Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan

Last updated
East Bengal Legislative Assembly (1947–1955)
East Pakistan Provincial Assembly (1955–1971)

পূর্ববঙ্গ আইন সভা
পূর্ব পাকিস্তান প্রাদেশিক সভা
Emblem of East Pakistan (1955-1971).svg
Type
Type
History
FoundedJune 20, 1947 (1947-06-20)
DisbandedApril 17, 1971 (1971-04-17)
Preceded by Bengal Legislative Council
Bengal Legislative Assembly
Succeeded by Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh
Structure
Seats300 (1971) [1]
East Pakistan Provincial Assembly 1970.svg
Political groups
  •   AL (288)
  •   Others (12)
Elections
First election
 1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election
Last election
 1970 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election
Meeting place
Provincial Assembly House of East Bengal, Dacca

The East Pakistan Provincial Assembly, known as the East Bengal Legislative Assembly between 1947 and 1955, was the provincial legislature of East Pakistan between 1947 and 1971. It was known as the East Bengal Assembly from 1947 to 1955 when the provincial name was changed. The legislature was a successor to the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly, which were divided between East Bengal and West Bengal during the partition of Bengal in 1947. It was the largest provincial legislature in Pakistan. Elections were held only twice in 1954 and 1970.

Contents

During the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971, most Bengali members elected to the Pakistani National Assembly and the East Pakistani provincial assembly became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. [ citation needed ]

History

Partition of Bengal

On 20 June 1947, 141 East Bengali legislators from the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the partition of Bengal, with 107 supporting joining Pakistan's Constituent Assembly if Bengal were partitioned. [2] The Sylhet region in Assam voted in a referendum to join East Bengal. After the creation of the Dominion of Pakistan, those 141 legislators, in addition to legislators from Sylhet of the Assam Legislative Assembly, formed the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. The Muslim League's Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin became the first chief minister. He was succeeded by Nurul Amin in 1948. The assembly was housed in Jagannath Hall, [3] within the vicinity of the University of Dacca and the High Court of Dacca. The area was the center of the Bengali Language Movement in 1952.

Land reform

The assembly passed the East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950. The act repealed the earlier laws and regulations which formed the permanent settlement during British rule.

United Front comes to power

The United Front coalition, led by the Krishak Praja Party and the Awami League, routed the Muslim League during the provincial general election in 1954. The Farmer and Labour Party leader A. K. Fazlul Huq became chief minister for six weeks. The United Front called for complete autonomy in East Bengal, except in defence and foreign policy; and the recognition of Bengali as a federal language. [4] The East Bengal Legislative Assembly passed a law for the establishment of the Bengali Academy. However, Huq's government was dismissed within two months. Huq was placed under house arrest. [5] After a period of Governor General's rule, Abu Hussain Sarkar became chief minister in 1955.

One Unit and 1956 Constitution

As a result of the One Unit scheme, the assembly was renamed as the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly in 1955. Pakistan became a republic under the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956, in which Bengali was recognized as a federal language as a concession to East Pakistan.

In 1957, the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly adopted a unanimous resolution demanding full autonomy. [6] Ataur Rahman Khan became chief minister in 1956.

Martial law

In 1958, a brawl broke out between political factions in the assembly, resulting in the deputy speaker Shahed Ali Patwary being injured. Patwary later died. The confrontation was used as a pretext by President Iskander Mirza to declare martial law on 7 October 1958. [7] [8] The chief of army staff Ayub Khan was appointed Chief Martial Law Administrator. Khan later assumed the presidency by replacing Mirza. All provincial assemblies, including in East Pakistan, were disbanded. Numerous political leaders and journalists were arrested. The Elected Bodies Disqualification Order barred 75 politicians from holding public office for eight years (until 1966). [9]

1962 Constitution

The Constitution of Pakistan of 1962 abolished the parliamentary system and introduced a presidential and gubernatorial system at the federal and provincial levels respectively. The most important feature of the system was dubbed "Basic Democracy", in which electoral colleges would be responsible for electing the President of Pakistan and Governors of East and West Pakistan.

In 1962, Dacca was declared Pakistan's legislative capital. [10] During the 1960s, the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly was housed in Parliament House in Tejgaon. The National Assembly of Pakistan would periodically convene in the same building. The building is now the Prime Minister's Office of Bangladesh.

In 1966, the six points of the Awami League demanded a federal parliamentary democracy.

