu Hashim and the Banu al-Muttalib, or to give them women in marriage, or to sell anything to them or buy anything from them (until the Prophet was given up to them to be killed). They drew up a written contract to that effect and solemnly pledged themselves to observe it.[5] The event forced Abu Talib to move the clans to a valley called Shi'b of Abu Talib. The boycott lasted three years and was ended when relatives of the clans intervened.
In the next year when Abu Talib, his uncle who supported him in this ordeal died, Muhammed was left with no protection. The repercussions of the death of Abu Talib were in the political sphere. His successor as chief of the Banu Hashim appears to have been his brother, Abu Lahab. Although Abu Lahab had joined the 'grand alliance' against Hashim during the boycott, he is said at first to have promised to protect Muhammad in the same way as Abu Talib had done. After a time, however, Abu Lahab formally refused protection to Muhammad on the grounds that Muhammad alleged 'Abd al-Muttalib to be in hell. The loss of security was on the surface a great disaster for Muhammad and for the cause of Islam.[6]
In 622, Muhammad and his few hundred followers left Makkah and travelled to Madinah, knowing that Quraysh were plotting to kill him and his followers.[4][7]
Muhammad was protected somewhat by the influence of his family. Abu Lahab's wife, Umm Jamil, would regularly dump filth outside his door.[10] An eyewitness mentioned that the worst thing he ever saw the Quraysh doing to Muhammad was that a person from Quraysh clutched his clothes.[11]
Narrated Abdullah that while Muhammad was in the state of prostration, surrounded by a group of people from Quraysh pagans. Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt came and brought the intestines of a camel and threw them on the back of Muhammad. Muhammad did not raise his head from prostration until Fatima (i.e. his daughter) came and removed those intestines from his back.[12]
Umayya ibn Khalaf brutally tortured Bilal upon learning that Bilal had embraced Islam. Umayya would put a rope around Bilal's neck and drag him in the streets. In the burning hot desert heat, Umayya used to wrap Bilal in raw cow's hide. Due to the great stench of rotting hide, Bilal would find it difficult to breathe. Umayya would also chain Bilal heavily, lay him on hot sand, and put heavy stones on him.[4]
Abu Lahab used to fling stones at Muhammad. He forced his two sons to divorce Ruqaiya and Umm Kulthum, who were daughters of Muhammad. People used to spit and throw dust at Muhammad. Makkan polytheists used to grab the hair of Uqbah and twist his neck. The slaves were often tortured by their masters for apostasy.[13]
Migration age
Two migrations took place before the migration of Medina.
The Migration to Abyssinia (Arabic: الهجرة إلى الحبشة, al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša), also known as the First Hijrah (Arabic: هِجْرَةhijrah), was an episode in the early history of Islam, where Muhammad's first followers (the Sahabah) fled from the persecution of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They sought refuge in the ChristianKingdom of Aksum, present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea (formerly referred to as Abyssinia, an ancient name whose origin is debated),[14] in 9BH (613CE) or 7BH (615CE). The Aksumite monarch who received them is known in Islamic sources as the Negus (Arabic: نجاشيnajāšī) Ashama ibn Abjar. Modern historians have alternatively identified him with King Armah and Ella Tsaham.[15] Some of the exiles returned to Mecca and made the Hijrah to Medina with Muhammad, while others remained in Abyssinia until they came to Medina in 628.[16]
This emigration takes place with 11 men and 4 women. The earliest extant account is given in Ibn Ishaq's sira:[16][17]
When the apostle saw the affliction of his companions, [...] he said to them: "If you were to go to Abyssinia (it would be better for you), for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress." Thereupon his companions went to Abyssinia, being afraid of apostasy and fleeing to God with their religion. This was the first hijra in Islam.
Another view, grounded in the political developments of the time, suggests that following the Sassanid capture of Jerusalem in 614 many believers saw a potential danger to the community as they were not the partisans of the Persians who both practiced Zoroastrianism and had earlier supported the Arabian Jews of Himyar. The acceptance of these Muslims into the Kingdom of Axum at precisely a moment of Persian triumph in the Levant recalls the Ethiopian foreign policy of the previous century which saw Axum and Persia compete for influence in the Arabian Peninsula.[18]
In 6BH (616CE) almost one hundred Muslims made a second migration back to Abyssinia where they stayed protected by king Najashi (Ashama ibn Abjar) who is a just ruler.[citation needed] After the Muslims in Arabia had migrated to Medina in AH7 (628/629) and attained security, the Muslims in Abyssinia migrated back to Arabia and reunited with them in Medina [19] after six years absence.
