Stylommatophora

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Stylommatophora
Temporal range: Cretaceous–Recent
Stylommatophora-001.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superorder: Eupulmonata
Order: Stylommatophora
A. Schmidt, 1855
Diversity [1] [2]
about 20,500 species
Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg
Cornu aspersum (common garden snail)

Stylommatophora is an order [3] of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. Stylommatophorans lack an operculum, but some close their shell apertures with temporary "operculum" (epiphragm) made of calcified mucus. They have two pairs of retractile tentacles, the upper pair of which bears eyes on the tentacle tips. All stylommatophorans are hermaphrodites.

Contents

The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles. [4]

Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous period up to the present day. [5] A molecular clock estimate puts the origin of the crown group also to the Cretaceous. [6]

2017 taxonomy

The most up-to-date formal classification of Stylommatophora is that of Bouchet et al. (2017). [3] Continuously updated information may be found at MolluscaBase. [7] The 2017 system already becomes obsolete in some parts due to new phylogenetic studies.

Rhytidoidea is apparently not a monophyletic group, but rather a collection of lineages from the southern hemisphere with unresolved relationships. [8]

suborder Achatinina [“Achatinoid Clade”]

suborder Scolodontina

suborder Helicina [“Non-Achatinoid Clade”]

2005 taxonomy

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry, Stylommatophora is a clade in the clade Eupulmonata within informal group Pulmonata. [9] It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.

The clade Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.

clade Elasmognatha

clade Orthurethra

informal group Sigmurethra

"limacoid clade" (within the Sigmurethra)

(not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra)

Cepaea hortensis, within the Helicoidea. Snail-WA edit02.jpg
Cepaea hortensis , within the Helicoidea.
An individual of Trochulus hispidus, a stylommatophoran land snail in the family Hygromiidae within the Helicoidea. Trochulus hispidus live.jpg
An individual of Trochulus hispidus , a stylommatophoran land snail in the family Hygromiidae within the Helicoidea.

Previous taxonomy[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthogastropoda</span> Historic group of molluscs

Orthogastropoda was a major taxonomic grouping of snails and slugs, an extremely large subclass within the huge class Gastropoda according to the older taxonomy of the Gastropoda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulmonata</span> Informal group of gastropods

Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Littorinimorpha</span> Order of gastropods

Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails, but also including some freshwater snails and land snails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punctoidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limacoidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zonitidae</span> Family of gastropods

Zonitidae, common name the true glass snails, are a family of mostly rather small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Zonitoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthalicidae</span> Family of gastropods

Orthalicidae are a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks are classified in the subfamily Orthalicoidea of the order Stylommatophora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Streptaxidae</span> Family of gastropods

Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slug</span> Shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc

Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orculidae</span> Family of gastropods

Orculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrodontidae</span> Family of gastropods

Gastrodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs. The full name of the work in which this taxonomy was published is Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sigmurethra</span> Informal group of gastropods

Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthurethra</span> Clade of gastropods

Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limacoidei</span> Group of molluscs

The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhytidoidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pupilloidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Pupilloidei.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panpulmonata</span> Clade of gastropods

Panpulmonata is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helicina (suborder)</span> Suborder of gastropods

After excluding groups not related, the informal group Sigmurethra has become the suborder Helicina, with the following infraorders and a collection of families with no superfamily:

References

  1. Solem A. (1978). Classification of the land Mollusca. In: Fretter V. & Peake J. (eds). Pulmonates, Vol. 2A. London, Academic Press, 49–97.
  2. Sutcharit C., Naggs F., Wade C. M., Fontanilla I. & Panha S. (2010). "The new family Diapheridae, a new species of Diaphera Albers from Thailand, and the position of the Diapheridae within a molecular phylogeny of the Streptaxoidea (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 1-16. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00598.x.
  3. 1 2 3 Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families . Malacologia, 61(1-2): 1-526.
  4. Dayrat, B; Tillier, S (2002-07-29). "Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 135 (4): 403–470. doi: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00018.x .
  5. (in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. (1996). Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc, 264 pp., ISBN   80-7067-599-3.
  6. Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 323. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..323J. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   3087543 . PMID   20973994.
  7. "Molluscabase". molluscabase.org. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Salvador, Rodrigo B.; Silva, Fernanda S.; Cavallari, Daniel C.; Köhler, Frank; Slapcinsky, John; Breure, Abraham S. H. (2023-07-26). Zhang, Feng (ed.). "Molecular phylogeny of the Orthalicoidea land snails: Further support and surprises". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0288533. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1888533S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288533 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   10370776 . PMID   37494326.
  9. Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiří; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Ponder, Winston; Waldés, Ángel; Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia . 47: 1–397.