Return of Martial Law

In 1969, President Ayub Khan was deposed by the army chief Yahya Khan. The 1969 uprising in East Pakistan played a role in the overthrow of President Ayub Khan. The new ruler Yahya Khan organized general elections in 1970 based on universal suffrage (the first in Pakistan's history), in which the Awami League won 288 of the 300 seats in East Pakistan's provincial assembly. [11] The refusal of the Pakistani military junta to transfer power led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

Bangladeshi Constituent Assembly

Following the Pakistani military crackdown in East Pakistan that began on 25 March 1971, most members of the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly and the Bengali members of the National Assembly of Pakistan convened in Boiddonathtala, Meherpur on 17 April 1971, where they signed the Proclamation of Bangladesh Independence that was declared on 26 March and rebroadcast on 27 March.

Elections

East Bengal legislative election, 1954

The 1954 election in East Bengal was the first election since Pakistan was created. It was held on the basis of separate electorates, with reserved seats including 228 for the Muslim electorate, 30 for the Hindu electorate, 36 for the scheduled caste electorate, 1 for the Pakistan Christian electorate, 12 for the womens' electorate and 1 for the Buddhist electorate.

Awami LeagueKrishak Sramik PartyNizam-e-IslamGonotantri PartyKhilafat-e-RabbaniMuslim LeaguePakistan National CongressMinority United FrontScheduled Caste FederationCommunist Party of PakistanChristianBuddhistIndependent Caste (Hindu)Independents
14348191311024102742113

The Awami League emerged as the single largest party. However, in response to popular demands, the United Front Legislative Party elected Krishak Sramik Party leader A K Fazlul Huq, a former Prime Minister of Bengal, as Leader of the House. Huq was invited by the governor on 3 April 1954 to form the government. The election ended the dominance of the Muslim League in the politics of East Bengal. [12] It heralded a younger generation of legislators from the vernacular middle class. [13] But verdict had little impact on Pakistan's central leadership and bureaucracy. [12]

East Pakistan general election, 1970

The 1970 general election broke with the tradition of separate electorates and was organized on the basis of universal adult franchise. The results are given in the following.< [14]

Awami LeaguePakistan Democratic PartyNational Awami PartyJamaat-e-IslamiOthersIndependents
28821117

The newly elected assembly could not convene due to the Pakistani military crackdown in East Pakistan. During the Bangladesh War of Independence, the Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence was signed by most of its members, which transformed the assembly into a part of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh, alongside Bengali members of the National Assembly of Pakistan.

Ministries

A total of five ministries (parliamentary governments) were formed by chief ministers in the assembly.

List of chief ministers

NoNameImageTerm(s)PartyGovernorGovernor General/President
1 Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin Khawaja Nazimuddin of Pakistan.JPG 15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948 Muslim League Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2 Nurul Amin 14 September 1948 – 3 April 1954 Muslim League Feroz Khan Noon Khawaja Nazimuddin
Ghulam Muhammad
3Sher-e-Bangla
A. K. Fazlul Huq 		A k fazlul hoque.jpg 3 April 1954 – 29 May 1954 Krishak Sramik Party
(with the support of Awami League)		 Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Ghulam Muhammad
4 Abu Hussain Sarkar Abu Hosain Sarkar.jpg 20 June 1955 – 30 August 1956 Krishak Sramik Party Iskander Mirza
Muhammad Shahabuddin (acting)		 Ghulam Muhammad
Iskander Mirza
5 Ataur Rahman Khan 1 September 1956 – March 1958 Awami League Amiruddin Ahmad
A. K. Fazlul Huq 		Iskandar Mirza

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Pakistan</span> Former provincial wing of Pakistan (1955–1971)

East Pakistan was the eastern province of Pakistan between 1955 and 1971, restructured and renamed from the province of East Bengal and covering the territory of the modern country of Bangladesh. Its land borders were with India and Burma, with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal. East Pakistanis were popularly known as "Pakistani Bengalis"; to distinguish this region from India's state West Bengal, East Pakistan was known as "Pakistani Bengal". In 1971, East Pakistan became the newly independent state Bangladesh, which means "country of Bengal" or "country of Bengalis" in Bengali language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Awami League</span> Political party in Bangladesh

The Bangladesh Awami League, simply known as Awami League, is one of the major political parties in Bangladesh. The oldest existing political party in the country, the party played the leading role in achieving the independence of Bangladesh. It is also one of the two most dominant parties in the country, along with its archrival Bangladesh Nationalist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nurul Amin</span> Pakistani politician