The Meccan boycott of the Hashemites was a public boycott against the clan of Banu Hashim, declared in 616 (7th year of Prophethood) by the leaders of Banu Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important clans of Quraysh. According to tradition, the boycott was carried out in order to put pressure on Banu Hashim to withdraw its protection from Muhammad.[20][21]
The terms imposed on Banu Hashim, as reported by Ibn Ishaq, were "that no one should marry their women nor give women for them to marry; and that no one would trade with them, and when they agreed on that they wrote it in a deed."[22] The boycott lasted for three years but eventually collapsed mainly because it was not achieving its purpose; the boycott had caused extreme privation and the sympathizers within the Quraysh finally united to annul the agreement.[21][23]
In the Islamic tradition, the Year of Sorrow (Arabic: عام الحزن, romanized:'Ām al-Ḥuzn, also translated Year of Sadness) is the Hijri year in which Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle and protector Abu Talib died. The year approximately coincided with 619 CE[24][25] or the tenth year after Muhammad's first revelation.
After the death of Abu Talib, Muhammad became vulnerable due to the loss of clan protection granted by Abu Talib (who was also the chief of Banu Hashim). He began to be the target of physical attacks by his Meccan opponents. He visited Ta'if to look for help and invite the inhabitants to Islam, but was rejected. On the way back to Mecca, he petitioned several prominent Meccans to ask for protection. Chief Mut'im ibn 'Adi, from the Banu Nawfal clan, acceded to his request, escorted Muhammad into the city and announced the clan's protection of Muhammad.
Previously the preaching of Islam by Muhammad had been confined to Mecca, and his success with Abu Bakr on during the Year of Sorrow his main source of Ta'if to invite the people there to Islam.[26]
Leaders of Ta'if
Muhammad was received by the three (Abd Yalail, Mas'ud and Habib, their father was Amr Bin Ummaya Ath Thaqafi) chiefs of the local tribes of Ta'if[27] and they let him freely have his say, however, they paid little heed to his message. After a while they even showed signs of apprehension lest his welcome in Ta'if might embroil them with the Meccans, so they left him to be dealt with by street urchins and the riff raff of the town.[28]
Rejection
By rejecting Muhammad's religion, the people of Ta'if ordered their children to throw rocks and stones at Muhammad and Zayd ibn Harithah to make them leave the city and never come back. Muhammad and Zayd ibn Harithah were finally turned out by mocking and jeering crowds. The rocks that were thrown at Muhammad and Zayd by the Ta'if children caused them to bleed. Both were wounded and bleeding as they left Ta'if behind them. Muhammad bled so profusely from the stoning that his feet became clotted to his shoes and was wounded badly.
Orchard
Once Muhammad and Zayd ibn Harithah were outside the city walls, Muhammad almost collapsed.[27] They went a short distance outside of the town and stopped in an orchard that belonged to Utaba and Sheba.
The owners of the orchard had seen Muhammad being persecuted in Mecca and on this occasion they felt some sympathy toward their fellow townsman.[28] They sent a slave (named Addas) who took Muhammad into his hut, dressed his wounds, and let him rest and recuperate until he felt strong enough to resume his journey across the rough terrain between Ta'if and Mecca.[27] It was there that the Angel Gabriel came to him with the Angel of the Mountains and said that if Muhammad wanted, he would blow the mountains over the people of Ta'if (or crush the people of Ta'if in between the mountains).
Muhammad prayed:
"O Allah unto thee do I complain of my weakness, of my helplessness, of my want of resources, and of my lowliness before men. O Most Merciful of the merciful, Thou art Lord of the weak. And Thou art my Lord. Into whose hands wilt Thou entrust me? Unto some far off stranger who will ill-treat me? Or unto a foe whom Thou hast empowered against me? I care not, so Thou be not wrath with me. But Thy favoring help -that were for me the broader way and the wider scope! I take refuge in the Light of Thy Countenance whereby all darkness's are illuminated and the things of this world and the next are rightly ordered, lest Thou make descend Thine anger upon me, or lest Thy wrath beset me. Yet is it Thine to reproach until Thou art well pleased? There is no power and no might except through Thee."[29]
The owners also told their Christian slave named Addas from Nineveh to give a tray of grapes to the visitors.[28]
Muhammad took the grape and before putting it into his mouth he recited what has become the Muslim grace: "In the name of God, Ever Gracious, Most Merciful." (ArabicBismillah ar-Rahman, ar-Raheem). Addas became curious and inquired about the identity of Muhammad who presented himself. The conversation that ensued led Addas to declare his acceptance of Islam, so that Muhammad's journey to Ta'if did not prove entirely fruitless.[28]
He stayed preaching to the common people for 10 days.
