Pseudobiceros fulgor

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Pseudobiceros fulgor
Pseudobiceros fulgor, de nuit.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Order: Polycladida
Family: Pseudocerotidae
Genus: Pseudobiceros
Species:
P. fulgor
Binomial name
Pseudobiceros fulgor
Newman & Cannon, 1994

Pseudobiceros fulgor, [1] also known the lightning worm, is a species of marine flatworm from the family Pseudocerotidae and belongs to the class Turbellaria. [2] These flatworms are commonly found in the tropics of the Indo-Pacific region. [3] They can be found in shallow coral reef environments.

Contents

Pseudobiceros fulgor like all flatworms, are triploblastic, meaning 3 germ layers present during development. [4] These organisms are also acoelomate, lacking a body cavity between their gut and body wall. Pseudobiceros fulgor are bilaterally symmetrical, this helps to aid in their movement and navigation in their environment. During embryonic development stages they undergo mostly spiral cleavage. This influences the organization of their cells during development.[ citation needed ]

Habitat

Pseudobiceros fulgor are commonly found in the tropic and subtropical oceans of the world. [5] They inhabit shallow coral reefs, internal areas and seagrass beds that can be shared with crustaceans and mollusks. A key feature that helps Pseudobiceros fulgor with survivability in their environment is the ability to regenerate its body when injured. They are drawn towards areas with moderate water flow and high nutrient availability. [6]

Feeding

Pseudobiceros fulgor are carnivorous and feed on small invertebrates. To do this they use a specialized structure called a proboscis. They have a protrusible pharynx [7] which is a tube like structure that extends out of the mouth. It is lined with tiny teeth that allows for them to grab and break down food. It is an important adaptation and helps to aid in their survivability.[ editorializing ][ citation needed ]

Reproduction

Pseudobiceros fulgor are hermaphroditic, which means that the male and female both have their respected reproductive organ. Internal fertilization takes place when sperm and egg come together. [8] The fertilized eggs develop into juvenile flatworms and mature as smaller version of the adult due to no larval stage. [9]

Movement

In order to move, Pseudobiceros fulgor use cilia which are hair like structures that cover the entirety of their body. The cilia which is a hair like structure beats back and forth in a wave like motion to propel the organisms forward. The flatworms can also use muscle contractions to traverse over the seafloor. The contractions are also useful in capturing prey and defending against predators. [10]

Sensory systems

Pseudobiceros fulgor has a simple yet effective sensory system that helps it navigate and respond to stimuli. Sensory cells are scattered throughout its body that help to detect things such as light in the water. The sensory cells are connected to the ganglia, which acts as a rudimentary brain. [11] Pseudobiceros fulgor have chemoreceptors which are specialized to detect chemical stimuli in the water. Additionally mechanoreceptors aid in detecting changes to pressure and touch.[ citation needed ]

Defining features

Coloration is a major defining feature[ according to whom? ] for Pseudobiceros fulgor. The background color of orange brown and the longitudinal broken streaks of white are what deems them the lightning worm. They have pseudotentacles which appear as ear like structures. A short Pharynx with 4 folds on each side is what helps classify them from other Turbellaria. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flatworm</span> Phylum of soft-bodied invertebrates known as flatworms

The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, or platyhelminths are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. Unlike other bilaterians, they are acoelomates, and have no specialised circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to having flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion. The digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion and egestion ; as a result, the food cannot be processed continuously.

Gnathostomulids, or jaw worms, are a small phylum of nearly microscopic marine animals. They inhabit sand and mud beneath shallow coastal waters and can survive in relatively anoxic environments. They were first recognised and described in 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turbellaria</span> Class of flatworms

The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from 1 mm (0.039 in) to large freshwater forms more than 500 mm (20 in) long or terrestrial species like Bipalium kewense which can reach 600 mm (24 in) in length. All the larger forms are flat with ribbon-like or leaf-like shapes, since their lack of respiratory and circulatory systems means that they have to rely on diffusion for internal transport of metabolites. However, many of the smaller forms are round in cross section. Most are predators, and all live in water or in moist terrestrial environments. Most forms reproduce sexually and with few exceptions all are simultaneous hermaphrodites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acoelomorpha</span> Phylum of marine, flatworm-like animals

Acoelomorpha is a subphylum of very simple and small soft-bodied animals with planula-like features which live in marine or brackish waters. They usually live between grains of sediment, swimming as plankton, or crawling on other organisms, such as algae and corals. With the exception of two acoel freshwater species, all known Acoelomorphs are marine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polycladida</span> Order of free-living marine flatworms

The Polycladida represents a highly diverse clade of free-living marine flatworms. They are known from the littoral to the sublittoral zone, and many species are common from coral reefs. Only a few species are found in freshwater habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudocerotidae</span> Family of flatworms

Pseudocerotidae is a family of flatworms which includes the Bedford's flatworm. Pseudocerotidae are simple organisms categorized by their oval bodies and tentacles and bright colors. They use the cilia to glide along surfaces. Most commonly referred to as marine flatworms, closely related to the orders Macrostomorpha and Lecithoepitheliata. These organisms have very complex reproductive systems, no blood systems or organs for gas exchange, a simple brain and are hermaphroditic.

