Shell description Megalophaedusa martensi is the largest species of the family Clausiliidae in the world. The individual in the photograph has a shell which is 45.5 mm long. The whole snail weighs 3.2 g live. Almost all the species of snails in the family of door snails are left-handed, which is an uncommon feature in gastropod shells in general.
These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired , with numerous whorls .
The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.
The clausilium The clausilium of Clausilia dubia Clausiliids are also very unusual among pulmonate gastropods in that most of them have a "door" or clausilium . The clausilium is not the same thing as an operculum , which does not exist at all in most pulmonate gastropods.
The clausilium is a calcareous structure, tongue-shaped or spoon-shaped, which can close the aperture of the snail shell to protect the soft parts against predation by animals such as carnivorous beetle larvae. The narrow end of the clausilium slides in the grooves that are formed by the folds on the inside of the shell.
Taxonomy The type genus is Clausilia Draparnaud , 1805.
The family Clausiliidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra , itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 ). [ 4]
2005 taxonomy The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 recognizes subfamilies as follows:
subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
tribe Baleini (previously the subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913) – synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999 tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 – synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924 tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979 subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913
tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913 tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) – synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923 tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 – synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.) tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997 tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972 subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981 [ 5]
subfamily Garnieriinae C. Boettger, 1926
tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926 tribe Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002 subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978
tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978 [ 6] tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985 [ 7] subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 – synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962 tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979 tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979 tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002 tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979 tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002 tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994 tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994 subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 – Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930
subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922
† tribe Disjunctariini H. Nordsieck, 2014 tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 – synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954 † tribe Nordsieckiini H. Nordsieck, 2007 tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922 † tribe Serrulellini H. Nordsieck, 2007 tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927 tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007 subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927
Genera Genera include:
Clausiliinae Tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 – with four subgenera: Acrotoma , Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002 Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975 Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 – with two subgenera: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970 Inobseratella Lindholm, 1924 Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994 Roseniella Thiele, 1931 – with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella Scrobifera O. Boettger, 1877 Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883 tribe Baleini
Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 – with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877 Balea J. E. Gray, 1824 Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 – with three subgenera Bulgarica , Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923 Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842 Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975 Mentissa H. & A.Adams, 1855 Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973 Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 – with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 – with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878 Strigillaria Vest, 1867 Vestia Hesse, 1916 – with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877Tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 – with two subgenera: Boettgeria and Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998 Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877 Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925 tribe Clausiliini
† Canalicia O. Boettger, 1863 Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805 [ 8] – with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977 [ 9] Erjavecia Brusina, 1870 [ 9] Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1977 Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 – with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus [ 9] † Hollabrunnella H. Nordsieck, 2007 Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963 [ 9] Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 – with three subgenera: Macrogastra , Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867 [ 9] Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973 [ 9] † Parafusulus H. Nordsieck, 2007 † Pliodiptychia H. Nordsieck, 1978 Pseudidyla O. Boettger, 1877 Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 – has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians [ 9] Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924 [ 9] † Trolliella H. Nordsieck, 1981 Tribe † Emarginariini H. Nordsieck, 2007
Tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
Tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
Filosa O. Boettger, 1877 Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 – with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994 tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979
Tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924
Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 – with four subgenera: Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877 Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 – with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924 Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 – with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875 Galeata O. Boettger, 1877 Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877 Tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
Tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
Tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994
A. J. Wagner, 1913 Alopiinae [ 11]
tribe Alopiini
tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923)
Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 – with four subgenera: Cochlodina ; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977 ; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969 ; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969 Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877 tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956
