Praenuculinae

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Praenuculinae
Temporal range: Ordovician - Devonian 487–391  Ma
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Nuculida
Family:† Praenuculidae
Subfamily:† Praenuculinae
Sánchez, 1999
Genera
  • See text

Praenuculinae is an extinct subfamily of prehistoric bivalves in the family Praenuculidae. [1] Praenuculinae species lived from the middle Ordovician through the late Devonian. [2] [3] [4] Praenuculinae fossils are found in Europe, Africa, North America and South America, [5] and species are thought to have been stationary attached to substrate in shallow infaunal marine water environments where they formed shells of an aragonite composition. [3] The subfamily Praenuculinae was named by Teresa M. Sánchez in 1999. [6]

Contents

Description

The majority of Praenuculidae genera possess teeth with a chevron concavity that faces towards the outer sides of the shell and a chevron point facing the umbo. [6] These genera are grouped into the larger subfamily, Praenuculinae. Three of the genera in the family are placed into the second subfamily, Concavodontinae, based on the teeth having chevron concavities which face in the reverse, towards the center of the hinge and points facing the outside edges of the shell. [6]

Praenuculinae is composed of eleven described genera including Praenucula , the type genus for the family. Praenucula is composed of six species found across Europe, in northwestern Africa, and Argentina. Three of the genera, Cuyopsis , Trigonoconcha , and Villicumia are monotypic and known only from the Argentine precordillera. The monotypic Fidera was first described in 1977 by John Pojeta & Joyce Gilbert-Tomlinson and is known only from Tasmania. Ledopsis was named in 1884 and is restricted to Ordovician sediments exposed in Europe. Leo Pfab in 1934 erected the genus Praeleda from bohemian fossils which had been placed as the species Nucula compar by Joachim Barrande. The 1969 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology volume on bivalves placed Praeleda as a synonym of the genus Deceptrix , a placement that was not fully accepted by subsequent authors. In 1999 Cope suggested the two genera were distinct, an opinion that has since been accepted. [7] Palaeoconcha is known from at least four species ranging across Europe, Asia, North America, and South America. [8] Both Paulinea and Pensarnia were described by Cope in 1997 from fossils found in early Arenig sediments of South Wales. The genus Similodonta is known from several species which range across North America, Asia, and Europe. [9]

The genus Eritropis was formerly included in the subfamily, however it was moved to a new family, Eritropidae by John C. Cope in 2000. [6] [10] Deceptrix was included in Praenuculinae and the genus Cardiolaria was listed in Praenuculidae, without subfamily placement, by Teresa M. Sánchez in her 1999 description of the Praenuculidae subfamilies. However both Deceptrix and Cardiolaria are currently accepted as members of the family Cardiolariidae erected by Cope in 1997. [11]

Genera

Related Research Articles

Praenuculidae is an extinct family of prehistoric bivalves in the superfamily Nuculoidea. Praenuculidae species lived from the early Ordovician, Arenig stage through the Early Devonian Emsian stage. Praenuculidae fossils are found worldwide, present on every continent except Antarctica. Species in this family are thought to have been sessile, attached to the substrate in shallow infaunal marine water environments, where they formed shells of an aragonite composition. The family Praenuculidae was named by A. Lee McAlester in 1969.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1881.

<i>Fordilla</i> Extinct genus of bivalves

Fordilla is an extinct genus of early bivalves, one of two genera in the extinct family Fordillidae. The genus is known solely from Early Cambrian fossils found in North America, Greenland, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The genus currently contains three described species, Fordilla germanica, Fordilla sibirica, and the type species Fordilla troyensis.

Pojetaia is an extinct genus of early bivalves, one of two genera in the extinct family Fordillidae. The genus is known solely from Early to Middle Cambrian fossils found in North America, Greenland, Europe, North Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus currently contains two accepted species, Pojetaia runnegari, the type species, and Pojetaia sarhroensis, though up to seven species have been proposed. The genera Buluniella, Jellia, and Oryzoconcha are all considered synonyms of Pojetaia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fordillidae</span> Extinct family of bivalves

Fordillidae is an extinct family of early bivalves and one of two families in the extinct superfamily Fordilloidea. The family is known from fossils of early to middle Cambrian age found in North America, Greenland, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia. The family currently contains two genera, Fordilla and Pojetaia, each with up to three described species. Due to the size and age of the fossil specimens, Fordillidae species are included as part of the Turkish Small shelly fauna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fordilloidea</span> Extinct superfamily of bivalves

Fordilloidea is an extinct superfamily of early bivalves containing two described families, Fordillidae and Camyidae and the only superfamily in the order Fordillida. The superfamily is known from fossils of early to middle Cambrian age found in North America, Greenland, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia. Fordillidae currently contains two genera, Fordilla and Pojetaia each with up to three described species while Camyidae only contains a single genus Camya with one described species, Camya asy. Due to the size and age of the fossil specimens, Fordillidae species are included as part of the Turkish Small shelly fauna.

Concavodonta is an extinct genus of early bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of three genera in the subfamily Concavodontinae. Concavodonta is known solely from late Ordovician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in Europe and South America. The genus currently contains three accepted species, Concavodonta imbricata, Concavodonta ovalis and the type species Concavodonta ponderata.