Mut'im ordered his sons, nephews and other young men of his clan to put on their battle-dress and then marched, in full panoply of war, at their head, out of the city. He brought Muhammad with him, first into the precincts of the Kaaba where the latter made the customary seven circuits (Arabic: Tawaf), and then escorted him to his home.[27]
Muhammad ordered an attack to pursue Kurz bin Jabir Al-Fihri. Because he attacked Prophet Muhammad's pasture in Madinah and ran away after looting Prophet Muhammad's camels.
The Quraysh or Qureshi is an Arab tribe that inhabited and used to control Mecca and the Kaaba. Comprising ten main clans, it includes the Hashim clan into which the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born. By 600 CE, the Quraysh had become wealthy merchants, dominating trade between the Indian Ocean, East Africa, and the Mediterranean. They ran caravans to Gaza and Damascus in summer, and Yemen in winter. They also mined and pursued other enterprises on these routes, placing business interests first.
Banu Abd Shams refers to a clan within the Meccan tribe of Quraysh.
The Mushrikites were the Arab polytheists who opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his Muslims in the early 7th century. Their leaders were mostly from the Quraysh, but others also belonged to the Qays.
This is a list of the non-Muslim interactors with Muslims during Muhammad's era. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. This form is plural; the singular is Ṣaḥābi. A list of the best-known companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad
Fāṭimah bint ʿAmr was the grandmother of Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib and one of the wives of Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim. She was from the Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe, unlike her co-wives, most of whom were from outlying tribes and had relatively little influence in Mecca. One of her co-wives, however, was from the Banu Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh.
ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib , better known as Abū Lahab was the Islamic prophet Muhammad's half paternal uncle. He was one of the Meccan Qurayshi leaders who opposed Muhammad and was condemned in Surat Al-Masad of the Quran.
Amr ibn Hisham (Arabic: عَمْرو بن هِشَام, romanized: ʿAmr ibn Hishām; also known as Abū Jahl or Abu al-Hakamc. was the Meccan Qurayshi polytheist leader of the Mushrikites known for his opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the most prominent flag-bearer of opposition towards Islam.
Lubāba bint al-Ḥārith, was a prominent early Muslim. Two of her sisters, Maymunah bint al-Harith and Zaynab bint Khuzayma became wives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Sumeyah, was the first member of the Umma (community) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad to become a shahida (martyr), shortly before her husband Yasir ibn Amir was also martyred for his conversion to Islam. Her full name is said to be Sumayya bint Khabbat or Sumayya bint Khayyat. Her son was Ammar ibn Yasir.
Ṣafwān ibn Umayya was a sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Shayba ibn Hāshim, better known as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation and grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Arwā bint Ḥarb, better known as Umm Jamīl, was an aunt of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who is mentioned in the Quran. She was Abu Lahab's wife and Abu Sufyan's sister. Arwa is usually remembered for opposing Islam and the prophet, and also for a poem.
The Muhajirun were the converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the event is known in Islam as the Hijra. The early Muslims from Medina are called the Ansar ("helpers").
The Banu Makhzum was one of the wealthy clans of the Quraysh. They are regarded as being among the three most powerful and influential clans in Mecca before the advent of Islam, the other two being the Banu Hashim and the Banu Umayya.
In the Islamic tradition, the Year of Sorrow is the 10th year of prophethood in which Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle and protector Abu Talib died. The year approximately coincided with 619 CE or the tenth year after Muhammad's first revelation.
Muhammad, the final Islamic prophet, was born and lived in Mecca for the first 53 years of his life until the Hijra. This period of his life is characterized by his proclamation of prophethood. Muhammad's father, Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, died before he was born. His mother would raise him until he was six years old, before her death around 577 CE at Abwa'. Subsequently raised by his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and then his uncle, Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, Muhammad's early career involved being a shepherd and merchant. Muhammad married Khadija bint Khuwaylid after a successful trading endeavour in Syria. After the death of Khadija and Abu Talib in the Year of Sorrow, Muhammad married Sawdah bint Zam'a and Aisha.
Following the migration and return of the most Sahabas from the first migration to Abyssinia, the Muslims continued to suffer Persecution by the Meccans. This time, in 6 BH (615 CE) almost one hundred Muslims made a second migration back to Abyssinia where they stayed protected.
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula. He being the brother of Abdullah, the father of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, was his uncle and father of Ali. After the death of his father Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, he inherited this position as tribal chieftain, and the offices of Siqaya and Rifada. He was well-respected in Mecca.
Sakhr ibn Harb ibn Umayya, commonly known by his kunyaAbu Sufyan, was a prominent opponent-turned companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the father of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I and namesake of the Sufyanid line of Umayyad caliphs which ruled from 661 to 684.
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