Shell description   Megalophaedusa martensi    is the largest species of the family Clausiliidae in the world. The individual in the photograph has a shell which is 45.5 mm long. The whole snail weighs 3.2 g live. Almost all the species of snails in the family of door snails are left-handed, which is an uncommon feature in gastropod shells  in general.
These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired , with numerous whorls .
The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture  usually has visible folds.
The clausilium  The clausilium  of Clausilia dubia   Clausiliids are also very unusual among pulmonate gastropods in that most of them have a "door" or clausilium . The clausilium is not the same thing as an operculum , which does not exist at all in most pulmonate gastropods.
The clausilium is a calcareous structure, tongue-shaped or spoon-shaped, which can close the aperture of the snail shell to protect the soft parts against predation by animals such as carnivorous beetle larvae. The narrow end of the clausilium slides in the grooves that are formed by the folds on the inside of the shell.
Taxonomy The type genus  is  Clausilia    Draparnaud , 1805.
The family Clausiliidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra , itself belonging to the clade  Stylommatophora  within the clade Eupulmonata  (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 ). [ 4]  
2005 taxonomy The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005  recognizes subfamilies as follows:
subfamily Clausiliinae  Gray, 1855
tribe Baleini (previously the subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913) – synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999 tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 – synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924 tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979 subfamily Alopiinae  A. J. Wagner, 1913 
tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913 tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) – synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923 tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 – synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.) tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997 tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972 subfamily † Constrictinae  H. Nordsieck, 1981 [ 5]  
subfamily Garnieriinae  C. Boettger, 1926
tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926 tribe Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002 subfamily † Eualopiinae  H. Nordsieck, 1978
tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978 [ 6]   tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985 [ 7]   subfamily Laminiferinae  Wenz, 1923
subfamily Mentissoideinae  Lindholm, 1924
tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 – synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962 tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979 tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979 tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002 tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979 tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002 tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994 tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994 subfamily Neniinae  Wenz, 1923 – Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930
subfamily Phaedusinae  A. J. Wagner, 1922 
† tribe Disjunctariini H. Nordsieck, 2014  tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954  – synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954 † tribe Nordsieckiini H. Nordsieck, 2007  tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922  † tribe Serrulellini H. Nordsieck, 2007  tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927  tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007  subfamily Serrulininae  Ehrmann, 1927
Genera Genera include:
Clausiliinae Tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979 
 Acrotoma   O. Boettger, 1881  – with four subgenera: Acrotoma , Acrotomina  H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia  H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana  Suvorov, 2002 Akramowskia   H. Nordsieck, 1975  Armenica   O. Boettger, 1877  – with two subgenera: Armenica  and Astrogena  Szekeres, 1970 Inobseratella   Lindholm, 1924  Phrygica   H. Nordsieck, 1994  Roseniella   Thiele, 1931  – with two subgenera: Chavchetia  Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella  Scrobifera   O. Boettger, 1877  Sprattia   O. Boettger, 1883 tribe Baleini
 Alinda   H. & A. Adams, 1855  – with two subgenera: Alinda  and Pseudalinda  O. Boettger, 1877 Balea   J. E. Gray, 1824  Bulgarica   O. Boettger, 1877  – with three subgenera Bulgarica , Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973  and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923  Lacinaria   Hartmann, 1842  Likharevia   H. Nordsieck, 1975  Mentissa   H. & A.Adams, 1855  Mentissella   H. Nordsieck, 1973  Micropontica   O. Boettger, 1881  – with two subgenera: Baleopsina  Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica  Mucronaria   O. Boettger, 1877  – with two subgenera: Index  O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria  Quadriplicata   O. Boettger, 1878  Strigillaria   Vest, 1867  Vestia   Hesse, 1916  – with three subgenera: Brabenecia  H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia  and Vestiella  H. Nordsieck, 1877Tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979 
