Proposed merger of Korean Air and Asiana Airlines

Last updated

HL7751@PEK (20180524102254).jpg
Airbus A321-231, Asiana Airlines AN2330037.jpg
Korean Air (left) and Asiana Airlines (right) aircraft

The proposed merger of Korean Air and Asiana Airlines is a policy announced by the Government of South Korea in November 2020, which would result in Korean Air absorbing Asiana Airlines creating a dominant carrier in South Korea. [1]

Contents


For the merger to proceed, antitrust approval is necessary from competition authorities in key markets for the carriers. Out of the six essential markets, approval has been granted in all except one. As of February 2024, authorities in one essential market, the United States, have yet to approve the merger. [2]

In February 2023, it was confirmed that the merger would not proceed without approval from European Union and United States authorities. At the time, the Korean government did not view approval in the EU and US as likely. Backup plans such as an equity investment from foreign backers (with the UAE-based Mubadala Investment Company suggested) into Asiana to help it remain viable are being explored. [3]

In May 2023, it was reported that the United States Department of Justice is considering filing suit to block the merger as anticompetitive. [4]

In August 2023, the Korea Economic Daily reported that the Korean Development Bank was seeking a plan B in preparation for the proposed merger's collapse. [5] This was due to a rising belief that American and European authorities would block the consolidation. On September 27, 2023, Yonhap reported that Korean Air had submitted an amended application to the European Commission, proposing divestment of Asiana's cargo division and giving up slots at some EU airports, including Barcelona, Rome, Paris, and Frankfurt to satisfy competition concerns. [6] [7]

Background

On November 16, 2020, South Korea's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport announced Korean Air's proposed acquisition the Asiana Airlines. [8] The merger plan was approved by Korean Air's board on the same date. [9] [10]

Korea Development Bank, a state-owned bank, agreed to provide 800 billion won (655.73 million USD) to Hanjin Group to help finance the merger between the airlines. [1]

Korean Air is a co-founder and member of SkyTeam while Asiana is a Star Alliance member. If the merger is approved and completed, the combined airline will become a member of SkyTeam. [11] If the merger proceeds, South Korea's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport intends to integrate the carriers' low-cost carrier subsidiaries (Air Busan, Air Seoul, and Jin Air) into a combined low-cost carrier which will focus on regional airports in Korea. [12]

Specifics of the merger if approved would include the following: [13] [14]

Korean Air Chairman/CEO Walter Cho and President Woo Kee-hong confirmed that the company plans to fold Asiana Club into Korean Air's SKYPASS at a later date. [16] [15]

In March 2021, Korean Air announced that its merger with Asiana Airlines would be delayed pending approval from relevant competition authorities. For the time being, Asiana Airlines will be operated as a subsidiary with its operations, IT, and other systems run by Korean Air until 2024. [17] [18]

On June 30, 2021, it was reported that the post-merger plans between the two airlines were finalized and approved by the Korea Development Bank pending regulatory approval. [19] [20]

Approval status

For the merger to proceed, the impact on competition must be evaluated and approved by competition authorities in six key markets for the carriers. These markets were deemed "essential" requiring approval for the merger to be viable.

The consolidation has been denied approval by the Department of Justice in the United States, an essential market for the carrier, pending submission and review of further remedies from the carrier. [21] The merger has been approved by South Korea's competition authority as well as China, Japan, the European Union, and the United Kingdom.

In December 2024, the US Department of Justice gave final approval for the merger. The acquisition will be completed within the end of 2024 following antitrust approval from all 14 countries.