Barcania Brandt, 1956 Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 – with subgenera: Charpentieria Delima Hartmann, 1842 – with four subgenera: Delima ; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002 ; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877 Dilataria Vest, 1867 Gibbularia Cecconi, 1908 Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1879 Papillifera Hartmann, 1842 Sicania Tomlin, 1929 Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877 tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
Agathylla H. & A.Adams, 1855 – with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969 Albinaria Vest, 1867 – also includes former genusSericata O. Boettger, 1878. Carinigera Möllendorff, 1873 Cristataria Vest, 1867 Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006 [ 12] Isabellaria Vest, 1867 Lampedusa O. Boettger, 1877 – with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919 Medora H. & A. Adams, 1855 Muticaria Lindholm, 1925 Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner, 1924 Vallatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006 Constrictinae Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:
Eualopiinae Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:
Tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978
Tribe † Rillyini † H. Nordsieck, 1985
† Neniopsilla H. Nordsieck, 2020 † Neniopsis Wenz, 1920 † Omanillya H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016 † Pararillya H. Nordsieck, 2002 † Proalbinaria O. Boettger in Oppenheim, 189 † Rillya Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 – type genus of the tribe [ 4] † Neniopsilla H. Nordsieck, 2020 † Neniopsis Wenz, 1920 † Omanillya H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016 † Pararillya H. Nordsieck, 2002 † Proalbinaria O. Boettger in Oppenheim, 1895 Garnieriinae tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926 Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877 Laminiferinae Tribe Laminiferini Wenz, 1923
† Baboria Cossmann, 1898 † Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 – the type genus of the family Laminiferinae. [ 4] Its type species is fossil. [ 4] † Laminiplica H. Nordsieck, 1978 † Omanifera H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016 Tribe † Oospiroidesini H. Nordsieck, 2007
Tribe † Polloneriini H. Nordsieck, 2007
Mentissoideinae synonym of the tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 (superseded classification)
Wenz, 1923 Tribe Neniini Wenz, 1923
H. Nordsieck, 2005 Andinia Polinski, 1922 Audiniastra H. Nordsieck, 2005 Andiniella Weyrauch, 1958 Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 – with two subgenera: Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004 Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005 Columbinia Polinski, 1924 – with subgenera: Columbinia and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926 Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck, 1999 Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 – with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007 Ehrmanniella Zilch, 1949 Gracilinenia Polinski, 1922 Hemicena Pilsbry, 1949 Incaglaia Pilsbry, 1949 – with two subgenera: Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia Incania Polinski, 1922 Leuconenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 Neniaptyx H. Nordsieck, 2007 Neniatracta Pilsbry, 1926 Neniella Grego & Sekeres, 2004 Parabalea Ancey, 1882 Peruinia Polinski, 1922 Pfeifferiella Weyrauch, 1957 Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984 Steeriana Jousseaume, 1900 Symptychiella H. Nordsieck, 1999 – with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855 Zilchiella Weyrauch, 1957 A. J. Wagner, 1922 Tribe † Disjunctariini H. Nordsieck, 2014
Tribe † Nordsieckiini H. Nordsieck, 2007
tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007 Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927 Bacillophaedusa Grego & Szekeres, 2011 Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925 – with three subgenera: Bathyptychia ; Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001 Castanophaedusa Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017 Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001 Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017 Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 – with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa and Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002 Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924 – with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella and Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 – with subgenera: Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa ; and Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003 Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 – with subgenera: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa ; Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; ; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994) Juttingia Loosjes, 1965 – with two subgenera: Juttingia and Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002 Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924 Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002 Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 – with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa and Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905 Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883 Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001 Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 – with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa ; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. ( Neophaedusa is a synonym of Megalophaedusa ). [ 14] Messageriella Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017 Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005 Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2018 Nannophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2012 Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927 Oospira Blanford, 1872 [ 15] – with subgenera Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira ; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924 Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003 Paraphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 Phaedusa H. & A.Adams, 1855 – with subgenera: Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa ; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 Probosciphaedusa Z.-Y. Chen, 2021 Reinia Kobelt, 1876 – with three subgenera: Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Reinia Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001 Sinigena Lindholm, 1925 Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima, 2017 Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 Streptodera Lindholm, 1925 Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003 Tosaphaedusa Ehrmann, 1929 Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 – with two subgenera: Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx Tribe † Serrulellini H. Nordsieck, 2007
Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
Caspiophaedusa Lindholm, 1924 Cotyorica Grego & Szekeres, 2017 Dobatia H. Nordsieck, 1973 † Euxinophaedusa Likharev, 1962 Graecophaedusa Rähle, 1982 Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov, 1965 Microphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1978 Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres, 1995 Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres, 1995 Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924 Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994 Pravispira Lindholm, 1924 Sciocochlea C. Boettger, 1935 Serrulina Mousson, 1873 Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994 Tsoukatosia Gittenberger, 2000 – with two subgenera: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 and Tsoukatosia Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007
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