Caryodendron orinocense

Last updated

Caryodendron orinocense
Frutos de Cacay.jpg
Cacay fruits, near Puerto Gaitán, Meta, Colombia.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Caryodendron
Species:
C. orinocense
Binomial name
Caryodendron orinocense
Caryodendron orinocense distribution map.png
Approximate distribution of Caryodendron orinocense [1]

Caryodendron orinocense, commonly known as cacay, inchi or orinoconut, is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae.

Contents

This species of flowering plant is indigenous to the north-west of South America, particularly from the drainage basins of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers located in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. Originally described by Hermann Karsten in 1858, the cacay tree distinguishes itself by its dense and leafy top, as well as its production of fruits, each one containing three edible nuts. Cacay is notable for the oil extracted from its nuts, which is edible and is also used in cosmetics.

Description

Adult trees in a plantation C. orinocense arbol adulto de cacay.jpg
Adult trees in a plantation

Caryodendron orinocense is a tree which can grow to 30–40 metres (100–130 ft) tall in the forest. [2] In plantations, the tree reaches heights of up to 15 metres (50 ft). [3] Its trunk is straight and cylindrical before separating into numerous branches. [2] Its outer bark is smooth, and is periodically shed as laminar plates. It possesses a wide and superficial root system, such that its thick roots are sometimes visible above ground. [2] The longevity of the species exceeds 60 years. [4]

Cacay is an evergreen tree and has a dense and leafy crown. [4] Its leaves are simple and are arranged in an alternate pattern on the stem. Their shape is elliptical or oval, between 12–25 centimetres (4.7–9.8 in) long and 4–10 centimetres (1.6–3.9 in) wide. [3]

It is a dioecious plant, with male and female specimens. Its male inflorescence is a terminal raceme with small greenish flowers between 2.5–3.5 millimetres (0.098–0.138 in) in diameter. Neither male nor female flowers display any petals. Its female inflorescence is a terminal ear, also with greenish flowers ranging between 2.5–3.5 millimetres (0.098–0.138 in) in diameter, containing large and persistent bracts. [2]

Its fruit is a brownish/grey oval and woody capsule between 3.2–4.5 centimetres (1.3–1.8 in) in diameter. Each fruit contains three nuts or kernels (rarely two or four), which are slightly convex and have three faces. [2] [5] Each nut contains a single seed covered by a testa and weights approximately 2.7 grams (0.095 oz). [6]

Taxonomy and etymology

Illustration in Florae Columbiae (1858) Caryodendron orinocense Karst.jpg
Illustration in Florae Columbiae (1858)

The species Caryodendron orinocense was described in 1858 by the German botanist Hermann Karsten, and was published in Florae Columbiae . [7] In its scientific name, the term Caryodendron is derived from the ancient Greek káryon , meaning "nut", and déndron , meaning "tree". Its epithet orinocense suggests that the species was first identified near the Orinoco river. [4]

Caryodendron orinocense is found under the following phylogenetic tree within the Caryodendreae tribe. [notes 1] The number in parentheses represents the year in which the species was described. [9] [10]

Caryodendreae

Alchorneopsis

Caryodendron

Caryodendron amazonicum (1943)

Caryodendron angustifolium (1929)

Caryodendron janeirense (1874)

Caryodendron orinocense (1858)

Discoglypremna

Common names

The vernacular names of Caryodendron orinocensese include:

Distribution, habitat, and ecology

Female flowers C. orinocense flor femenina.jpg
Female flowers

Cacay is an indigenous species to the drainage basins of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, and can be found in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. [12] In Colombia, cacay is distributed across the Piedemonte llanero [notes 3] in the eastern foothills of the Andes Mountains. [23] It is also found in the watershed of the Magdalena River. [1] The species has been reported in five Colombian departments (Antioquia, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo) with influence over three Colombian natural regions (Andean, Orinoquía or Eastern Plains, and Amazon). [24] In Venezuela, the plant grows in the states of Apure, Lara, y Barinas. [20] [23] Cacay can also be found in Ecuador, Peru and Brazil in the western part of the Amazon river watershed. [3] [25]