CountryStatusNotes
ChinaApprovedApproved by Ministry of Commerce on December 26, 2022. [22]
European UnionApprovedFormal objection filed by the European Commission to proposed merger. [23]
Amend application submitted on November 2, 2023 and received on November 3. [24]
Conditionally approved by the European Commission on February 13, 2024. [25]
JapanApprovedApproved by Fair Trade Commission on January 31, 2024. [26] [27]
South KoreaApprovedApproved by Fair Trade Commission in conditional approval on December 26, 2023. [28]
United KingdomApprovedApproved by Competition and Markets Authority on May 1, 2023. [29] [30]
United StatesApprovedBlocked by Department of Justice for monopoly concerns May 22, 2023. [31]
Approved by Department of Justice on December 5, 2024. [32]

China

On December 26, 2022, the Ministry of Commerce of China announced its approval of Korean Air’s merger with Asiana Airlines. [33]

European Union

On March 17, 2023, the European Commission (EC) released the results of an in-depth investigation concluding that the merger would restrict competition with a concentration of market power between Europe and Korea. [34] Specifically, the Commission cited reduced competition on passenger routes between South Korea and France, Germany, Italy, and Spain and reduced competition for air cargo between all of Europe and South Korea. [35] The Commission suspended its investigation into the merger in June 2023 due to the companies' failure to provide proposed corrective remedies before the Commission's deadline. [35]

In October 2023, Korean Air announced proposed remedies to address the Commission's concerns by divesting routes to Barcelona, Frankfurt, Paris, and Rome and surrendering them (alongside slots at the relevant airports) to T'way Air, a South Korean low-cost carrier, while leasing Airbus A330 aircraft with flight crew. [36] Korean Air would also sell Asiana Airlines' cargo division, with the Asiana board giving its approval to the plan in November 2023. [37] [38] [39]

Korean Air resubmitted its application to the European Commission with these concessions for evaluation on November 2, 2023. [40] However, Yonhap has reported that the Commission has not resumed its investigation due to "missing information" in the submission provided by Korean Air and Asiana. [35]

In January 2024, Reuters reported that the European Commission is expected to approve the merger following concessions offered by the airlines. [41] In February 2024, Korean Air secured conditional Commission approval for the consolidation of South Korea's aviation market contingent on an acceptable buyer being identified for its cargo business and making assets available to T'way Air to start service on routes to Barcelona, Frankfurt, Paris, and Rome. [42]

Japan

In November 2023, Japan officially moved to block the merger, citing the combined power the merged carrier would have on air traffic between Japan and South Korea where it would represent nearly 70% of flying. The objection also cited the planned merger of the two airlines' three low-cost carrier subsidiaries. [43]

Japan approved the merger on January 31, 2024. [26] As part of the agreement, the consolidated carrier has agreed to surrender slots on 7 routes if remedy takers choose to operate on them, the routes being Seoul–Incheon to Fukuoka, Nagoya, Osaka–Kansai, and Sapporo, as well as the Busan to Osaka, Sapporo, and Fukuoka to competitors. [44]

South Korea

The Fair Trade Commission (FTC) approved the merger on February 22, 2022 with conditional clearance requiring the combined airline to give up some of their airport slots and transportation rights in certain regions. [45] [46] [47] The Commission assessed that the merger would result in a monopoly on 26 international routes and 14 domestic routes but deferred to overseas authorities to on corrective action by granting 10 year conditional clearance with the following conditions: [48] [49] [50]

United Kingdom

The UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) postponed the review of the merger in November 2022, citing monopoly concerns, giving Korean Air time to propose a plan to resolve competition concerns. [51] Korean Air proposed transferring slots for seven weekly operation rights to Virgin Atlantic to launch a London–Heathrow to Seoul–Incheon route as a remedy. [52]

The United Kingdom officially approved the merger on March 1, 2023. [29] [30]

United States

In May 2023, it was reported that the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is considering filing suit to block the merger as anticompetitive. [4] [53]

To gain approval for the merger, Korean Air proposed transferring several operations to Air Premia. The transfer would include aircraft and flight crews. [54] The DOJ has rejected this proposal. [50]

In December 2024, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) gave final approval to the merger. [55]

Non-essential countries

In addition to essential countries, the companies sought review of the merger by authorities in countries considered to be "non-essential" markets.

