 Logo | |
| Date | 1998 |
|---|---|
| Location | Primarily in the Philippines [1] (some events held outside the country) |
| Type | Series of commemorations |
| Organized by | National Centennial Commission |
| Slogan | "Kalayaan, Kayamanan ng Bayan" (transl. Freedom, Wealth of the Nation) |
| Website | www.philcentennial.com (archived) |
The Philippine Centennial was a series of celebrations by the Philippine government to primarily commemorate the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898.
The Philippine Centennial primarily commemorates the 100th anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. It also commemorates other events in the Philippine Revolution and the earlier part of the Philippine-American war including the execution of José Rizal (1896), the Cry of Pugad Lawin, the death of Andres Bonifacio, the exile of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1897 (See Hong Kong Junta), the Capture of Malolos, the death of Antonio Luna, and the Battle of Tirad Pass. The Philippine Centennial culminates with the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the Malolos Constitution on September 15, 1898, that led to the establishment of the First Republic on January 23, 1899. [2]
The implementation of the Philippine Centennial is largely overseen by the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos. It was part of Ramos' program Philippines 2000 which envisions the Philippines as a newly industrialized country by the year 2000. [3]
The government body which organized the centennial was the National Centennial Commission (NCC). The NCC was established as the Committee for the National Centennial Celebrations on June 13, 1991, through Administrative Order No. 223 issued by President Corazon Aquino. The same order also mandates that the composition of the committee shall include 11 representatives; six from the Presidential Commission for Culture and the Arts (PCCA), and five from the Philippine Centennial Foundation, Inc. (PCFI). [4] President Fidel V. Ramos later renamed the committee as the National Centennial Commission through Executive Order No. 128. It also expanded the committee to include certain government officials including Cabinet secretaries and former Vice President Salvador Laurel. [5]
The conduct of the centennial had the following goals: [6]
A commemorative ₱100,000 banknote was issued as part of the centennial celebrations in 1998. The banknote is the highest ever currency denomination issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Philippines' central bank. [7] In December 1998, another Centennial commemorative banknote were issued by the BSP, the 2,000-Piso Banknote and they issued for the limited amount of 300,000 pieces and they also issued the smaller version in 2001, with the same design but measured at 160 x 66 mm, was also planned to be circulated as legal tender, but it was halted for use, due to the ouster of President Joseph Estrada as the result of the Second EDSA revolution (EDSA People Power II), the notes were stored in the vaults of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. As of 2010, the bank was considering destroying the bulk of the unissued notes (known as the "New Millennium" or "Erap" notes), saving only 50,000 of the five million pieces to be demonetized for "historical, educational, numismatic, or other purposes". However it was not until 2012 that the bank began selling this numismatic product in a folder that clearly stipulates that the notes are not legal tender. [8]
From 1997 to 1998, BSP released one-hundred peso banknote featuring the Philippine Centennial logo at the watermark area. The version without the year of issue was released in 1997, while those with a year of issue was released in 1998.[ citation needed ]
The logo for the Philippine Centennial was the winning entry of a national design competition which had 5,000 submissions. The logo designed by Edgardo Santiago featured a rising sun above a blue and red ribbon which twirls to form the number "100". The logo contains the centennial's slogan "Kalayaan, Kayamanan ng Bayan" (transl. Freedom, Wealth of the Nation) which presents the concept that "freedom" is the wealth of the country, the said slogan was won by Joachim Medroso on the said competition. [9]
Aklanon songwriter-composer Dante Beriong composed the Philippine Centennial theme song, "Mabuhay Ka Pilipino". [10]
The Philippine National Centennial Exposition, a world's fair featuring the Philippines' culture and history was held as part of the commemorations. The site of the exhibition was built at the Clark Special Economic Zone in Pampanga.
The project for the exhibition's facilities was riddled with graft and bidding irregularities. President Fidel V. Ramos as a result was implicated in a political scandal, which was known as the Expo scam. [11]
The shade of blue of the Flag of the Philippines has been a subject of debate by historians. American blue (navy blue) has been used for the flag prior to 1998, with a lighter blue (Oriental blue) used briefly during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1985 to 1986. [12] Royal Blue was codified as the official shade of blue of the Philippine flag in 1998 through Republic Act No. 8491 signed on February 12, 1998. [12] [13]
President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No 179 in 1994 which mandates the observance of National Flag Days from May 28 to June 12 every year. All establishments are therefore obliged to display the Philippine flag from sunrise to sunset on those dates. [14] [15] May 28 marks the date of the Battle of Alapan in Imus, Cavite when the Philippine flag was believed to have been first unfurled. [16]
Infrastructure projects were implemented as part of the Philippine Centennial. [17] The Old Legislative Building in Manila which used to host the Senate of the Philippines was renovated and converted to a museum – now known as the National Museum of Fine Arts. [17] [18] The Libingan ng mga Bayani was likewise renovated in 1998. [17] [19]
There was a plan to build a supertall structure as part of the commemorations. The proposed structure was the 390 meters (1,280 ft) Centennial Tower which was designed by Filipino architect Francisco Mañosa. The project, which was proposed to be built at the Luneta Park, was met with controversy due to its scale and planned site. [20] [21] [22] The tower was never built.
The piso, often called the peso in English, is the official currency of the Philippines. It is subdivided into 100 sentimo, also called centavos.
The coat of arms of the Philippines features the eight-rayed sun of the Philippines with each ray representing the eight provinces which were placed under martial law by Governor-General Ramón Blanco Sr. during the Philippine Revolution, and the three five-pointed stars representing the three major island groups of Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao.