The tree grows in the transition between tropical moist forest and tropical wet forest, receiving an average annual precipitation of 2,000–5,000 millimetres (80–200 in). [3] [26] It develops preferably in terrains with good drainage that do not easily flood. [3] It tolerates a few months of moderate drought, but does not support long dry periods. The species is also able to support short periods of water saturation, but cannot withstand permanent waterlogging. [2] [3] Cacay prospers in fertile soils originating from alluvial deposits, but can adapt to ultisol and oxisol soils which are acidic and poor in nutrient content. [23]

Cacay develops best in warm climates and in low-altitude plains, with average temperatures of 22–28 °C (72–82 °F) and relative humidity of 70-90%. [25] [27] However, cacay is found in altitudes ranging from sea level to 2300 m a.s.l. [3]

Propagation

Male flowers Flor macho.jpg
Male flowers

Under natural conditions, the reproduction of cacay is sexual; its seeds germinate well on the ground, one to two weeks after falling from the tree. [2] [15] The species' seeds are recalcitrant, as the seeds quickly lose their viability when under storage. [2] [28] A study conducted in 2012 by Judith García and Carmen Basso concluded that cacay seeds tolerate up to eight days of storage before losing viability, preferably in temperatures of 12–13 °C (54–55 °F). [28]

The species can also reproduce through vegetative (asexual) means, especially through grafting, which is commonly used in cacay farming. [3] [15] Conversely, propagation by plant cutting does not yield satisfactory results, as even when the plant shows callus growth, it does not produce any new development of roots or buds. [15] [29]

Farming

A two-year-old juvenile tree in a plantation C.orinocense.jpg
A two-year-old juvenile tree in a plantation

The cultivated cacay tree initially grows slowly. During this stage, moderate shade favorably contributes to its development. [15] [21] Cacay can be planted in bags in a nursery for approximately one year, until the tree reaches a height of about 50 centimetres (20 in). [30] When the tree is actively producing fruits, the cacay plant is a heliophyte, although it tolerates some shade. Cacay should be planted in parallel with another plant that grows rapidly and that possesses a small crown which may provide shade to the juvenile cacay tree, but which does not compete for sunlight during the cacay's adult stage. [15] Some plantations associate the cacay tree with another crop that may provide a live vegetable groundcover, [notes 4] for example kudzu. [15]

Fruit C. orinocense fruta de cacay en crecimiento.jpg
Fruit

The ripe cacay fruit physiologically separates itself from the plant and falls to the ground. [3] Cacay trees begin to produce fruit at ages 4–7 years. A single 10-year-old cacay tree may produce 100–250 kilograms (220–550 lb) of nuts per year, [30] although some trees have been reported to produce up to 800 kilograms (1,760 lb) of nuts per year. [3]

Properties and uses

Cacay oil

Cacay is renowned for the quality of its plant oil. [5] Each cacay fruit generally produces three nuts, from which a liquid oil with a yellow-greenish color can be extracted. [2] This oil comprises between 40-60% of the seed's weight. [2] [3] [23] Several studies (Pérez 2001, Cisneros Torres 2006) report that the cacay oil is composed of 71-75% of linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid from the omega-6 fatty acid family, which is important for skincare purposes. [6] [8] [20] Other studies have reported linoleic acid content of 58% (Medeiros de Azevedo 2020) and 85% (Radice 2014). [32] [33] This high concentration of polyunsaturated fats (in this case, of linoleic acid) is superior to that of soybean oil (60%), corn/maize oil (55.5%), sesame oil (42%), peanut oil (26%), coconut oil (14%), olive oil (9.5%), and palm oil (8%). [3]

Cacay oil is used in the production of cosmetic products such as soaps, sunscreens, and skincare creams. [21] The full value proposition of this oil for cosmetic purposes is still being developed; however, various studies (Pérez 2001, Ortega Álvarez 2014) have already remarked on the future potential of cacay in this field. [11] [20] The cacay oil is also used directly as an edible oil. [3] [21]