In June 2021, the Philippines was the first "non-essential country" to approve the merger. [56] Singapore, Malaysia, Turkey, Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand, and Australia have also officially approved the merger. [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62]

Public reaction to proposed merger

In October 2023, labour unions representing workers at Asiana Airlines protested the merger claiming that the ultimate goal of the deal is "the dismantling of Asiana Airlines" and that the merger "is not in the interest of the nation or the convenience of the people". [63]

In the United States, an analyst described the merger as a "tie-up between the largest U.S. carrier (Delta Air Lines, who also be the largest stakeholder of Hanjin Group, Korean Air's parent company) to South Korea and the two large South Korean airlines" virtually eliminating competition between the United States and Korea. [64]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawaiian Airlines</span> Airline of the United States

Hawaiian Airlines is a commercial U.S. airline, headquartered in Honolulu, Hawaii and a subsidiary of Alaska Air Group. It is the largest operator of commercial flights to and from the island state of Hawaii, and the tenth largest commercial airline in the United States by passengers carried.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Incheon International Airport</span> Main airport serving Seoul, South Korea

Incheon International Airport — or simply Incheon Airport — is the main international airport serving Seoul, the capital of South Korea. It is also one of the largest and busiest airports in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Star Alliance</span> Airline alliance

Star Alliance is an airline alliance headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. Founded on 14 May 1997, it was the world's first global airline alliance. As of April 2024, it is also the world's largest airline alliance by market share, holding 17.4%, compared to 13.7% for SkyTeam and 11.9% for Oneworld.

Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd., operating as Korean Air, is the flag carrier of South Korea and its largest airline based on fleet size, international destinations, and international flights. It is owned by the Hanjin Group.

Asiana Airlines Inc. is a South Korean airline headquartered in Seoul. The airline operates 90 international passenger routes, 14 domestic passenger routes and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2019, it accounted for 25% of South Korea's international aviation market and 20% of its domestic market. It maintains its international hub at Incheon International Airport and its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport, both in Seoul.

Air France–KLM S.A., also known as Air France–KLM Group, is a French-Dutch multinational airline holding company with its headquarters in the rue du Cirque, Paris, France. The group’s three major brands are Air France, KLM and Transavia. Air France-KLM is the result of the merger in 2004 between Air France and KLM. Both Air France and KLM are members of the SkyTeam airline alliance. The group's main hubs are Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris Orly Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Air France-KLM Airlines transported 83 million passengers in 2022.

Air Europa Líneas Aéreas, S.A.U., branded as Air Europa, is the third-largest Spanish airline after Iberia and Vueling. The airline is headquartered in Llucmajor, Mallorca, Spain; it has its main hub at Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport with focus city operations at Palma de Mallorca Airport and Tenerife North Airport. Air Europa flies to over 44 destinations in Spain, the rest of Europe, South America, North America, the Caribbean, Morocco and Tunisia. Since September 2007, Air Europa has been member of the SkyTeam alliance.

Aegean Airlines S.A. is the flag carrier of Greece and the largest Greek airline by total number of passengers carried, by number of destinations served, and by fleet size. A Star Alliance member since June 2010, it operates scheduled and charter services from Athens and Thessaloniki to other major Greek, European and Middle Eastern destinations. Its main hubs are Athens International Airport in Athens, Macedonia International Airport in Thessaloniki and Larnaca International Airport in Cyprus. It also uses other Greek airports as bases, some of which are seasonal. It has its head office in Kifisia, a suburb of Athens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeju International Airport</span> Airport serving Jeju Island, South Korea

Jeju International Airport is the second-largest airport in South Korea, just behind Incheon Airport in Incheon. It is located in the city of Jeju. The airport opened in 1968.

Jeju Air Co., Ltd. (Korean: 제주항공) is the first and largest South Korean low-cost airline. It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance. In addition to air service, the group is also the owner of a Holiday Inn Express in Seoul. The airline is named for Jeju Island.

Jin Air Co., Ltd. is a South Korean low-cost airline. As of April 2018, it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations. It launched its first long haul route, between Incheon and Honolulu, in December 2015. It has operated cargo services since November 2013. Jin Air is the first widebody LCC operator in Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastar Jet</span> Low-cost airline of South Korea

Eastar Jet is a South Korean low-cost carrier with its headquarters in Gangseo-gu, Seoul.