 Boettgeria   O. Boettger, 1863  – with two subgenera: Boettgeria and Loosjesiella  Neubert & Groh, 1998 Macroptychia   O. Boettger, 1877  Sabaeola   Lindholm, 1925 tribe Clausiliini
†  Canalicia   O. Boettger, 1863   Clausilia   Draparnaud, 1805  [ 8]   – with two subgenera: Clausilia  and Strobeliella  H. Nordsieck, 1977 [ 9]   Erjavecia   Brusina, 1870  [ 9]   Erjaveciella   H. Nordsieck, 1977  Fusulus    Fitzinger, 1833 – with two subgenera: Erjaveciella  H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus  [ 9]  †  Hollabrunnella   H. Nordsieck, 2007   Julica    H. Nordsieck, 1963 [ 9]   Macrogastra    Hartmann, 1841 – with three subgenera: Macrogastra , Pseudovestia  H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma  Vest, 1867 [ 9]   Micridyla    H. Nordsieck, 1973 [ 9]  †  Parafusulus   H. Nordsieck, 2007  †  Pliodiptychia   H. Nordsieck, 1978   Pseudidyla   O. Boettger, 1877  Pseudofusulus    H. Nordsieck, 1977 – has the only one species:  Pseudofusulus varians    [ 9]   Ruthenica    Lindholm, 1924 [ 9]  †  Trolliella   H. Nordsieck, 1981  Tribe † Emarginariini H. Nordsieck, 2007 
Tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002 
Tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979 
 Filosa   O. Boettger, 1877  Idyla   H. & A. Adams, 1855  – with two subgenera: Idyla  and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994 tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979 
Tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 
 Elia   H. & A.Adams, 1855  – with four subgenera: Acroeuxina  O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica  O. Boettger, 1877; Elia  and Megaleuxina  O. Boettger, 1877 Euxina   O. Boettger, 1877  – with two subgenera: Euxina  and Illunellaria  Lindholm, 1924 Euxinastra   O. Boettger, 1888  – with two subgenera:  Euxinastra    and  Odonteuxina    H. Nordsieck, 1875 Galeata   O. Boettger, 1877  Mentissoidea   O. Boettger, 1877 Tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002 
Tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994 
Tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994 
A. J. Wagner, 1913 Alopiinae [ 11]  
tribe Alopiini
tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) 
 Cochlodina   A. Férussac, 1821  – with four subgenera: Cochlodina ; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977 ; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969 ; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969  Macedonica   O. Boettger, 1877 tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956 
 Barcania   Brandt, 1956  Charpentieria   Stabille, 1864  – with subgenera: Charpentieria  Delima   Hartmann, 1842  – with four subgenera: Delima ; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002 ; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877  and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877  Dilataria   Vest, 1867  Gibbularia   Cecconi, 1908  Mauritanica   O. Boettger, 1879  Papillifera   Hartmann, 1842  Sicania   Tomlin, 1929  Stigmatica   O. Boettger, 1877 tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997 
 Agathylla   H. & A.Adams, 1855  – with two subgenera Agathylla  and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969 Albinaria   Vest, 1867  – also includes former genusSericata  O. Boettger, 1878. Carinigera   Möllendorff, 1873  Cristataria   Vest, 1867  Inchoatia   Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006  [ 12]   Isabellaria   Vest, 1867  Lampedusa   O. Boettger, 1877  – with two subgenera Imitatrix  Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa  Leucostigma   A. J. Wagner, 1919  Medora   H. & A. Adams, 1855  Muticaria   Lindholm, 1925  Strigilodelima   A. J. Wagner, 1924  Vallatia   E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006 Constrictinae Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:
Eualopiinae Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:
Tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978 
Tribe † Rillyini † H. Nordsieck, 1985 
†  Neniopsilla   H. Nordsieck, 2020  †  Neniopsis   Wenz, 1920  †  Omanillya   H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016  †  Pararillya   H. Nordsieck, 2002  †  Proalbinaria   O. Boettger in Oppenheim, 189  †  Rillya    Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 – type genus of the tribe [ 4]   †  Neniopsilla   H. Nordsieck, 2020  †  Neniopsis   Wenz, 1920  †  Omanillya   H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016  †  Pararillya   H. Nordsieck, 2002  †  Proalbinaria   O. Boettger in Oppenheim, 1895  Garnieriinae tribe Garnieriini C. Boettger, 1926   Garnieria   Bourguignat, 1877 Laminiferinae Tribe Laminiferini Wenz, 1923 
†  Baboria   Cossmann, 1898  †  Laminifera    O. Boettger, 1863 – the type genus of the family Laminiferinae. [ 4]   Its type species is fossil. [ 4]   †  Laminiplica   H. Nordsieck, 1978  †  Omanifera   H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al., 2016  Tribe † Oospiroidesini H. Nordsieck, 2007 
Tribe † Polloneriini H. Nordsieck, 2007 
Mentissoideinae synonym of the tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924  (superseded classification)
Wenz, 1923 Tribe Neniini Wenz, 1923 