Nutrition

Ripe fruit with three seeds C. orinocense fruta de cacay madura.jpg
Ripe fruit with three seeds
Composition of the cacay nut/kernel
PropertiesQuantity
Plant oil40-60% [2] [3] [23]
Polyunsaturated fat (in the oil)71-75% [6] [8] [20]
Calories per nut641-691 [8] [27]
Protein15-19% [6] [8] [19]
Starch 17% [8]

The cacay nut is rich in phosphorus, calcium, and iron. [8] [27] About 15-19% of the nut is composed of protein, while the press cake (the dry organic matter after the oil is extracted) is composed 43-46% of protein. [3] [8] The nuts from ripe cacay fruits are edible and have a pleasant taste, similar to that of peanuts. [3] [27] Nuts can be eaten uncooked, toasted, fried, or boiled with salt. The nuts can also be used to prepare foods such as cakes, turrón, beverages, and cookies. After grinding down the nut, its flour can be used to produce vitamin supplements, as well as to elaborate functional foods. [13]

Other uses

Its lumber can be used for woodworking structures, and may be utilized as firewood and in the production of charcoal. [5] [23] Cacay trees may also be used to provide shade to other crops that need it (as possibly coffee plantations) and for other animals. [23] [30] Within the domain of agroforestry, cacay trees may be introduced into areas that are not adequate for intense agricultural and cattle raining activities. [23] Furthermore, the tree also attracts bees through the nectar excreted from its leaves, aiding in the tree's pollination. [21] Lastly, the nut's press cake can also serve as food for cattle due to its high content of proteins and minerals. [21]

Ecological value

Cacay has been identified as one of the several trees indigenous to the Eastern Plains region of Colombia that may serve in the ecological restoration of areas of the savanna containing invasive species of grasses such as brachiaria humidicola . [34] Crops of Caryodendron orinocense, as well as those of other native trees, may help in the conservation and reforestation of their area's ecosystem. [35]

Notes

  1. ↑ In some sources, the scientific name Dioicia tetrandiaL. appears as a synonym of Caryodendron orinocense. [2] [8]
  2. ↑ Caryodendron orinocensese (commonly known as cacay, inchi, or orinoconut) should not be mistaken with Plukenetia volubilis , which is commonly known as sacha inchi. [16]
  3. ↑ The Piedemonte Llanero is a wedge duplex zone on the eastern flank of the Eastern Ranges of Colombia. [22]
  4. ↑ A cover crop is a crop that provides a vegetable coverage of the ground, whether temporary or permanent, and which is planted in association with another crop. [31]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Almond</span> Species of nut

The almond is a species of small tree from the genus Prunus, cultivated worldwide for its seed, a culinary nut. Along with the peach, it is classified in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pistachio</span> Member of the cashew family

The pistachio, a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from an area that includes Iran. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cashew</span> Species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae

The cashew tree is a tropical evergreen tree native to South America in the genus Anacardium that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple accessory fruit. The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres, but the dwarf cultivars, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), prove more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields. The cashew seed is commonly considered a snack nut eaten on its own, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter. Like the tree, the nut is often simply called a cashew. Cashew allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pecan</span> Species of hickory native to the southern USA and northern Mexico

The pecan is a species of hickory native to the southern United States and northern Mexico in the region of the Mississippi River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nut (fruit)</span> In botany, type of dry indehiscent fruit

A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, a wide variety of dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed (indehiscent).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hazelnut</span> Nut of the hazel tree

The hazelnut is the fruit of the hazel tree and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus, especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana. They are also known as cobnuts or filberts according to species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazil nut</span> Species of flowering plant in the family Lecythidaceae

The Brazil nut is a South American tree in the family Lecythidaceae, and it is also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible seeds. It is one of the largest and longest-lived trees in the Amazon rainforest. The fruit and its nutshell – containing the edible Brazil nut – are relatively large, possibly weighing as much as 2 kg (4.4 lb) in total weight. As food, Brazil nuts are notable for diverse content of micronutrients, especially a high amount of selenium. The wood of the Brazil nut tree is prized for its quality in carpentry, flooring, and heavy construction.

