| Philodryas nattereri | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | Philodryas |
| Species: | P. nattereri |
| Binomial name | |
| Philodryas nattereri (Steindachner, 1870) | |
Philodryas nattereri, the Paraguay green racer, is a species of venomous snake, endemic to South America.
The average length of this snake is 80 cm, but it can grow to a maximum length of 134 cm. It is characterized by a medium body, a long, slender tail, a slightly prominent and obliquely truncated snout, and moderately large eyes with round pupils. [2] Its coloring varies from brown to gray, giving it camouflage against ground foliage. It is a fast snake with terrestrial habits, although recent studies have shown that this species can use arboreal environments with high efficiency. It is active during the day and can be quite aggressive when threatened. P. nattereri is opisthoglyphous; due to this dentition, it has difficulty injecting venom into large prey. [3]
Philodryas nattereri is endemic to South America, found in Paraguay and Brazil, where it inhabits open forests, fields and cerrado. [2] It feeds on a wide variety of prey, including birds, mammals, lizards, amphibians, lizard eggs and even other snakes. [3]
The venom of P. nattereri is quite active. It can cause dermo necrosis, myonecrosis, and hemorrhagic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation, muscle damage and inflammation. [3] Studies with rats have shown that venom from this species is capable of causing bleeding in different organs and morphological alterations. [4] The venom of this species appears to be as active as that of Philodryas olfersii , and has a protein content of 863.9 μg, which corresponds to 86.3% of the entire venom. [5]
The western diamondback rattlesnake or Texas diamond-back is a rattlesnake species and member of the viper family, found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like all other rattlesnakes and all other vipers, it is venomous. It is likely responsible for the majority of snakebite fatalities in northern Mexico and the greatest number of snakebites in the U.S. No subspecies are currently recognized.
Phoneutria nigriventer is a species of medically significant spider in the family Ctenidae, found in the Southern Cone of South America. Along with other members of the genus, they are often referred to as Brazilian wandering spiders.
Atheris hispida is a viper species endemic to Central Africa. Like all other vipers, it is venomous. It is known for its extremely keeled dorsal scales that give it a bristly appearance. No subspecies are currently recognized. Common names include rough-scaled bush viper, spiny bush viper, hairy bush viper, and others.
The desert death adder is a species of snake native to Australia and is one of the most venomous land snakes in the world. The desert death adder is under threat due to the destruction of habitat.
Crotalus durissus, known as the South American rattlesnake, tropical rattlesnake, and by other names, is a highly venomous pit viper species found in South America. It is the most widely distributed member of its genus. Currently, seven subspecies are recognized.
The tiger rattlesnake is a highly venomous pit viper species found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. No subspecies are currently recognized. The specific name tigris,, refers to the many narrow dorsal crossbands, which create a pattern of vertical stripes when viewed from the side.
Echiopsis curta is a terrestrial, elapid species of snake, also commonly known from the Aboriginal name as the bardick. It is a short, highly venomous snake with variable color which is mainly nocturnal, reaching a maximum length of 57 cm. It is endemic to Australia, most commonly found in three distinct populations through southern Australia. They are considered venomous to humans, however there is very little information. Their population is decreasing due to habitat degradation and destruction but considered least concern on the IUCN Red List.
The snouted cobra, also called the banded Egyptian cobra, is a highly venomous species of cobra found in Southern Africa.
Bothrops moojeni, commonly known in English as the Brazilian lancehead, is a species of venomous snake in the family Viperidae. It is a pit viper endemic to South America.
Micrurus corallinus is a species of highly venomous elapid snake native to South America. There are no recognized subspecies.
Aspidelaps lubricus, commonly known as the Cape coral snake, Cape coral cobra or coral shield cobra, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to southern Africa.
Philodryas olfersii is a species of venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to South America.
Philodryas baroni, common name Baron's green racer, is a species of rear-fanged venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to South America.
Hemiaspis damelii is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. It is a relatively small species of elapid with a mean snout-vent length (SVL) of 42.6 to 60 cm. The species is endemic to eastern Australia and is most commonly found across central inland New South Wales through to the interior of south-eastern Queensland. Common names for this species include ngabi, grey snake and Dämel's Snake. The specific name, damelii, is in honor of German entomologist Edward Dämel, who collected Australian specimens for Museum Godeffroy.
Bungarus magnimaculatus, the Burmese krait, spotted krait or splendid krait, is a species of venomous snake of the genus Bungarus that is endemic to Myanmar.
The aquatic coral snake is a semiaquatic species of coral snake in the family Elapidae found in northern South America.
Micrurus frontalis, also known as the southern coral snake or short-tailed coral snake, is a species of highly venomous coral snake in the family Elapidae. It is found in South America.
Hensel's snake is a species of snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to southern Brazil, and it is monotypic in the genus Ditaxodon.
Snakebite envenomation is considered a public health problem in Latin America, with an estimated 70,000 cases annually, but due to underreporting, these numbers may be even higher.
Philodryas patagoniensis, also known as the Patagonia green racer, is a species of rear-fanged (opisthoglyphous) venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to cis-Andean South America from northern Argentina to northeastern Brazil; despite its name, most of its range is outside Patagonia.
