Plukenetia volubilis

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Plukenetia volubilis
Plukenetia volubilis.JPG
Fruit of Plukenetia volubilis, Ecuador
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Plukenetia
Species:
P. volubilis
Binomial name
Plukenetia volubilis
L.
Synonyms [1]
  • Fragariopsis paxiiPittier
  • Plukenetia macrostylaUle
  • Plukenetia peruvianaMüll.Arg.
  • Sajorium volubile(L.) Baill.
Plukenetia volubilis - MHNT Plukenetia volubilis MHNT.BOT.2008.1.41.jpg
Plukenetia volubilis - MHNT

Plukenetia volubilis, commonly known as sacha inchi, sacha peanut, mountain peanut, Inca nut or Inca-peanut, is a perennial plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, having small trichomes on its leaves.

Contents

It is native to tropical South America and the Caribbean. Although its raw seeds and leaves contain toxins, these components are safe for consumption after roasting.

Plukenetia volubilis should not be confused with Caryodendron orinocense , which is commonly known as inchi, cacay, or orinoconut.

Description


The plant reaches a height of 2 metres (6+1⁄2 ft), with alternate, heart shaped, serrated leaves, 10 to 12 centimetres (4 to 4+3⁄4 in) long and 8 to 10 cm (3+1⁄4 to 4 in) wide, that have petioles 2–6 cm (3⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) long. It flowers five months after being planted, and bears seeds around the eighth month. The male flowers are small, white, and arranged in clusters. Two female flowers are located at the base of the inflorescence. In tropical locations it is often a vine requiring support and producing seeds nearly year-round.

The fruits are capsules of 3 to 5 cm in diameter with 4 to 7 points, are green and ripen blackish brown. On ripening, the fruits contain a soft black wet pulp that is messy and inedible, so are normally left to dry on the plant before harvest. By two years of age, often up to a hundred dried fruits can be harvested at a time, giving 400 to 500 seeds a few times a year. Fruit capsules usually consist of four to five lobes, but some may have up to seven. Inside are the seeds, oval, dark-brown, 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter with a mass of 0.45 to 1.00 grams.[ clarification needed ] The cotyledons are open, similar to those of almonds, and covered with a whitish film.

Distribution and habitat

It is native to much of tropical South America (Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and northwestern Brazil), as well as some of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean. [2]

In the Amazon Rainforest in Peru, it has been cultivated by indigenous people for centuries, and will grow in warm climates up to altitudes of 1,700 m (5,500 ft) as long as there is continued availability of water and good drainage. It grows better in acidic soils and alluvial flats near rivers.

It is cultivated commercially in Southeast Asia, most notably in Thailand.

Toxicity

When raw, P. volubilis seeds and leaves contain appreciable amounts of alkaloids, saponins, and lectins which may be toxic if consumed before cooking, but are degraded by roasting. [3]

Uses

Nutrition

The seeds have high protein (27%) and oil (35–60%) content, and the oil is rich in the essential fatty acids omega-3 linolenic acid (≈45–53% of total fat content) and omega-6 linoleic acid (≈34–39% of fat content), as well as non-essential omega-9 (≈6-10% of fat content). [4] [5]

The edible seed oil is a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. [5]

Culinary

The roasted seeds can be consumed as nuts, and roasted leaves chewed or made into a tea. [3]

Sacha inchi oil has a mild flavour with a nutty finish and may be appropriate for a variety of cuisines, [3] although when consumed daily after one week, some subjects indicated low acceptance for the oil. [6] Rich in alpha-linolenic acid, [5] the oil was evaluated in a 4 month ingestion study (10-15 millilitres per day) by adults, showing it was safe and tended to increase blood levels of HDL cholesterol. [6]

In Peru during 2009, the humanitarian group Oxfam supported techniques for growing sacha inchi as a cash crop by indigenous groups like the Ashaninka. [7]

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References

  1. ↑ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species , retrieved 22 April 2017
  2. ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. 1 2 3 Srichamnong, W; Ting, P; Pitchakarn, P; Nuchuchua, O; Temviriyanukul, P (2018). "Safety assessment of Plukenetia volubilis (Inca peanut) seeds, leaves, and their products". Food Science & Nutrition. 6 (4): 962–969. doi:10.1002/fsn3.633. PMC   6021735 . PMID   29983959.
  4. ↑ Guillén, María D.; Ainhoa Ruiz; Nerea Cabo; Rosana Chirinos; Gloria Pascual (August 2003). "Characterization of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil by FTIR spectroscopy and 1H NMR. Comparison with linseed oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 80 (8): 755–762. doi:10.1007/s11746-003-0768-z. S2CID   84493602.
  5. 1 2 3 Dawn Berkelaar; Tim Motis (30 October 2015). "Inca nut (Plukenetia volubilis)". ECHO Community. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  6. 1 2 G. F. Gonzales; C. Gonzales (2014). "A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study on acceptability, safety and efficacy of oral administration of sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in adult human subjects". Food Chem. Toxicol. 65: 168–76. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.039. PMID   24389453.
  7. ↑ Hufstader, Chris (Winter 2009). "Looking to Sacha Inchi for their future". Oxfam Exchange. 9 (1): 2–3.
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