Phyllostegia warshaueri

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Phyllostegia warshaueri
Status TNC G1.svg
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Lamioideae
Genus: Phyllostegia
Species:P. warshaueri
Binomial name
Phyllostegia warshaueri
Wawra

Phyllostegia warshaueri is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name Laupahoehoe phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is limited to the island of Hawaii. [1] It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Lamiaceae family of plants

The Lamiaceae or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint or deadnettle family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Some species are shrubs, trees, or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings. Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage, such as Coleus. Others are grown for seed, such as Salvia hispanica (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as Plectranthus edulis, Plectranthus esculentus, Plectranthus rotundifolius, and Stachys affinis.

Endemism Ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location or habitat

Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. The extreme opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution. An alternative term for a species that is endemic is precinctive, which applies to species that are restricted to a defined geographical area.

Hawaii State of the United States of America

Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania, the only U.S. state located outside North America, and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.

This plant grows only on Mauna Kea and the Kohala Mountains of Hawaii, where its habitat is wet forests. There are four occurrences, for a total of under 20 individual plants. This liana can grow to 3 meters in length. It bears white flowers with pink upper lips. [1]

Mauna Kea Hawaiian volcano

Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano on the island of Hawaii. Its peak is 4,207.3 m (13,803 ft) above sea level, making it the highest point in the state of Hawaii. Most of the volcano is under water, and when measured from its oceanic base, Mauna Kea is the tallest volcano in the world measuring over 10,000 m (33,000 ft). Mauna Kea is about a million years old, and has thus passed the most active shield stage of life hundreds of thousands of years ago. In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, resulting in a steeper profile. Late volcanism has also given it a much rougher appearance than its neighboring volcanoes due to construction of cinder cones, decentralization of its rift zones, glaciation on its peak, and weathering by the prevailing trade winds. Mauna Kea last erupted 6,000 to 4,000 years ago and is now considered dormant. The peak is about 38 m (125 ft) higher than Mauna Loa, its more massive neighbor.

Liana long-stemmed, woody vine

A liana is any of various long-stemmed, woody vines that are rooted in the soil at ground level and use trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy to get access to well-lit areas of the forest. Lianas are characteristic of tropical moist deciduous forests, but may be found in temperate rainforests. There are also temperate lianas, for example the members of the Clematis or Vitis genera. Lianas can form bridges amidst the forest canopy, providing arboreal animals with paths across the forest. These bridges can protect weaker trees from strong winds. Lianas compete with forest trees for sunlight, water and nutrients from the soil. Forests without lianas grow 150% more fruit; trees with lianas have twice the probability of dying.

The species is threatened by feral pigs, cattle, and introduced species of plants. [1]

Feral pig common name for feral pig, wild boar or cross in North America

The feral pig is a pig living in the wild, but which has descended from escaped domesticated individuals in both the Old and New Worlds. Razorback and wild hog are American colloquialisms, loosely applied to any type of feral domestic pig, wild boar, or hybrid in North America; pure wild boar are sometimes called "Russian boar" or "Russian razorbacks". The term "razorback" has also appeared in Australia, to describe feral pigs there.

Introduced species species introduced either deliberately or accidentally through human activity

An introduced species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species. The impact of introduced species is highly variable. Some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem, while other introduced species may have no negative effect or only minor impact. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown.

Related Research Articles

Hawaiian tropical rainforests

The Hawaiian tropical rainforests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands. They cover an area of 6,700 km2 (2,600 sq mi) in the windward lowlands and montane regions of the islands. Coastal mesic forests are found at elevations from sea level to 300 m (980 ft). Mixed mesic forests occur at elevations of 750 to 1,250 m, while wet forests are found from 1,250 to 1,700 m. Moist bogs and shrublands exist on montane plateaus and depressions. For the 28 million years of existence of the Hawaiian Islands, they have been isolated from the rest of the world by vast stretches of the Pacific Ocean, and this isolation has resulted in the evolution of an incredible diversity of endemic species, including fungi, mosses, snails, birds, and other wildlife. In the lush, moist forests high in the mountains, trees are draped with vines, orchids, ferns, and mosses. This ecoregion includes one of the world's wettest places, the slopes of Mount Waiʻaleʻale, which average 373 in (9,500 mm) of rainfall per year.

Phyllostegia kaalaensis, the Kaala phyllostegia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, that is endemic to the island of Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi. It can be found in mesic forests on the slopes of the Waiʻanae Range at elevations of 374–796 metres (1,227–2,612 ft).

<i>Phyllostegia</i> genus of plants

Phyllostegia is a genus of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described in 1840. It is native to certain island in the Pacific.