Nurul Amin was a Pakistani politician and jurist who served as the eighth prime minister of Pakistan from 7 December to 20 December 1971. His term of only 13 days as prime minister was the shortest served in Pakistani parliamentary history. He was also the only vice president of Pakistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Independence of Bangladesh</span>

The independence of Bangladesh was declared from Pakistan on 26 March 1971, celebrated as Independence Day. The Bangladesh Liberation War started on 26 March and lasted till 16 December 1971 which is celebrated as Victory Day in Bangladesh. There is a dispute along partisan line regarding who declared the independence of Bangladesh. The Awami League claim Sheikh Mujibur Rahman while the Bangladesh Nationalist Party claim it was Ziaur Rahman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tajuddin Ahmad</span> 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1971-1972)

Tajuddin Ahmad was a Bangladeshi politician. He led the Provisional Government of Bangladesh as its prime minister during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, and is regarded as one of the most instrumental figures in the birth of Bangladesh. He is known for his unwavering leadership and strategic acumen. He played a crucial role in organising the war efforts. His contributions continue to be celebrated in Bangladesh’s history and political

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A. K. Fazlul Huq</span> Bengali statesman and jurist (1873–1962)

Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq, popularly known as Sher-e-Bangla, was a Bengali lawyer and politician who presented the Lahore Resolution which had the objective of creating an independent Pakistan. He also served as the first and longest Prime Minister of Bengal during the British Raj.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Bengal</span> Eastern wing of the Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1955)

East Bengal was the eastern province of the Dominion of Pakistan, which covered the territory of modern-day Bangladesh. It consisted of the eastern portion of the Bengal region, and existed from 1947 until 1955, when it was renamed as East Pakistan. East Bengal had a coastline along the Bay of Bengal to the south, and bordered India to the north, west, and east and shared a small border with Burma to the southeast. It was situated near, but did not share a border with Nepal, Tibet, the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Kingdom of Sikkim. Its capital was Dacca, now known as Dhaka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Front (East Pakistan)</span> Coalition of political parties

The United Front was a coalition of political parties in East Bengal which contested and won Pakistan's first provincial general election to the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. The coalition consisted of the Awami Muslim League, the Krishak Praja Party, the Ganatantri Dal and Nizam-e-Islam. The coalition was led by four major Bengali populist leaders- A. K. Fazlul Huq, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Maulana Bhashani The election resulted in a crushing defeat for the Muslim League. Veteran student leader of East Pakistan Khaleque Nawaz Khan defeated sitting Prime Minister of East Pakistan Mr. Nurul Amin in Nandail Constituency of Mymensingh district and created history in political arena. Nurul Amin's crushing defeat to a 27 years old young Turk of United Front effectively eliminated the Muslim League from political landscape of the then East Pakistan with United Front parties securing a landslide victory and gaining 223 seats in the 309-member assembly. The Awami League emerged as the majority party, with 143 seats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abul Mansur Ahmad</span> Journalist, writer and politician

Abul Mansur Ahmad was a Bangladeshi politician, lawyer, journalist and writer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ataur Rahman Khan</span> Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 1984 to 1986

Ataur Rahman Khan was a Bangladeshi lawyer, politician and writer, who served as the chief minister of East Pakistan from 1 September 1956 – March 1958, and as the prime minister of Bangladesh from 30 March 1984 to 1 January 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry</span> Indian politician

Fazlul Quader Chowdhury was a Bengali politician who served as the 5th speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from East Pakistan. He belonged to Ayub Khan's Convention Muslim League. He was also the acting president of Pakistan from time to time when Ayub Khan left the country. His elder brother Fazlul Kabir Chowdhury was the leader of the opposition in East Pakistan assembly. Quader was preceded by Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan of Awami League.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of East Pakistan</span> History of Bangladesh, 1947–1971

The history of East Bengal and East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971 covers the period of Bangladesh's history between its independence as a part of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947 to its independence from Pakistan in 1971.

The Krishak Sramik Party was a major anti-feudal political party in the British Indian province of Bengal and later in the Dominion of Pakistan's East Bengal and East Pakistan provinces. It was founded in 1929 as the Nikhil Banga Praja Samiti to represent the interests of tenant farmers in Bengal's landed gentry estates. Sir Abdur Rahim was its first leader. A. K. Fazlul Huq was elected leader in 1935 when the former was appointed as the president of the Central Legislative Assembly of India.