Air Busan Co., Ltd., operating as Air Busan is a low-cost airline based in Busanjin-gu, Busan, South Korea. It is a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines. The airline began its operation in 2007 as Busan International Airlines Company ; it launched service in October 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olympic Air</span> Regional airline of Greece

Olympic Air S.A. is a regional airline, a subsidiary of the Greek carrier Aegean Airlines. It was formed as part of the privatization of the former Greek national carrier Olympic Airlines, a company that carried the name Olympic Airways from 1957 to the beginning of the 21st century. Olympic Air commenced limited operations on 29 September 2009, after Olympic Airlines ceased all operations, the full-scale opening of the company taking place two days later on 1 October 2009. Its main hubs are Thessaloniki International Airport and Athens International Airport. Rhodes International Airport serves as a small secondary hub. The airline's headquarters are in Building 57 at Athens International Airport in Spata, and its registered seat is in Koropi, Kropia, East Attica.

International Consolidated Airlines Group S.A., trading as International Airlines Group and usually shortened to IAG, is a British-Spanish multinational airline holding company with its registered office in Madrid, Spain, and its corporate headquarters in London, England. It was formed in January 2011 after a merger agreement between British Airways and Iberia, the flag carriers of the United Kingdom and Spain respectively, when British Airways and Iberia became wholly owned subsidiaries of IAG. British Airways shareholders were given 55% of the shares in the new company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">T'way Air</span> Airline of South Korea

T'way Air Co., Ltd., formerly Hansung Airlines, is a South Korean low-cost airline based in Seongsu-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul. It operates scheduled domestic, regional and long-haul flights from its two bases at Gimpo and Incheon.

Air Seoul (Korean: 에어서울) is a South Korean low-cost carrier and a subsidiary of Asiana Airlines. The airline is based at Incheon International Airport just outside of Seoul, from which it operates flights to international destinations. It launched operations on 11 July 2016.

Air Premia, Inc. is a South Korean airline based in Seoul. It describes itself as a "hybrid airline", providing a higher level of service than low-cost airlines while having lower operating costs than larger, full-service airlines. The airline was founded in 2017 by the former president of Jeju Air, Kim Jong-chul.