<i>Corylus avellana</i> Species of tree (common hazel)

Corylus avellana, the common hazel, is a species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae, native to Europe and Western Asia. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were, historically, used as property and field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, with the poles cut being used for wattle-and-daub building, and agricultural fencing.

<i>Bactris gasipaes</i> Species of palm

Bactris gasipaes is a species of palm native to the tropical forests of Central and South America. It is well spread in these regions, where it is often cultivated by smallholders in agroforestry systems or more rarely, in monoculture. Common names include peach palm in English, among others used in South American countries. It is a long-lived perennial plant that is productive for 50 to 75 years on average. Its population has an important genetic diversity, leading to numerous fruits, colors, and qualities. The fruits are edible and nutritious but need to be cooked for 30 minutes to five hours. They also benefit many animals in the wild. Peach-palms are also cultivated for the heart of palm, and the trunk can make valuable timber.

<i>Cyperus esculentus</i> Species of grass-like plant

Cyperus esculentus is a species of plant in the sedge family widespread across much of the world. It is found in most of the Eastern Hemisphere, including Southern Europe, Africa and Madagascar, as well as the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. C. esculentus is cultivated for its edible tubers, called earth almonds or tiger nuts, as a snack food and for the preparation of horchata de chufa, a sweet, milk-like beverage.

Caryodendron is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1860. The genus includes C. orinocense, known as the Inchi tree or Tacay nut. It is native to Central America and South America. They are dioecious trees.

  1. Caryodendron amazonicumDucke - Amazonas in Brazil
  2. Caryodendron angustifoliumStandl. - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
  3. Caryodendron janeirenseMüll.Arg. - Rio de Janeiro
  4. Caryodendron orinocenseH.Karst - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
<i>Canarium ovatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Canarium ovatum, the pili, is a species of tropical tree belonging to the genus Canarium. It is one of approximately 600 species in the family Burseraceae. C. ovatum are native to the Philippines. They are commercially cultivated in the Philippines for their edible nuts and is believed to be indigenous to that country. The fruit and tree are often vulgarized with the umbrella term of "Java almond" which mixes multiple species of the same genus, Canarium.

<i>Jatropha curcas</i> Species of plant

Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America. It is originally native to the tropical areas of the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, and has been spread throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becoming naturalized or invasive in many areas. The specific epithet, "curcas", was first used by Portuguese doc Garcia de Orta more than 400 years ago. Common names in English include physic nut, Barbados nut, poison nut, bubble bush or purging nut. In parts of Africa and areas in Asia such as India it is often known as "castor oil plant" or "hedge castor oil plant", but it is not the same as the usual castor oil plant, Ricinus communis.

<i>Lecythis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Lecythis is a genus of woody plant in the Lecythidaceae family first described as a genus in 1758. It is native to Central America and South America. Several species produce edible seeds and referred to by a variety of common names including paradise nut, monkey pot, cream nut, and sapucaia nut.

<i>Gevuina</i> Species of plant

Gevuina avellana, is an evergreen tree, up to 20 meters tall. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Gevuina. It is native to southern Chile and adjacent valleys in Argentina. It is found from sea level to 700 meters above sea level. Its distribution extends from 35° to 44° south latitude. The composite leaves are bright green and toothed, and the tree is in flower between July and November. The flowers are very small and beige to whitish, are bisexual and group two by two in long racemes. The fruit is a dark red nut when young and turns black. The peel is woody. It can grow up straight or branched from the soil, making up either a tree or a shrub.

<i>Macadamia tetraphylla</i> Species of tree in the family Proteaceae native to Queensland and New South Wales in Australia

Macadamia tetraphylla is a tree in the family Proteaceae, native to southern Queensland and northern New South Wales in Australia. Common names include macadamia nut, bauple nut, prickly macadamia, Queensland nut, rough-shelled bush nut and rough-shelled Queensland nut.

<i>Plukenetia volubilis</i> Species of flowering plant

Plukenetia volubilis, commonly known as sacha inchi, sacha peanut, mountain peanut, Inca nut or Inca-peanut, is a perennial plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, having small trichomes on its leaves. It is native to much of tropical South America, as well as some of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean. It is cultivated commercially in South East Asia, most notably in Thailand. Although its raw seeds and leaves contain toxins, these components are safe for consumption after roasting.