H. Nordsieck, 2005  Andinia   Polinski, 1922  Audiniastra   H. Nordsieck, 2005  Andiniella   Weyrauch, 1958  Bequaertinenia    Weyrauch, 1964 – with two subgenera: Bequaertinenia  and Miranenia  Grego & Szekeres, 2004 Brevinenia   Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005  Columbinia   Polinski, 1924  – with  subgenera: Columbinia  and Steatonenia  Pilsbry, 1926 Cyclonenia   H. Nordsieck, 1999  Cylindronenia   Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949  – with two subgenera: Cylindronenia  and Cylindroneniella  H. Nordsieck, 2007 Ehrmanniella   Zilch, 1949  Gracilinenia   Polinski, 1922  Hemicena   Pilsbry, 1949  Incaglaia   Pilsbry, 1949  – with two subgenera: Gibbonenia  Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia  Incania   Polinski, 1922  Leuconenia   H. Nordsieck, 2005  Neniaptyx   H. Nordsieck, 2007  Neniatracta   Pilsbry, 1926  Neniella   Grego & Sekeres, 2004  Parabalea   Ancey, 1882  Peruinia   Polinski, 1922  Pfeifferiella   Weyrauch, 1957  Pseudogracilinenia   Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984  Steeriana   Jousseaume, 1900  Symptychiella   H. Nordsieck, 1999  – with two subgenera: Divnenia  H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella  Temesa   H. & A. Adams, 1855  Zilchiella   Weyrauch, 1957 A. J. Wagner, 1922 Tribe † Disjunctariini H. Nordsieck, 2014 
Tribe † Nordsieckiini H. Nordsieck, 2007 
tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922 
 Acanthophaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2007  Atractophaedusa   Ehrmann, 1927  Bacillophaedusa   Grego & Szekeres, 2011  Bathyptychia   Lindholm, 1925  – with three subgenera: Bathyptychia ; Brachyptychia  H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2001 Castanophaedusa   Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017  Celsiphaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2001  Changphaedusa   Motochin & Ueshima, 2017  Cylindrophaedusa   O. Boettger, 1877  – with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa  and Montiphaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2002 Dautzenbergiella   Lindholm, 1924  – with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella  and Mansuyiella  H. Nordsieck, 2003 Euphaedusa   O. Boettger, 1877  – with  subgenera: Dentiphaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa ;  and Telophaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2003 Fuchsiana   Gredler, 1887  Hemiphaedusa   O. Boettger, 1877  – with  subgenera: Dendrophaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa ; Hemiphaedusoides  H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx  Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2001;  ; Pinguiphaedusa  Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa  Minato, 1994) Juttingia   Loosjes, 1965  – with two subgenera: Juttingia  and Pseudohemiphaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2002 Liparophaedusa   Lindholm, 1924  Loosjesia   H. Nordsieck, 2002  Luchuphaedusa    Pilsbry, 1901 – with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa  and Nesiophaedusa  Pilsbry, 1905 Macrophaedusa   Moellendorff, 1883  Macrophaedusella   H. Nordsieck, 2001  Megalophaedusa   O. Boettger, 1877  – with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa ; Mesophaedusa  Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx  Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa  Minato, 1979. ( Neophaedusa    is a synonym of Megalophaedusa ). [ 14]   Messageriella   Páll-Gergely & Szekeres, 2017  Miraphaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2005  Musaphaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2018  Nannophaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2012  Notoptychia   Ehrmann, 1927  Oospira   Blanford, 1872  [ 15]   – with  subgenera  Formosanella  H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira ; Paraformosella  H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa  Lindholm, 1924 Papilliphaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2003  Paraphaedusa   O. Boettger, 1877  Phaedusa   H. & A.Adams, 1855  – with  subgenera: Metaphaedusa  H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa ; Pseudophaedusa  Tomiyama, 1984 Probosciphaedusa   Z.-Y. Chen, 2021  Reinia   Kobelt, 1876  – with three subgenera: Parareinia  H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa  Azuma, 1982 and Reinia  Serriphaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2001  Sinigena   Lindholm, 1925  Solitariphaedusa   Motochin & Ueshima, 2017  Stereophaedusa   O. Boettger, 1877  Streptodera   Lindholm, 1925  Tauphaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 2003  Tosaphaedusa   Ehrmann, 1929  Zaptyx   Pilsbry, 1901  – with two subgenera: Prozaptyx  Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx Tribe † Serrulellini H. Nordsieck, 2007 
Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927 
 Caspiophaedusa   Lindholm, 1924  Cotyorica   Grego & Szekeres, 2017  Dobatia   H. Nordsieck, 1973 †  Euxinophaedusa   Likharev, 1962   Graecophaedusa   Rähle, 1982  Laeviphaedusa   Likharev & Stelkov, 1965  Microphaedusa   H. Nordsieck, 1978  Nothoserrulina   Németh & Szekeres, 1995  Pamphylica   Németh & Szekeres, 1995  Pontophaedusa   Lindholm, 1924  Pontophaedusella   H. Nordsieck, 1994  Pravispira   Lindholm, 1924  Sciocochlea    C. Boettger, 1935  Serrulina   Mousson, 1873  Truncatophaedusa   Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994  Tsoukatosia   Gittenberger, 2000  – with two subgenera: Agiosspeleikos  A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 and Tsoukatosia Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007 
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