References

  1. 1 2 "대한항공·아시아나 통합 국적항공사 출범…산은 8천억 투입" (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. November 16, 2020. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  2. ↑ Kyong-ae, Choi (June 19, 2023). "(Yonhap interview) Korean Air needs to address monopoly concerns over merger with Asiana: minister". Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  3. ↑ "Korean Air mulls "Plan B" if proposed Asiana merger fails". ch-aviation. February 21, 2023.
  4. 1 2 "Biden administration may sue over Korean airline merger". POLITICO. May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  5. ↑ Global, K. E. D. "KDB girds up for Korean Air-Asiana deal collapse with Plan B". KED Global. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  6. ↑ "Korean Air bows to EC merger demands, amends submission". ch-aviation. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Korean Air mulls divestment of Asiana's cargo business for merger". Korea JoongAng Daily . September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  8. ↑ "국토부 "대한항공의 아시아나 인수, 경쟁력 강화 위해 불가피"(종합)" [Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport "Korean Air's acquisition of Asiana is inevitable to strengthen its competitiveness"]. Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  9. ↑ "Korean Air and Korea Development Bank finalize Asiana post-merger integration plan". Korean Air (Press release). Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Hanjin Group to acquire Asiana Airlines". Korean Air (Press release). Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Korean Air delays merger of Asiana to 2024". Korea Times. March 30, 2021.
  12. ↑ "진에어·에어서울·에어부산 통합... 정부 "지방공항 기반해 운영"" (in Korean). Chosun Biz. November 16, 2020. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  13. ↑ "대한항공, 아시아나 '인수 후 통합' 계획 확정···"고용 유지"" [Korean Air Confirms Asiana 'Consolidation After Acquisition' Plan ···"Maintaining Employment"]. Seoul Finanace. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  14. ↑ "대한항공, 아시아나 인수·통합 계획안 최종 확정" [Korean Air finalizes Asiana acquisition and consolidation plan]. Financial News. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  15. 1 2 "Asiana Airlines brand to disappear after Korean Air take-over - Executive Traveller". www.executivetraveller.com. March 31, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Asiana's exit from Star Alliance to bolster Korean Air, Delta JV - Executive Traveller". www.executivetraveller.com. August 20, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  17. ↑ "대한항공 "아시아나 인수 2년 후 완전통합"" (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. March 31, 2021.
  18. ↑ "아시아나, 대한항공 자회사 편입후 2년간 독립 운영" (in Korean). Munhwa Ilbo. March 31, 2021.
  19. ↑ Asia, T. T. G. "Korean Air-Asiana merger cleared for take-off | TTG Asia". www.ttgasia.com. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  20. ↑ Chua2021-06-30T08:50:00+01:00, Alfred. "Korean Air on track for Asiana acquisition". Flight Global. Retrieved July 7, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ "Korean Air delays merger of Asiana to 2024". koreatimes. March 29, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  22. ↑ "Korean Air receives approval from China on Asiana acquisition". Korean Air (Press release). Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  23. ↑ Schuurman, Richard (May 18, 2023). "European Commission objects to Korean Air/Asiana merger | AirInsight" . Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  24. ↑ "대한항공, 즉각 EU에 합병 시정안 … 아시아나엔 1조 재무 지원" [Korean Air, submit the amending the merger to EU … and financial support of i trillion to Asiana Airlines]. Maeil Economy (in Korean). November 2, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Commission approves the acquisition of Asiana by Korean Air, subject to conditions" (Press release). European Commission. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  26. 1 2 "Korean Air gets approval from Japan on Asiana merger" (Press release). Korean Air. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  27. ↑ "Korean Air Gains Japanese Approval For Asiana Merger | Aviation Week Network". aviationweek.com. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  28. ↑ "공정위, 대한항공·아시아나 합병 '조건부 승인'" [Fair Trade Commission 'conditional approval' for merger of Korean Air and Asiana]. KBS. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  29. 1 2 "영국, 대한항공-아시아나 합병 승인…3개 당국 심사만 남아" [UK Approves Korean Air-Asiana Merger...Only three authorities are left to review.]. KBS (in Korean). Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  30. 1 2 "Korean Air gets approval from U.K. on Asiana merger". Korean Air (Press release). Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  31. ↑ Lee, Zi-Hoon; Park, Jong-Kwan; Kim, Hyung-Kyu (May 22, 2023). "US antitrust body blocks $1.4 bn Korean Air-Asiana deal". The Korea Economic Daily .
  32. ↑ "Reports: US approves Korean takeover of Asiana". Air Cargo News. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  33. ↑ Varley, Len (December 27, 2022). "China approves Korean Air acquisition of Asiana Airlines". AviationSource News. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  34. ↑ "Mergers: Commission sends Korean Air Statement of Objections over proposed acquisition of Asiana" (Press release). European Commission . Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  35. 1 2 3 "EU's Korean Air-Asiana merger review yet to resume over 'missing information' in submitted remedies". koreatimes. Yonhap. November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