Sacha inchi nut oil is extracted by pressing it from the seeds and flesh of the fruit from the Plukenetia volubilis, or pracaxi, a tree native to the area surrounding the Amazon River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenza Valley</span>

The Tenza Valley is an intermontane valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The valley stretches over the southeastern part of the department of Boyacá and the northeastern part of Cundinamarca. It is located east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and in the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, as the Altiplano was inhabited by the Muisca in the higher altitudes and the Tegua in the lower areas to the east.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2019. Caryodendron orinocense". IUCN Red List. 2018. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T145669319A145669321.en . S2CID   242068937.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Especies forestales productoras de frutas y otros alimentos 3. Ejemplos de America Latina (in Spanish). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1987.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Ávila, Luz María; Díaz Merchán, José Andrés (2002). Sondeo del mercado mundial de Inchi (Caryodendron orinocense) (Technical report) (in Spanish). Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute. hdl:20.500.11761/31486.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Catálogo virtual de flora del Valle de Aburrá" (in Spanish). Universidad EIA . Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Jiménez, Luis Carlos; Yesid Bernal, Henry (1992). El "inchi", Caryodendron orinocense Karsten (Euphorbiaceae): la oleaginosa mas promisoria de la subregion andina. 2nd (in Spanish). Programa de Recursos Vegetales del Convenio Andres Bello.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Cisneros Torres, Diana Evelin; Díaz Hernández, Andrea Del Rosario (2006). "Obtención de aceite de la nuez Caryodendron Orinocense originaria del Departamento del Caquetá en la Planta Piloto de la Universidad de La Salle". Ingeniería de Alimentos (in Spanish). La Salle University.
  7. ↑ "Caryodendron orinocense". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Martínez S., J.B. (1979). "El inchí (Caryodendron orinocense Karst)". Corporación Forestal de Nariño (in Spanish). hdl:20.500.12324/15160.
  9. ↑ "Caryodendron H. Karst. - Subordinate Taxa". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  10. ↑ "USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ortega Álvarez, Deysi D (2014). Caracterización de la composición fitoquímica del aceite vegetal de la especie maní de árbol (Caryodendron orinocense h. Karst) e investigar su aplicación en emulsiones cosméticas (Thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Estatal Amazónica.
  12. 1 2 Losada A., Pablo (2016). Inclusión de torta de Cacay (Caryodendron orinocense) en la degradación in vitro in situ de la materia seca (Thesis) (in Spanish). University of Applied and Environmental Sciences.
  13. 1 2 Garcia Urrea, Lili Johanna; Martinez Tamara, Ferney Eduardo (2017). "El Cacay en bebidas funcionales y su uso gastronómico". Reponame:repositorio Institucional Uniari (in Spanish). Universitaria Agustiniana.
  14. 1 2 Morillo-Coronado, Ana Cruz (2015). "Caracterización molecular con microsatélites amplificados al azar (RAMs) de Inchi (Caryodendron orinocense K.)". Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología (in Spanish). 17: 46–53. doi: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v17n1.50709 .
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gonzáles Coral, Agustín; Torres Reyna, Guiuseppe Melecio (2010). Manual de cultivo de metohuayo Caryodendron orinocense Karst (Technical report) (in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana. hdl:20.500.12921/114.
  16. ↑ Wang, Sunan; Zhu, Fan; Yukio, Kakuda (2018). "Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.): Nutritional composition, biological activity, and uses". Food Chemistry. 265: 316–328. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.055. PMID   29884388. S2CID   47003352.
  17. ↑ Reckin, J. (1983). "The Orinoconut - A promising tree crop for the Tropics". International Tree Crops Journal. 2 (2): 105–119. doi:10.1080/01435698.1983.9752746.
  18. ↑ Janick, Jules; Paull, Robert E. (2008). Cabi Publishing (ed.). Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. pp. 366–368. ISBN   978-0-85199-638-7.
