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The Decapoda or decapods are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns, and shrimp. Most decapods are scavengers. The order is estimated to contain nearly 15,000 species in around 2,700 genera, with around 3,300 fossil species. Nearly half of these species are crabs, with the shrimp and Anomura including hermit crabs, porcelain crabs, squat lobsters making up the bulk of the remainder. The earliest fossil decapod is the Devonian Palaeopalaemon.
Isopoda is an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their relatives. Isopods live in the sea, in fresh water, or on land. All have rigid, segmented exoskeletons, two pairs of antennae, seven pairs of jointed limbs on the thorax, and five pairs of branching appendages on the abdomen that are used in respiration. Females brood their young in a pouch under their thorax.
Squat lobsters are dorsoventrally flattened crustaceans with long tails held curled beneath the cephalothorax. They are found in the two superfamilies Galatheoidea and Chirostyloidea, which form part of the decapod infraorder Anomura, alongside groups including the hermit crabs and mole crabs. They are distributed worldwide in the oceans, and occur from near the surface to deep sea hydrothermal vents, with one species occupying caves above sea level. More than 900 species have been described, in around 60 genera. Some species form dense aggregations, either on the sea floor or in the water column, and a small number are commercially fished.
Porcelain crabs are decapod crustaceans in the widespread family Porcellanidae, which superficially resemble true crabs. They have flattened bodies as an adaptation for living in rock crevices. They are delicate, readily losing limbs when attacked, and use their large claws for maintaining territories. They first appeared in the Tithonian age of the Late Jurassic epoch, 145-152 million years ago.
Portunus armatus, also known as the flower crab, blue crab, blue swimmer crab, blue manna crab or sand crab, rajungan in Indonesian, and alimasag in Tagalog, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan, is a large crab found in the intertidal estuaries around most of Australia and east to New Caledonia.
The pea crab, Pinnotheres pisum, is a small crab in the family Pinnotheridae that lives as a parasite in oysters, clams, mussels, and other species of bivalves.
Petrolisthes is a genus of marine porcelain crabs, containing these extant species:
Petrolisthes elongatus, known as the New Zealand half crab, elongated porcelain crab, blue half crab, blue false crab or simply as the half crab or false crab, is a species of porcelain crab native to New Zealand.
Pagurus longicarpus, the long-wristed hermit crab, is a common hermit crab found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States and the Atlantic coast of Canada.
Notomithrax ursus, known as the hairy seaweed crab, is a spider crab of the family Majidae.
Oedignathus inermis is a species of king crab found off the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada, from California to Alaska, and disjunctly around the coasts of Japan. It is the only species in the genus Oedignathus, and is sometimes called the granular claw crab, paxillose crab or tuberculate nestling lithode crab.
Goneplax rhomboides is a species of crab. It is known by the common name angular crab because of its angular carapace. Although it is also called the square crab, its shell is in fact more trapezoidal than square. This species is also known as the mud-runner because they are able to run away quickly when threatened.
Crustaceans may pass through a number of larval and immature stages between hatching from their eggs and reaching their adult form. Each of the stages is separated by a moult, in which the hard exoskeleton is shed to allow the animal to grow. The larvae of crustaceans often bear little resemblance to the adult, and there are still cases where it is not known what larvae will grow into what adults. This is especially true of crustaceans which live as benthic adults, more-so than where the larvae are planktonic, and thereby easily caught.
Pisidia longicornis, the long-clawed porcelain crab, is a species of porcelain crab that lives in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. It varies from reddish to white, and grows to a carapace width of 1 cm (0.4 in). It was first named by Carl Linnaeus in 1767, although the etymology remains unclear.
Petrolisthes eriomerus is a species of marine porcelain crab found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is commonly known as the flattop crab. It is a flattened, rounded animal, with a carapace up to 20 mm (0.8 in) across. It is a filter feeder, and also sweeps food from rocks.
Allopetrolisthes spinifrons is a species of porcelain crab. It displays "hypercarcinisation", whereby the resemblance to a true crab is enhanced by sexual dimorphism of the abdomen. It lives along the Pacific coast of Peru and Chile, as a symbiont of a sea anemone.
Porcellana sayana is a species of porcelain crab that lives in the western Atlantic Ocean, often as a commensal of hermit crabs. It is red with white spots, and has a characteristic bulge behind each claw.
Lybia tessellata is a species of small crab in the family Xanthidae. It is found in shallow parts of the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean. Like other members of the genus Lybia, it is commonly known as the pom-pom crab or boxer crab because of its habit of carrying a sea anemone around in each of its claws, these resembling pom-poms or boxing gloves.
Petrolisthes novaezelandiae, known as the red half crab or red false crab, is a species of porcelain crab native to New Zealand.
Lophopanopeus bellus, the black-clawed crab, is a species of crab in the family Panopeidae. It is native to the Pacific coasts of North America, its range extending from Alaska to California.
References
- 1 2 Osawa, Masayuki (2013). "Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2013-06-12.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fofonoff, P. W.; Ruiz, G.M.; Steves, B.; Carlton, J. T. (2003). "Petrolisthes armatus". National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
- 1 2 Mantelatto, Fernando L.; Pileggi, Leonardo G.; Miranda, Ivana; Wehrtmann, Ingo S. (2011). "Does Petrolisthes armatus (Anomura, Porcellanidae) form a species complex or are we dealing with just one widely distributed species?" (PDF). Zoological Studies . 50: 372–384.
- ↑ Simmons, Dawn. "Green Porcelain Crab (Petrolisthes armatus)". Marine Invertebrates of Bermuda. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
- 1 2 3 Masterson, J. (2007-10-05). "Petrolisthes armatus: green porcelain crab". Species report. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
- ↑ Gore, R. H.; Abele, L. G. (1976). "Shallow water porcelain crabs from the Pacific coast of Panama and adjacent Caribbean waters (Crustacea, Anomura, Porcellanidae)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology . 237 (237): 21. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.237.
- 1 2 Knott, David M.; King, Rachael A. "Petrolisthes armatus - an introduced species in the South Atlantic Bight?". South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.Missing or empty
|url=(help) - ↑ Baeza, J. A. (2007). "The origins of symbiosis as a lifestyle in marine crabs (Genus Petrolisthes) from the eastern Pacific: does interspecific competition play a role?". Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia . 42: 7–21. doi: 10.4067/s0718-19572007000100002 .
- ↑ Oliveira, E.; Masunari, S. (1998). "Population relationships between the parasite Aporobopyrus curtatus (Richardson, 1904) (Isopoda: Bopyridae) and one of its porcelain crab hosts Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850) (Decapoda: Porcellanidae) from Farol Island, southern Brazil". Journal of Natural History . 32 (10–11): 1707–1717. doi:10.1080/00222939800771221.
