Philomycidae

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Philomycidae
Megapallifera mutabilis.jpg
A live individual of Megapallifera mutabilis in the wild
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Superfamily: Arionoidea
Family: Philomycidae
Gray, 1847 [1]
Genera

See text

Synonyms

Tebennophoridae Morse, 1864

A live individual of Meghimatium fruhstorferi in the wild Meghimatium fruhstorferi.JPG
A live individual of Meghimatium fruhstorferi in the wild

Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Contents

The family Philomycidae has no subfamilies.

Distribution

Slugs in this family are found in China, Japan, the East Indies, central and eastern North America, and through Central America into northern South America.

Anatomy

Members of this family most obviously differ from related slugs in that their mantles are broadly rounded, and very large, covering the entire body. (In mollusks, the mantle consists of the tissues that normally generate the shell. Being mostly or entirely without shells, most slugs have reduced mantles.)

Pilsbry (1948) stated that "the enormously developed mantle, the large empty shell sac, and the insertions of the free retractor muscles along the margins of the foot cavity, instead of dorsally as in the Arionidae are special to the Philomycidae". [2]

A further anatomical oddity of the group, shared with certain helicid and zonitid snails, is their creation and use of calcareous love darts during mating. [2] [3]

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table). [4]

Genera

Genera within the family Philomycidae include:

Cladogram

A cladogram based on sequences of cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic relations of genera in the family Philomycidae by Tsai & Wu (2008) [5] (simplified):

  Meghimatium  

  Philomycus  

  Pallifera  

  Megapallifera  

  Arion  

  Deroceras  

Arion and Deroceras were used as outgroup. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mantle (mollusc)</span> Part of the anatomy of molluscs

The mantle is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Athoracophoridae</span> Family of gastropods

Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pattern on their dorsal surface which resembles the veins in a leaf, hence the common name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arionidae</span> Family of gastropods

Arionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pupillidae</span> Family of gastropods

Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endodontidae</span> Family of gastropods

Endodontidae is a taxonomic family of very small air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subulininae</span> Subfamily of gastropods

Subulininae is a subfamily of small tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polygyridae</span> Family of gastropods

Polygyridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplotrematidae</span> Family of gastropods

Haplotrematidae is a taxonomic family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haplotrematoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helminthoglyptinae</span> Subfamily of land snails

The Helminthoglyptinae are a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the family Xanthonychidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slug</span> Shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc

Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Love dart</span> Darts that some snails shoot into each other during mating

A love dart is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. These darts are made in sexually mature animals only, and are used as part of the sequence of events during courtship, before actual mating takes place. Darts are quite large compared to the size of the animal: in the case of the semi-slug genus Parmarion, the length of a dart can be up to one fifth that of the semi-slug's foot.

Philomycus carolinianus, also known as the Carolina mantleslug, is a species of land slug. It is a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family of Philomycidae. This species is a part of the fauna of the Carolinian Forest in Canada. This species is also a plays a vital role in the ecosystem through nutrient cycling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anadenidae</span> Family of gastropods

Anadenidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oreohelicidae</span> Family of gastropods

Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.

John Bayard Burch was an American zoologist, a biology professor at the University of Michigan, and the Curator of Mollusks at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. His research interests are broad, and have encompassed not only the anatomy, systematics, and genetics of mollusks, but also various aspects of zoogeography and parasitology. He has engaged in extensive fieldwork around the world, usually collecting mollusks, especially freshwater and terrestrial species. Some samples taken in Tahiti in 1970 have proven to be of importance in efforts to conserve vanishing kinds of the land snail Partula.

<i>Meghimatium</i> Genus of gastropods

Meghimatium is a genus of medium to large air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Philomycidae and the superfamily Arionoidea, the roundback slugs.

Meghimatium burchi is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Philomycidae and the superfamily Arionacea, the roundback slugs. The specific name burchi is in honor of the American malacologist John B. Burch.

<i>Blanfordia bensoni</i> Species of gastropod

Blanfordia bensoni is a species of land snail which has an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Pomatiopsidae.

<i>Pallifera</i> Genus of gastropods

Pallifera is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Philomycidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terrestrial mollusc</span> Ecological group

Terrestrial molluscs or land molluscs (mollusks) are an ecological group that includes all molluscs that live on land in contrast to freshwater and marine molluscs. They probably first occurred in the Carboniferous, arising from freshwater ones.

References

  1. Gray J. E. (November 1847). A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15: 129-182. Philomycidae is on the page 170.
  2. 1 2 Pilsbry H. A. (1948). "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico)". Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, 2(2): 748-750.
  3. Örstan A. (2005). "The dissection selection: Philomycus carolinianus". Snail's Tales.
  4. Barker G. M. (2001). Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs . CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN   0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
  5. 1 2 3 Tsai C.-L. & Wu S.-K. (2008). "A New Meghimatium Slug (Pulmonata: Philomycidae) from Taiwan". Zoological Studies 47(6): 759-766. PDF.