  19. 1 2 Padilla, F.C.; Alfaro, M.J.; Chávez, J.F. (1998). "Composición química de las semillas del nogal de Barquisimeto (Caryodendron orinocense, euphorbiaceae)". Journal of Food Science and Technology (in Spanish). doi:10.1177/108201329800400407. S2CID   86259137.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Pérez, M.N.; Alfaro, M. de J.; Padilla, F.C. (2001). "Evaluation of 'Nuez de Barinas' (Caryodendron Orinocense) Oil for Possible Use in Cosmetic". International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 21 (3): 151–158. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.196565.x. PMID   18505537. S2CID   23946801.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alzuru, Angel (September 2007). "Nueza criolla, Diagnóstico participativo de su situación en el estado Lara, Venezuela". Centro Para la Gestión Tecnológica Popular (CETEP) (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  22. ↑ Kellogg, James; Egbue, Obi (May 2012). "Three-dimensional structural evolution and kinematics of the Piedemonte Llanero, Central Llanos foothills, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 39: 216–227. Bibcode:2012JSAES..39..216E. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.012.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pabon E., Miguel A. (1982). "Oleaginosas de la Amazonía: el inchi". Colombia Amazónica (in Spanish). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (1): 68–79. hdl:20.500.12324/29656.
  24. ↑ "Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia". catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co (in Spanish). National University of Colombia . Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  25. 1 2 Orduz R., Javier Orlando; Rangel M., Jorge Alberto (2002). Frutales Tropicales Potentiales para el Piedmonte Llanero (in Spanish). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria. hdl:20.500.12324/13427. ISBN   9789583356964.
  26. ↑ Nieto, V.M.; Rodriguez, J. "El inchí (Caryodendron orinocense Karst)". Tropical Tree Seed Manual - Species Descriptions.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Fichas Tecnicas de Especies de uso Forestal y Agroforestal de la Amazonia Colombiana: Inchi" (PDF). sinchi.org.co (in Spanish). Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas «Sinchi». Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  28. 1 2 García, Judith J.; Basso, Carmen (2012). "Caracterización de la viabilidad de semillas de inchi (Caryodendron orinocense Karsten) de dos procedencias". Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola (in Spanish). 12.
  29. ↑ García, Judith J.; Moratinos, Humberto; Perdomo, Dinaba (2009). "Evaluación de dos métodos de propagación asexual en inchi (Caryodendron orinocense Karsten)". Revista Científica UDO Agrícola (in Spanish). Central University of Venezuela.
  30. 1 2 3 Geilfus, Frans (1994). El árbol al servicio del agricultor: manual de agroforesteria para el desarrollo rural. Tome 2 (in Spanish). Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE). ISBN   9977-57-174-0.
  31. ↑ Pound, Barry. "Cultivos de Cobertura para la Agricultura Sostenible en América" (PDF) (in Spanish). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  32. ↑ Medeiros de Azevedo, Wendell; Ribeiro de Oliveira, Larissa Ferreira; Alves Alcântara, Maristela (2020). "Physicochemical characterization, fatty acid profile, antioxidant activity and antibacterial potential of cacay oil, coconut oil and cacay butter". PLoS ONE . 15 (4): e0232224. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532224M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232224 . PMC   7188257 . PMID   32343717.
  33. ↑ Radice, Matteo; Viafara, Derwin; Neill, David (2014). "Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of Amazonian (Ecuador) Caryodendron orinocense Karst. and Bactris gasipaes Kunth seed oils". Journal of Oleo Science . 63 (12): 1243–1250. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess14007 . hdl: 11392/2040412 . PMID   25391685.
  34. ↑ Angulo-Ospina, Carlos Alberto; Silva-Herrera, Luis Jairo (2016). "Crecimiento de cuarenta especies forestales nativas, aptas para restauración en la Orinoquia colombiana". Colombia Forestal (in Spanish). 19 (S1): 15. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  35. ↑ Espinosa, Rocío; López, Andrés M. (2019). Arboles nativos importantes para la conservación de la biodiversidad: Propagación y uso en paisajes cafeteros (in Spanish). Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Cafe (Cenicafé). hdl:10778/1087. ISBN   978-958-8490-37-3.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.