Praenuculinae

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Praenuculinae
Temporal range: Ordovician - Devonian 487–391  Ma
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Nuculida
Family:† Praenuculidae
Subfamily:† Praenuculinae
Sánchez, 1999
Genera
  • See text

Praenuculinae is an extinct subfamily of prehistoric bivalves in the family Praenuculidae. [1] Praenuculinae species lived from the middle Ordovician through the late Devonian. [2] [3] [4] Praenuculinae fossils are found in Europe, Africa, North America and South America, [5] and species are thought to have been stationary attached to substrate in shallow infaunal marine water environments where they formed shells of an aragonite composition. [3] The subfamily Praenuculinae was named by Teresa M. Sánchez in 1999. [6]

Contents

Description

The majority of Praenuculidae genera possess teeth with a chevron concavity that faces towards the outer sides of the shell and a chevron point facing the umbo. [6] These genera are grouped into the larger subfamily, Praenuculinae. Three of the genera in the family are placed into the second subfamily, Concavodontinae, based on the teeth having chevron concavities which face in the reverse, towards the center of the hinge and points facing the outside edges of the shell. [6]

Praenuculinae is composed of eleven described genera including Praenucula , the type genus for the family. Praenucula is composed of six species found across Europe, in northwestern Africa, and Argentina. Three of the genera, Cuyopsis , Trigonoconcha , and Villicumia are monotypic and known only from the Argentine precordillera. The monotypic Fidera was first described in 1977 by John Pojeta & Joyce Gilbert-Tomlinson and is known only from Tasmania. Ledopsis was named in 1884 and is restricted to Ordovician sediments exposed in Europe. Leo Pfab in 1934 erected the genus Praeleda from bohemian fossils which had been placed as the species Nucula compar by Joachim Barrande. The 1969 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology volume on bivalves placed Praeleda as a synonym of the genus Deceptrix , a placement that was not fully accepted by subsequent authors. In 1999 Cope suggested the two genera were distinct, an opinion that has since been accepted. [7] Palaeoconcha is known from at least four species ranging across Europe, Asia, North America, and South America. [8] Both Paulinea and Pensarnia were described by Cope in 1997 from fossils found in early Arenig sediments of South Wales. The genus Similodonta is known from several species which range across North America, Asia, and Europe. [9]

The genus Eritropis was formerly included in the subfamily, however it was moved to a new family, Eritropidae by John C. Cope in 2000. [6] [10] Deceptrix was included in Praenuculinae and the genus Cardiolaria was listed in Praenuculidae, without subfamily placement, by Teresa M. Sánchez in her 1999 description of the Praenuculidae subfamilies. However both Deceptrix and Cardiolaria are currently accepted as members of the family Cardiolariidae erected by Cope in 1997. [11]

Genera

Related Research Articles

Arcida Order of molluscs

The Arcida is an extant order of bivalve molluscs. This order dates back to the lower Ordovician period. They are distinguished from related groups, such as the mussels, by having a straight hinge to the shells, and the adductor muscles being of equal size. The duplivincular ligament, taxodont dentition, and a shell microstructure consisting of the outer crossed lamellar and inner complex crossed lamellar layers are defining characters of this order.

Praenuculidae is an extinct family of prehistoric bivalves in the superfamily Nuculoidea. Praenuculidae species lived from the early Ordovician, Arenig stage through the Early Devonian Emsian stage. Praenuculidae fossils are found worldwide, present on every continent except Antarctica. Species in this family are thought to have been sessile, attached to the substrate in shallow infaunal marine water environments, where they formed shells of an aragonite composition. The family Praenuculidae was named by A. Lee McAlester in 1969.

<i>Claraia</i> Extinct genus of bivalves

Claraia is an extinct genus of scallop-like bivalve molluscs that lived from the Capitanian stage of the Late Permian to the Anisian stage of the Middle Triassic, 266-237 million years ago. Fossils have been found worldwide in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. These are common fossils subsequent to the Permian-Triassic boundary, suggesting that the genus experienced rapid diversification during and after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, around 251.4 million years ago.

<i>Kionoceras</i> Extinct genus of nautiloids

Kionoceras is an extinct nautiloid cephalopod genus included in the orthocerid family Kionoceratidae with scattered worldwide distribution from the Middle Ordovician to the Lower Permian. Kionoceratids are orthocerids with prominent longitudinal ornamentation on their shells, sometimes augmented by secondary transverse ornamentation. Orthocerids are, of course, prehistoric nautiloides with generally straight and elongate shells, mostly with central or subcentral siphuncles.

<i>Fordilla</i> Extinct genus of bivalves

Fordilla is an extinct genus of early bivalves, one of two genera in the extinct family Fordillidae. The genus is known solely from Early Cambrian fossils found in North America, Greenland, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The genus currently contains three described species, Fordilla germanica, Fordilla sibirica, and the type species Fordilla troyensis.

Pojetaia is an extinct genus of early bivalves, one of two genera in the extinct family Fordillidae. The genus is known solely from Early to Middle Cambrian fossils found in North America, Greenland, Europe, North Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus currently contains two accepted species, Pojetaia runnegari, the type species, and Pojetaia sarhroensis, though up to seven species have been proposed. The genera Buluniella, Jellia, and Oryzoconcha are all considered synonyms of Pojetaia.