The national flag of the Philippines is a horizontal bicolor flag with equal bands of royal blue and crimson red, with a white, equilateral triangle at the hoist. In the center of the triangle is a golden-yellow sun with eight primary rays, each representing a province. At each vertex of the triangle is a five-pointed, golden-yellow star, each of which representing one of the country's three main island groups—Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The white triangle at the hoist represents liberty, equality, and fraternity. A unique feature of this flag is its usage to indicate a state of war if it is displayed with the red side on top, which is effectively achieved by flipping the flag upside-down.
Fidel Valdez Ramos, popularly known as FVR and Eddie Ramos, was a Filipino general and politician who served as the 12th president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. He was the only career military officer who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral de jure. Rising from second lieutenant to commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Ramos is credited for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the Philippine economy during his six years in office.
Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats, abbreviated as Lakas–CMD and popularly known as Lakas, was a political party in the Philippines. Its ideology and that of its successor is heavily influenced by Christian and Islamic democracy. The party's influence on Philippine society is very strong, especially after the People Power Revolution, which has led the country to elect two presidents from the party, namely Fidel V. Ramos, a United Methodist, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a Roman Catholic.
Banknotes of the Philippine peso are issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas for circulation in the Philippines. The smallest amount of legal tender in wide circulation is ₱20 and the largest is ₱1000. The front side of each banknote features prominent people along with buildings, and events in the country's history while the reverse side depicts landmarks and animals.
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993 as amended by Republic Act 11211 or the New Central Bank Act of 2019. The principal author was Senator Franklin Drilon. It was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte.
Libingan ng mga Bayani is a national cemetery within Fort Andres Bonifacio in Taguig City, Philippines.
Independence Day is a national holiday in the Philippines observed annually on June 12, commemorating the declaration of Philippine independence from Spain in 1898.
The Philippine Historical Association is a professional association of historians in the Philippines and is considered one of the oldest organizations of historians in the country. It was founded on September 18, 1955 by a group of prominent historians at Carbungco Restaurant located at Lepanto St., Manila. Among the group were Encarnacion Alzona, Gabriel Fabella, Gregorio Zaide, Nicolas Zafra, Celedonio Resurreccion, Teodoro Agoncillo and Esteban de Ocampo.
Ambeth R. Ocampo is a Filipino public historian, academic, cultural administrator, journalist, author, and independent curator. He is best known for his definitive writings about Philippines' national hero José Rizal and on topics on Philippine history and Philippine art through Looking Back, his bi-weekly editorial page column in the Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Philippine Centennial International Exposition 1998, also known as Expo Pilipino, was a world fair organized as part of the 100th anniversary of the declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. The event which featured Philippine history and culture was held in a 60-hectare site at the Clark Special Economic Zone in Mabalacat, Pampanga.
The presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, also known as the Ramos administration spanned for six years from June 30, 1992, to June 30, 1998. Ramos is the first Protestant president of the country, and the first Christian Democrat to be elected, being the founder of Lakas-CMD. He was included as one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of liberal democracy in Asia.
The New Design Series (NDS) (also known as the BSP Series after the establishment of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) was the name used to refer to banknotes of the Philippine peso issued from 1985 to 2013 and the coins of the Philippine peso issued from 1995 to 2017. The banknotes were printed until 2013 (with 5-peso note were printed until 1995, 10-peso note until 2001, 20 and 1000 peso notes until 2012, and 50, 100, 200 and 500 peso notes until 2013), legal tender until December 31, 2015, and can be exchanged with NGC notes until its demonetization on December 29, 2017, where they co-existed with the NGC banknotes from December 16, 2010 to December 29, 2017. The coins were minted and issued from c. December 1995 to November 30, 2017, and remain legal tender as of 2023. It was succeeded by the New Generation Currency (NGC) Series issued on December 16, 2010, for banknotes and November 30, 2017, for coins.
The Philippine fifty-peso note (₱50) is a denomination of Philippine currency. Philippine president and former House Speaker Sergio Osmeña is currently featured on the front side of the bill, while the Taal Lake and the giant trevally are featured on the reverse side.
The Philippine one hundred-peso note (₱100) is a denomination of Philippine currency. Philippine president Manuel A. Roxas is currently featured on the front side of the bill, while the Mayon Volcano and the whale shark are featured on the reverse side.
The Philippine five hundred-peso note (₱500) is a denomination of Philippine currency. Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. and his wife, President Corazon Aquino are currently featured on the front side of the note, while the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park and the blue-naped parrot are featured on the reverse side. BSP will issue the polymer version of this denomination by 2023 and will be the second denomination in this format after the 1000-Piso polymer banknote issued last April 2022.
The Philippine one thousand-peso note is a denomination of Philippine currency. It is the largest denomination in general circulation in the Philippines. It is currently the only Philippine peso denomination that has a polymer banknote version.
The burial of Ferdinand Marcos, a former Philippine President who ruled as a dictator for 14 years, took place on November 18, 2016, at the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila, Philippines. Marcos had been elected the 10th President of the Philippines in 1965, but declared Martial Law in 1972 before his final constitutionally allowed term was over, holding on to power until his overthrow by the People Power Revolution in 1986.
The New Generation Currency (NGC) Series is the name used to refer to Philippine peso banknotes issued since 2010 and coins issued since 2018. The series uses the Myriad and Twentieth Century typefaces.
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