<i>Pseudoceros</i> Genus of flatworms

Pseudoceros is a genus of the flatworms Platyhelminthes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoplanidae</span> Family of flatworms

Geoplanidae is a family of flatworms known commonly as land planarians or land flatworms.

<i>Pseudobiceros</i> Genus of flatworms

Pseudobiceros is a genus of flatworms. Like all flatworms, Pseudobiceros are hermaphrodites. This particular genus engages in penis fencing. When the "winner" touches its penis to the "skin" of the other, insemination occurs, and the "loser" has to bear the burden of motherhood.

Pseudoceros bicolor, known as the two-colored flatworm, is a rare species of polycladid flatworm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecithoepitheliata</span> Order of free-living flatworms

The Lecithoepitheliata are an order of rhabditophoran flatworms. They are free-living worms, found in freshwater, soil, and marine environments. However, it is still poorly known their roles in the natural food web.

<i>Pseudoceros ferrugineus</i> Species of flatworm

Pseudoceros ferrugineus, the Fuchsia flatworm, is a marine flatworm species that belongs to the Pseudocerotidae family.

<i>Pseudoceros lindae</i> Species of flatworm

Pseudoceros lindae, common name Linda's flatworm, is a marine Flatworm species that belongs to the Pseudocerotidae family.

<i>Thysanozoon nigropapillosum</i> Species of flatworm

Thysanozoon nigropapillosum is a species of polyclad flatworms belonging to the family Pseudocerotidae. Some common names include gold-speckled flatworm, marine flatworm, yellow papillae flatworm, yellow-spotted flatworm, and yellow-spotted polyclad flatworm.

<i>Pseudoceros susanae</i> Species of flatworm

Pseudoceros susanae is a marine flatworm species that belongs to the Pseudocerotidae family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotylea (worm)</span> Suborder of flatworms

Cotylea is a suborder of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms in the order Polycladida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Müller's larva</span> The juvenile form of some flatworms

Müller's larva or Mulleria is a larva of some Polycladida. It has 8-fold symmetry and is somewhat like a ctenophore. Müller’s larva is ciliated and has several paired and unpaired lobes. The cilia on the lobes are longer than cilia on the rest of the body. At the anterior and posterior ends of the larva are tufts of longer cilia. The apical tuft originates from the apical organ, a sensory structure associated with the central nervous system.

Diana Marcela Bolaños Rodríguez is a Colombian marine biologist who has studied and classified various types of platyhelminths. She was a recipient of the L'Oréal-UNESCO Fellowship for Women in Science in 2010, was selected as Colombian biologist of the year in 2012, and in 2013 was named by the BBC as one of the top ten women in science in Latin America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trepaxonemata</span> Subclass of flatworms

Trepaxonemata is a subclass of the Platyhelminthes or flatworms. It includes all parasitic flatworms and several free-living species that were previously grouped in the now obsolete class Turbellaria. Therefore, it contains the majority of species in the phylum Platyhelminthes, excluding the Catenulida, and the Macrostomorpha.

Pseudoceros canadensis, commonly known as the Puget flatworm, is a species of free-living flatworm in the genus Pseudoceros, belonging to the family Pseudocerotidae.

References

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  2. Rieger, Reinhard M. (1998). "100 Years of Research on 'Turbellaria'". Hydrobiologia. 383 (1/3): 1–27. doi:10.1023/A:1003423025252. S2CID   28860294.
  3. Bahia, Juliana; Schrödl, Michael (29 March 2016). "Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. (Polycladida: Cotylea) from Senegal with revision of valid species of the genus". Zootaxa. 4097 (1): 101–117. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.5. PMID   27394527.
  4. Cannon, Lester Robert Glen; Francis, Steven (1986). Turbellaria of the World: A Guide to Families & Genera. Queensland Museum. ISBN   978-0-7242-1631-4.[ page needed ]
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  6. Bolaños, D. Marcela; Gan, Bin Qi; Ong, Rene S. L. (2016). "First records of pseudocerotid flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) from Singapore: A taxonomic report with remarks on colour variation" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 34: 130–169.
  7. McDonald, Jillian C.; Jones, Hugh D. (10 January 2014). "Feeding, maintenance and reproduction of Microplana terrestris (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola: Geoplaninae: Microplaninae) under laboratory conditions". Journal of Natural History. 48 (1–2): 1–34. doi:10.1080/00222933.2013.809169. S2CID   55535847.
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  9. Trouvé, Sandrine; Sasal, Pierre; Jourdane, Joseph; Renaud, François; Morand, Serge (3 July 1998). "The evolution of life-history traits in parasitic and free-living platyhelminthes: a new perspective". Oecologia. 115 (3): 370–378. doi:10.1007/s004420050530. PMID   28308429. S2CID   28173060.
  10. Bolanos, Diana (2008). Comparative embryology and muscle development of polyclad flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Rhabditophora) (Thesis). ProQuest   304525218.
  11. Kotikova, E. A.; Raikova, O. I. (February 2008). "Architectonics of the central nervous system of Acoela, Platyhelminthes, and Rotifera". Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 44 (1): 95–108. doi:10.1134/S002209300801012X. S2CID   13786323.
  12. Andrimida, Anthon; Hermawan, Rudi (2020). "Assessing cryptic marine fauna diversity as underwater macrophotography (UMP) objects in Sempu Strait, Indonesia". E3S Web of Conferences. 153: 01001. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202015301001 . S2CID   212794974.