Legislative elections were held in East Bengal between 8 and 12 March 1954, the first since Pakistan became an independent country in 1947. The opposition United Front led by the Awami League and Krishak Sramik Party won a landslide victory with 223 of the 309 seats. The Muslim League Chief Minister of East Pakistan Nurul Amin was defeated in his own constituency by Khaleque Nawaz Khan by over 7,000 votes, with all the Muslim League ministers losing their seats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of East Pakistan</span> Defunct government of Pakistan

The Government of East Pakistan or formerly Government of East Bengal governed the province East Bengal and was centered in its provincial capital Dhaka. The head of the province was the Governor, who was nominated by the President of Pakistan. While the head of the province of East Pakistan was the Chief Minister who was elected by the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengal Legislative Assembly</span> Lower chamber of the legislature of Bengal in British India (1937–1947)

The Bengal Legislative Assembly was the largest legislature in British India, serving as the lower chamber of the legislature of Bengal. It was established under the Government of India Act 1935. The assembly played an important role in the final decade of undivided Bengal. The Leader of the House was the Prime Minister of Bengal. The assembly's lifespan covered the anti-feudal movement of the Krishak Praja Party, the period of World War II, the Lahore Resolution, the Quit India movement, suggestions for a United Bengal and the partition of Bengal and partition of British India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengal Provincial Muslim League</span> Branch of the All India Muslim League in British Indian Bengal (1912-1947)

The Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML) was the branch of the All India Muslim League in the British Indian province of Bengal. It was established in Dhaka on 2 March 1912. Its official language was Bengali. The party played an important role in the Bengal Legislative Council and in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, where two of the Prime Ministers of Bengal were from the party. It was vital to the creation of the Dominion of Pakistan, particularly after its election victory in 1946.

Syed Azizul Huq, also known by his daak naam Nanna Mia, was a Bangladeshi politician and former member of parliament for Barisal-2 in the 1986 and 1988 Bangladeshi general elections. He was a member of the Provincial Council of East Pakistan, minister of commerce and minister of industry.

The East Bengal Scheduled Castes Federation, later the East Pakistan Scheduled Castes Federation, was a political party in Pakistan. In the first years after the independence of Pakistan, the party was one of the two main political parties of the Hindu minority population in East Bengal. After departure of its main leader Jogendra Nath Mandal in 1950, the party suffered a number of divisions. In the mid-1950s the party participated in different coalition governments at Pakistan Centre level and East Pakistan provincial level. After 1958 the party went into oblivion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Awami League</span> Political party in Bangladesh

The Bangladesh Awami League, simply known as Awami League, is one of the major political parties in Bangladesh. The oldest existing political party in the country, the party played the leading role in achieving the independence of Bangladesh. It is also one of the two most dominant parties in the country, along with its archrival Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).

References

  1. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker (30 April 2017). Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East: A Country-by-Country Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 250. ISBN   978-1-4408-4361-7. "300 seats in East Pakistan's provincial assembly"
  2. ↑ Bose, Sugata (1986). Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN   978-0-521-30448-1.
  3. ↑ The All Pakistan Legal Decisions. The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions. 1949. p. 6.
  4. ↑ Mahendra Prasad Singh; Veena Kukreja (7 August 2014). Federalism in South Asia. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN   978-1-317-55973-3.
  5. ↑ M. Bhaskaran Nair (1990). Politics in Bangladesh: A Study of Awami League, 1949-58. Northern Book Centre. p. 85. ISBN   978-81-85119-79-3.
  6. ↑ Pakistan. National Assembly (1957). Parliamentary Debates. Official Report. p. 276.
  7. ↑ Husain Haqqani (10 March 2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-87003-285-1.
  8. ↑ Ravi Kalia (11 August 2015). Pakistan's Political Labyrinths: Military, Society and Terror. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN   978-1-317-40544-3.
  9. ↑ Salahuddin Ahmed (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. APH Publishing. pp. 151–153. ISBN   978-81-7648-469-5.
  10. ↑ Pakistan Affairs. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1968. p. 19.
  11. ↑ Syedur Rahman (27 April 2010). Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh. Scarecrow Press. p. 101. ISBN   978-0-8108-7453-4.
  12. 1 2 David Lewis (31 October 2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN   978-1-139-50257-3.
  13. ↑ Journal of International Affairs. Board of Editors of the Journal of International Affairs. 1984."the vernacular elite was Bengal- and Bengali-based and represented by Fazlul Huq."
  14. ↑ Baxter, Craig (March 1971). "Pakistan Votes -- 1970". Asian Survey. 11 (3): 197–218. JSTOR   3024655.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.