  1. Phyllostegia ambigua(A.Gray) Hillebr - Hawaii Big Island, Maui
  2. Phyllostegia bracteataSherff - Maui
  3. Phyllostegia brevidensA.Gray - Hawaii Big Island, Maui
  4. Phyllostegia electraC.N.Forbes - Kauai
  5. Phyllostegia floribundaBenth - Hawaii Big Island
  6. Phyllostegia glabra (Gaudich.) Benth. - Hawaiian Islands
  7. Phyllostegia grandiflora(Gaudich.) Benth - Oahu
  8. Phyllostegia haliakalaeWawra - Maui, Molokai
  9. Phyllostegia helleriSherff - Wai'alae Valley of Kauai
  10. Phyllostegia hillebrandiiH.Mann ex Hillebr - Maui but extinct
  11. Phyllostegia hirsutaBenth. - Oahu
  12. Phyllostegia hispidaHillebr. - Molokai (Molokaʻi)
  13. Phyllostegia kaalaensisH.St.John - Oahu (Oʻahu)
  14. Phyllostegia kahiliensisH.St.John - Kauai
  15. Phyllostegia knudseniiHillebr. - Kauai
  16. Phyllostegia macrophylla(Gaudich.) Benth. - Hawaii Big Island, Maui
  17. Phyllostegia manniiSherff - Molokai, Maui
  18. Phyllostegia micranthaH.St.John - Oahu
  19. Phyllostegia mollisBenth. - Hawaiian Islands
  20. Phyllostegia parvifloraBenth. - Hawaiian Islands
  21. Phyllostegia pilosaH.St.John - Hawaiian Islands
  22. Phyllostegia racemosaBenth. - Hawaiian Islands
  23. Phyllostegia renovansW.L.Wagner - Kauai
  24. Phyllostegia rockiiSherff - Maui but extinct
  25. Phyllostegia stachyoidesA.Gray - Hawaiian Islands
  26. Phyllostegia tahitensisNadeaud - Tahiti but extinct
  27. Phyllostegia tongaensisH.St.John - Tonga
  28. Phyllostegia variabilisBitter - Midway Islands but extinct
  29. Phyllostegia velutina(Sherff) H.St.John - Hawaii Big Island
  30. Phyllostegia vestitaBenth. - Hawaii Big Island
  31. Phyllostegia waimeaeWawra - Kauai
  32. Phyllostegia warshaueriH.St.John - Hawaii Big Island
  33. Phyllostegia wawranaSherff - Kauai
  34. Phyllostegia × yamaguchiiHosaka & O.Deg. - Oahu (P. glabra × P. hirsuta)
<i>Phyllostegia mollis</i> species of plant

Phyllostegia mollis, the Waianae Range phyllostegia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, that is endemic to Hawaiʻi. It can be found in mesic and wet forests at elevations of 450–1,830 metres (1,480–6,000 ft) on the islands of Maui and Oʻahu. Some authors consider it to be an Oahu endemic, with the Maui populations belonging to a separate species, Phyllostegia pilosa. By 2003 there were fewer than 40 individuals remaining.

Atriplex phyllostegia is a species of saltbush known by the common names arrowscale, leafcover saltweed, and Truckee orach. It is native to the western United States from California to Utah, where it grows in meadow bottoms and areas with saline soils such as dry or ephemeral lakes.

Phyllostegia hispida, the hispid phyllostegia, is an endangered species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is found only in wet forests at elevations of 2,300–4,200 feet (700–1,280 m) on the island of Molokaʻi in Hawaiʻi. This green vine's loosely spreading branches often form a large mass.

Udea eucrena is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

Udea phyllostegia is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu.

Phyllostegia glabra is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name ulihi phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii.

Phyllostegia hirsuta is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common names Molokai phyllostegia and hairy phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Oahu. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Phyllostegia knudsenii is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name Waimea phyllostegia and Knudsen's phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Kauai. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Phyllostegia mannii is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name Mann's phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it has been known from Maui and Molokai. It has not been observed on Maui since the early 20th century, or on Molokai since 1993, but it probably still exists in unsurveyed areas. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

<i>Phyllostegia parviflora</i> species of plant

Phyllostegia parviflora is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name smallflower phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from Maui, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

<i>Phyllostegia racemosa</i> species of plant

Phyllostegia racemosa is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common names kiponapona and racemed phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the slopes of the volcanoes Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Phyllostegia renovans is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name red-leaf phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Kauai. It was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 2010.

Phyllostegia velutina is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name velvet phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is limited to the island of Hawaii, including the slopes of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Phyllostegia waimeae is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name Kauai phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is limited to the island of Kauai. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

Phyllostegia wawrana is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name fuzzystem phyllostegia. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is limited to the island of Kauai. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

<i>Phyllostegia brevidens</i> species of plant

Phyllostegia brevidens, the Mauna Kea phyllostegia, is a plant species in the Lamiaceae first described in 1862. It is found on Hawaii and on Maui.

Haplostachys (honohono) is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described as a genus in 1888. The entire genus is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, although 4 of the 5 known species that have been placed in the genus are now believed to be extinct, the fifth listed as "Critically Imperiled."

References

  1. 1 2 3 Phyllostegia warshaueri. The Nature Conservancy.