  36. ↑ "[단독] 대한항공, "티웨이항공에 기재와 승무원까지도 이관"" [[Exclusive] Korean Air, "Transferring the fleet and crew to T'Way Air"] (in Korean). Dong A News. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  37. ↑ "아시아나 이사회 '화물매각' 가결…대한항공과 합병 속도" [Asiana Airlines board of directors passes the 'selling freight division'…speeding up merger with Korean Air] (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  38. ↑ "대한항공, 아시아나 화물·중복노선 '국내 매각' 추진…"국부 유출 없다"" [Korean Air seeks to 'sell Asiana cargo and overlapping routes in Korea'..."There's no leakage of the national wealth"] (in Korean). Money Today. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  39. ↑ "KDB mulls possible failure of Korean Air / Asiana merger". ch-aviation. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  40. ↑ "대한항공, 즉각 EU에 합병 시정안 … 아시아나엔 1조 재무 지원" [Korean Air, submit the amending the merger to EU … and financial support of I trillion to Asiana Airlines]. Maeil Economy (in Korean). November 2, 2023.
  41. ↑ "Exclusive-Korean Air-Asiana deal set to win EU antitrust nod, sources say". Yahoo Finance. January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  42. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (February 13, 2024). "Korean Air secures conditional European approval for Asiana acquisition". Flight Global. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  43. ↑ "Japan's objection to Korean Air / Asiana merger - report". ch-aviation. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  44. ↑ Dong-woo, Chang (January 31, 2024). "(LEAD) Korean Air says Japan's antitrust regulator approves merger with Asiana Airlines". Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  45. ↑ Chua2022-02-22T05:06:00+00:00, Alfred. "South Korea competition watchdog conditionally approves Korean Air-Asiana merger". Flight Global. Retrieved February 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ↑ "S Korea gives conditional nod to Korean Air's Asiana Airlines purchase". CNA. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  47. ↑ Yoo, Hong (February 22, 2022). "FTC grants conditional approval for Korean Air-Asiana merger over monopoly concern". The Korea Herald . Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  48. ↑ "대한항공-아시아나항공 기업결합 심사결과" [Result the under reviewing the merger of Korean Air-Asiana Airlines] (Press release) (in Korean). The Fair Trade Commission of the Republic of Korea . Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  49. ↑ "KFTC gives conditional approval to Korean Air-Asiana Airlines merger" (Press release). The Fair Trade Commission of the Republic of Korea . Retrieved February 23, 2023.
  50. 1 2 Choi, Jasmine (May 23, 2023). "US Rejects Merger of Korean Air, Asiana Airlines". Businesskorea (in Korean). Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  51. ↑ "영국, 대한항공-아시아나 합병 심사 유예…"독과점 우려"" [UK postpones review of Korean Air-Asiana merger..."Worried about the monopoly"] (in Korean). Joongang News. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  52. ↑ "영국, 대한항공-아시아나 합병 승인…美·EU·日 심사만 남았다" [Britain approves Korean Air-Asiana merger...Only the U.S., EU, and Japanese examinations remain] (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  53. ↑ "美법무부, 조원태 대한항공 회장 직접 불러 "독과점 우려 해소" 요구" [US Department of Justice, calls Walter Cho, the chairman of Korean Air demands “Resolve the monopoly”] (in Korean). Dong A News. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  54. ↑ "대한항공, 유럽·미주 노선에 승무원까지 경쟁사에 넘기나" [Korean Air, send the Europe·America slots to competitive airline] (in Korean). Maeil Economy. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  55. ↑ "Reports: US approves Korean takeover of Asiana". Air Cargo News. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  56. ↑ Sim, Woo-il (June 2, 2021). "대한항공, 최근 태국 및 필리핀 경쟁당국 기업결합심의 절차 종결 (Korean Air recently completed business combination deliberation by Thai and Philippine competition authorities)" (in Korean). CBC News.
  57. ↑ "Mavcom approves Korean Air-Asiana Airlines merger in Malaysia's first competition-related merger case". The Edge Markets. September 9, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  58. ↑ Sunbiz. "Mavcom greenlights Korean Air-Asiana merger". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  59. ↑ "Vietnam approves Korean Air's business combination with Asiana". Korean Air (Press release). Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  60. ↑ "대한항공-아시아나 기업결합심사, 태국서 승인…터키 이후 3개월만" (in Korean). EBN. May 31, 2021.
  61. ↑ "베트남, 대한항공-아시아나 기업결합 승인" (in Korean). Financial News. November 16, 2021.
  62. ↑ Korean Air (February 13, 2024). "Korean Air gets approval from the EC on Asiana merger".
  63. ↑ "Asiana Airlines union protests Korean Air merger ahead of decision on cargo business's fate". koreatimes. October 24, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  64. ↑ Leff, Gary (November 2, 2023). "Monopolies in the Making? Delta Pulls Strings Behind The Asiana-Korean Air Merger". View from the Wing. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.