Fordillidae Extinct family of bivalves

Fordillidae is an extinct family of early bivalves and one of two families in the extinct superfamily Fordilloidea. The family is known from fossils of early to middle Cambrian age found in North America, Greenland, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia. The family currently contains two genera, Fordilla and Pojetaia, each with up to three described species. Due to the size and age of the fossil specimens, Fordillidae species are included as part of the Turkish Small shelly fauna.

Camya is an extinct genus of early bivalve and is the only genus in the extinct family Camyidae. The genus is known solely from early Middle Cambrian fossils found in Europe. The genus currently contains a solitary accepted species, Camya asy.

Fordilloidea Extinct superfamily of bivalves

Fordilloidea is an extinct superfamily of early bivalves containing two described families, Fordillidae and Camyidae and the only superfamily in the order Fordillida. The superfamily is known from fossils of early to middle Cambrian age found in North America, Greenland, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia. Fordillidae currently contains two genera, Fordilla and Pojetaia each with up to three described species while Camyidae only contains a single genus Camya with one described species, Camya asy. Due to the size and age of the fossil specimens, Fordillidae species are included as part of the Turkish Small shelly fauna.

Tuarangia is a Cambrian shelly fossil interpreted as an early bivalve, though alternative classifications have been proposed and its systematic position remains controversial. It is the only genus in the extinct family Tuarangiidae and order Tuarangiida. The genus is known solely from Middle to Late Cambrian fossils found in Europe and New Zealand. The genus currently contains two accepted species, Tuarangia gravgaerdensis and the type species Tuarangia paparua.

Concavodonta is an extinct genus of early bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of three genera in the subfamily Concavodontinae. Concavodonta is known solely from late Ordovician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in Europe and South America. The genus currently contains three accepted species, Concavodonta imbricata, Concavodonta ovalis and the type species Concavodonta ponderata.

Hemiconcavodonta is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of three genera in the subfamily Concavodontinae. Hemiconcavodonta is known solely from late Ordovician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. The genus currently contains a single accepted species, Hemiconcavodonta minuta.

Concavodontinae is an extinct subfamily of prehistoric bivalves in the family Praenuculidae. Concavodontinae species lived from the middle Ordovician, Caradoc epoch through the late Ordovician Ashgill epoch. Concavodontinae fossils are found in Europe and South America, and species are thought to have been stationary attached to substrate in shallow infaunal marine water environments where they formed shells of an aragonite composition. The subfamily Concavodontinae was named by Teresa M. Sánchez in 1999.

Emiliodonta is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of three genera in the subfamily Concavodontinae. Emiliodonta is known solely from late Ordovician, Caradocian epoch, fossils found in South America. The genus contains a single accepted species, Emiliodonta cuerdai.

Cuyopsis is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. It is one of three Praenuculinae genera known solely from late Ordivician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. Cuyopsis currently contains a single accepted species, Cuyopsis symmetricus.

Villicumia is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. It is one of three Praenuculinae genera known solely from late Ordovician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. Villicumia currently contains a single accepted species, Villicumia canteraensis.

Trigonoconcha is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. It is one of three Praenuculinae genera known solely from Late Ordivician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. Trigonoconcha currently contains a single accepted species, Trigonoconcha acuta.

Sinutropis is a genus of fossil sea snails, extinct euomphalid archaeogastropods from the Upper Silurian.

Similodonta is an extinct genus of early bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. Similodonta is known from Middle Ordovician through Middle Silurian fossils found in Europe and North America. The genus currently contains eight accepted species, Similodonta ceryx, Similodonta collina, Similodonta djupvikensis, Similodonta magna, Similodonta recurva, Similodonta spjeldnaesi, Similodonta wahli and the type species Similodonta similis.

Gangshanoceras is a fossil nautiloid cephalopod genus included in the orthocerid family Proteoceratidae. It has been found in Ordovician rocks dated from about 478.5 to 468 Ma in China, and from rocks dated slightly younger, about 468 to 461 Ma in Argentina. It has five described species. The type is Gangshanoceras jurongense.

References

  1. ↑ Carter, J. G.; et al. (2011). "A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)" (PDF). Paleontological Contributions. 4: 1–47.
  2. ↑ Moore, R. C.; Teichert, C. (1969). Bivalvia. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N, Mollusca 6. Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. pp. N229–N230.
  3. 1 2 The Paleobiology Database Praenuculinae entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  4. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Praenucula entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  5. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Praenuculidae entry accessed 24 January 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Sánchez, T. M. (1999). "New Late Ordovician (Early Caradoc) Bivalves from the Sierra de Villicum (Argentine Precordillera)". Journal of Paleontology. 73 (1): 66–76. JSTOR   1306745.
  7. ↑ Kříž, J.; Steinová, M. (2009). "Uppermost Ordovician bivalves from the Prague Basin (Hirnantian, Perunica, Bohemia)" (PDF). Bulletin of Geosciences. 84 (3): 409–436. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1141 .
  8. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Palaeoconcha entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  9. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Similodonta entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  10. ↑ Zong-Jie, F.; Cope, J. C. W. (2004). "Early Ordovician bivalves from Dali, West Yunnan, China". Palaeontology. 47 (5): 1121–1158. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00403.x.
  11. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Cardiolariidae entry accessed 5 February 2012.
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