Hemiconcavodonta is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of three genera in the subfamily Concavodontinae. Hemiconcavodonta is known solely from late Ordovician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. The genus currently contains a single accepted species, Hemiconcavodonta minuta.

Concavodontinae is an extinct subfamily of prehistoric bivalves in the family Praenuculidae. Concavodontinae species lived from the middle Ordovician, Caradoc epoch through the late Ordovician Ashgill epoch. Concavodontinae fossils are found in Europe and South America, and species are thought to have been stationary attached to substrate in shallow infaunal marine water environments where they formed shells of an aragonite composition. The subfamily Concavodontinae was named by Teresa M. Sánchez in 1999.

Emiliodonta is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of three genera in the subfamily Concavodontinae. Emiliodonta is known solely from late Ordovician, Caradocian epoch, fossils found in South America. The genus contains a single accepted species, Emiliodonta cuerdai.

Cuyopsis is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. It is one of three Praenuculinae genera known solely from late Ordivician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. Cuyopsis currently contains a single accepted species, Cuyopsis symmetricus.

Villicumia is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. It is one of three Praenuculinae genera known solely from late Ordovician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. Villicumia currently contains a single accepted species, Villicumia canteraensis.

Trigonoconcha is an extinct genus of bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. It is one of three Praenuculinae genera known solely from Late Ordivician, Caradoc epoch, fossils found in South America. Trigonoconcha currently contains a single accepted species, Trigonoconcha acuta.

<i>Similodonta</i> Extinct genus of bivalves

Similodonta is an extinct genus of early bivalve in the extinct family Praenuculidae. The genus is one of eleven genera in the subfamily Praenuculinae. Similodonta is known from Middle Ordovician through Middle Silurian fossils found in Europe and North America. The genus currently contains eight accepted species, Similodonta ceryx, Similodonta collina, Similodonta djupvikensis, Similodonta magna, Similodonta recurva, Similodonta spjeldnaesi, Similodonta wahli and the type species Similodonta similis.

Gangshanoceras is a fossil nautiloid cephalopod genus included in the orthocerid family Proteoceratidae. It has been found in Ordovician rocks dated from about 478.5 to 468 Ma in China, and from rocks dated slightly younger, about 468 to 461 Ma in Argentina. It has five described species. The type is Gangshanoceras jurongense.

<i>Propeamussium</i> Genus of bivalves

Propeamussium is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the order Ostreoida.

The San Juan Formation is a geologic formation in Argentina. The formation comprising limestones, mudstones and marls was deposited in a shallow marine reefal environment and preserves many fossils dating back to the Ordovician period. The formation overlies the La Silla Formation and crops out in the Precordillera of San Juan Province.

Craniopsidae is an extinct family of craniiform brachiopods which lived from the mid-Cambrian to the Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian). It is the only family in the monotypic superfamily Craniopsoidea and the monotypic order Craniopsida. If one includes the ambiguous Cambrian genus Discinopsis, craniopsids were the first craniiforms to appear, and may be ancestral to craniids and trimerellides. An even earlier Cambrian genus, Heliomedusa, has sometimes been identified as a craniopsid. More recently, Heliomedusa has been considered a stem-group brachiopod related to Mickwitzia.

Tarphophragma is an extinct genus of Middle and Upper Ordovician bryozoans of the family Halloporidae. Its colonies began from an encrusting base and grew into branching structures. Raised maculae made from mesozooecia and large autozooecia covered the colony's surface, and its autozooecia were arranged in a disorderly pattern. Its interzooidal budding pattern and integrate wall structure distinguish it from other genera.

This list of fossil molluscs described in 2023 is a list of new taxa of fossil molluscs that were described during the year 2023, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to molluscan paleontology that occurred in 2023.

References

  1. ↑ Carter, J. G.; et al. (2011). "A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)" (PDF). Paleontological Contributions. 4: 1–47.
  2. ↑ Moore, R. C.; Teichert, C. (1969). Bivalvia. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N, Mollusca 6. Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. pp. N229–N230.
  3. 1 2 The Paleobiology Database Praenuculinae entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  4. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Praenucula entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  5. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Praenuculidae entry accessed 24 January 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Sánchez, T. M. (1999). "New Late Ordovician (Early Caradoc) Bivalves from the Sierra de Villicum (Argentine Precordillera)". Journal of Paleontology. 73 (1): 66–76. doi:10.1017/S0022336000027554. JSTOR   1306745. S2CID   133414164.
  7. ↑ Kříž, J.; Steinová, M. (2009). "Uppermost Ordovician bivalves from the Prague Basin (Hirnantian, Perunica, Bohemia)" (PDF). Bulletin of Geosciences. 84 (3): 409–436. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1141 .
  8. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Palaeoconcha entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  9. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Similodonta entry accessed 5 February 2012.
  10. ↑ Zong-Jie, F.; Cope, J. C. W. (2004). "Early Ordovician bivalves from Dali, West Yunnan, China". Palaeontology. 47 (5): 1121–1158. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00403.x. S2CID   140648734.
  11. ↑ The Paleobiology Database Cardiolariidae entry accessed 5 February 2012.
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