Pseudobiceros

Pseudobiceros
Pseudobiceros gloriosus on Polycarpa aurata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Order:	Polycladida
Suborder:	Cotylea
Family:	Pseudocerotidae
Genus:	Pseudobiceros Faubel, 1984 [1]

Pseudobiceros is a genus of flatworms. Like all flatworms, Pseudobiceros are hermaphrodites. This particular genus engages in penis fencing. When the "winner" touches its penis to the "skin" of the other, insemination occurs, and the "loser" has to bear the burden of motherhood. ^{[2] [3]}

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Pseudobiceros: ^[4]

• Pseudobiceros apricus Newman & Cannon, 1994
• Pseudobiceros bajae (Hyman, 1953)
• Pseudobiceros bedfordi (Laidlaw, 1903)
• Pseudobiceros brogani Newman & Cannon, 1997
• Pseudobiceros caribbensis Bolanos, Quiroga & Litvaitis, 2007
• Pseudobiceros cinereus (Palombi, 1931)
• Pseudobiceros damawan Newman & Cannon, 1994
• Pseudobiceros deliae Coria, Bolaños & Quiroga, 2025 ^[5]
• Pseudobiceros dendriticus (Prudhoe, 1989)
• Pseudobiceros flavocanthus Newman & Cannon, 1994
• Pseudobiceros flavolineatus (Prudhoe, 1989)
• Pseudobiceros flowersi Newman & Cannon, 1997
• Pseudobiceros fulgor Newman & Cannon, 1994
• Pseudobiceros fulvogriseus (Hyman, 1959)
• Pseudobiceros gardinieri (Laidlaw, 1902)
• Pseudobiceros gloriosus (Newman & Cannon, 1994)
• Pseudobiceros gratus (Kato, 1937)
• Pseudobiceros hancockanus (Collingwood, 1876) ^[6]
• Pseudobiceros hymanae (Newman & Cannon, 1997) ^[7]
• Pseudobiceros izuensis (Kato, 1944)
• Pseudobiceros josei Newman & Cannon, 1998
• Pseudobiceros kryptos Newman & Cannon, 1997
• Pseudobiceros mikros Newman & Cannon, 1997
• Pseudobiceros miniatus (Schmarda, 1859)
• Pseudobiceros murinus Newman & Cannon, 1997
• Pseudobiceros nigromarginatus (Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918)
• Pseudobiceros pardalis (Verrill, 1900)
• Pseudobiceros philippinensis (Kaburaki, 1923)
• Pseudobiceros principensis Pérez-García, Herrero-Barrencua, Noreña & Cervera, 2020
• Pseudobiceros rubrocinctus (Schmarda, 1859)
• Pseudobiceros schmardae Faubel, 1984
• Pseudobiceros sharroni Newman & Cannon, 1997
• Pseudobiceros splendidus (Lang, 1884)
• Pseudobiceros stellae Newman & Cannon, 1994
• Pseudobiceros undulatus (Kelaart, 1858)
• Pseudobiceros uniarborensis Newman & Cannon, 1994
• Pseudobiceros viridis (Kelaart, 1858)
• Pseudobiceros wirtzi Bahia & Schroedl, 2016

• 
  Pseudobiceros bedfordi
• 
  Pseudobiceros damawan
• 
  Pseudobiceros fulgor
• 
  Pseudobiceros gloriosus
• 
  Pseudobiceros hancockanus
• 
  Pseudobiceros splendidus
• 
  Pseudobiceros stellae
• 
  Pseudobiceros damawan
• 
  Pseudobiceros uniarborensis
• 
  Unidentified Pseudobiceros
• 
  Unidentified Pseudobiceros
• 
  Unidentified Pseudobiceros

References

1. Faubel, A. (1984). "The Polycladida, Turbellaria; Proposal and establishment of a new system. Part 2. The Cotylea". Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut. 81: 189–259.
2. Michiels, N.K., and L.J. Newman. (1998). Sex and violence in hermaphrodites. Nature 391:647.
3. Hermaphrodites duel for manhood, Science News Online. Accessed 14 March 2009.
4. "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Pseudobiceros Faubel, 1984".
5. Coria, Adair A. G.; Bolaños, D. Marcela; Galván-Tirado, Carolina; Sánchez, Carlos; Quiroga, Sigmer (2025). "Color Pattern Similarities Revealed: Two Pseudocerotids (Polycladida: Cotylea) from the Mexican Pacific with the Description of a New Species". Taxonomy. 5: 8. doi: 10.3390/taxonomy5010008 .
6. Collingwood, Cuthbert (1876). "VI. On thirty-one Species of Marine Planarians, collected partly by the late Dr. Kelaart, F.L.S., at Trincomalee, and partly by Dr. Collingwood, F.L.S., in the Eastern Seas". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 2nd Series: Zoology. 1 (3): 83–98. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1876.tb00435.x.
7. Newman, L. J.; Cannon, L. R. G. (1997). "Nine new Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocerotidae) from the Indo-Pacific". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 45: 341–368.

External links

• PBS website with video of Pseudobiceros hancockanus penis-fencing