The Arabs, under the influence of the newly formed religion of Islam, began their political expansion during the life of Muhammad, the founder of Islam. By the seventh century, the Islamic State under Khalifas (Caliphs) spread all over Arabia, West Asia, North Africa and eastern Europe. They had conquered the ancient civilization of Persians and Egypt and had reached up to South Spain. In 711 A.D, Muhammad ibn Qasim, an Arab military commander of the Umayyad Caliphate defeated and executed Raja Dahir in the battle fought near Aror. The Arabs thus successfully conquered Sindh and Multan. There were several battles fought between the Arabs and the Rajputs. The one Rajput dynasty that came most in conflict with and repeatedly defeated the Arabs was that of the Pratihara dynasty. Under Nagabhata I, the Rajputs fought off an Arab invasion from Sindh, probably led by Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri or Al Hakam ibn Awana.[citation needed] Mewar under Bappa Rawal and later Khoman-II also fought off several Arab invasions.[8][9]
Imran ibn Musa was nominated as the governer of sindh in AD 836.He carried a vigorous policy,fighting with the zutts of Kikan and Meds of Cutch.[10].Within a year of Bhoja's accession,Imran ibn Musa,the governer of sindh, tried to extend his hold over adjoining territories. The Arabs, however, were driven out of Kutch between AD 833 and 842[11][12][13].A few years later,they lost the best part of Sindh.[14].The Arab historians recognised the greatness of Mihira Bhoja and according to their own version,his empire was extended one hundred and twenty parsangas of Sindh. This may be an exaggeration,but at least,some portion of Sindh was included in his empire.Sindh was evidently rescued by bhoja for according to Masudi,the indus ran through one of cities of his empire.[15][16]
Gopendraraja Chauhan a Rajput king belonging to the Chahamanas of Shakambari dynasty defeated Sultan Beg Varisa in a battle.Historian R. B. Singh theorizes that Beg Varisa might have been a subordinate of the Arab general Muhammad ibn Qasim.[17] Another king belonging to the Chahamanas of Shakmbari dynasty named Simharaja Chauhan defeated a Muslim general Heji-ud-Din, at Jethan (possibly modern Jethana a village in Ajmer). The Hammira Mahakavya calls him Hetim, and states that Simharaja captured four of his elephants after killing him. The identity of the defeated general is uncertain, but he might have been a subordinate of the Emir of Multan.[17]
Rajput resistance to early invasions
Bappa Rawal led several campaigns against the Arab invaders. Similar forces existed in later times, notably under Khoman of Mewar in the 8th century.[8]
Ghaznavid invasions
Somnath Temple ransacked and plundered by Mahmud during his invasion in 1025
The Ghaznavids under Mahmud Ghaznavi began their expansion at the Indian frontier. In the wake of the Gurjara Pratihara internal collapse, he raided India seventeen times, demolishing several temples and massacring civilians. He conquered Punjab after defeating the Kabul Shahis and undertook three expeditions into the Ganga Valley. The sole purpose of these raids were to loot wealth for his further Central Asian campaigns. By the end of 1015, Mahmud, aided by his feudatory rulers, crossed the foothills of the Himalayas and defeated a local Rajput king at Baran in modern-day western Uttar Pradesh. Moving towards Mathura, he was unsuccessfully opposed by a Kalachuri ruler, Kokkala-II, one of the major Rajput rulers of the area. Mahmud then looted several temples in Mathura, as well as the Pratihara capital of Kanauj in 1021, after defeating the king, Chandella Gauda. The Rajput rulers at Gwalior and Kalinjar were able to hold off assaults by Mahmud but the two cities did have to pay him heavy tribute.[18]
Mahmmud during this campaign successfully captured the Punjab region and thus became first Islamic invader to control North-Western India. The Turks did not did not further expand their domain. In the latter half of the twelfth century, Ghaznavid power declined rapidly and they lost their control over their Central and West Asian territories. Despite this weakening, the Rajputs failed to show strategic insight and did not present a unified singular attack to recapture Punjab and the North West frontier. It was Shihabuddin Ghori who eventually captured Punjab from the Ghaznavids and then invaded Rajput territory in 1191.[20]
After Mahmud's invasion several Ghaznavid generals tried to invade India but were defeated by the Rajput Kings.Chamundaraja Chauhan defeated a Ghaznavid general named "Hejim-ud-Din". Prithviraja I defeated a Ghazanvid general named Baguli Shah possibly a subordinate of Masud III sultan of Ghazna.[17]Ajayaraja II the founder of the city of Ajmer defeated generals Muhammad Bahlim and Salar Hussain, who were subordinates of the Ghazanavid king Bahram Shah.[21]
Ajayaraja's son Arnoraja Chauhan defeated the Ghazanvid King Bahram Shah in the Slaughter of Turushkas near Ajmer and is credited by the Ajmer prashasti inscription to have adorned Ajmer with the blood of Turushkas(Turkic people). The Prithviraja Vijaya also states that Arnoraja repulsed an invasion by the Ghaznavid's. According to the text, these invaders came through the desert, and had to drink the blood of their horses in absence of water. After defeating the Ghazanavid's, Arnoraja purified the place of their death by commissioning a lake, which is identified with the modern Ana Sagar Lake. The lake was filled with the water of the Chandra river, identified with the modern Bandi River. Historian, R. B. Singh identifies the leader of the invasion with the Ghaznavid king Bahram Shah.[17]
Bahram Shah's successor Khusrau Shah also led an expedition in the Rajput territory but was defeated by Vigraharaja the Great in Battle of Khetri. He reached as far as Vavvera, located six miles from Khetri village in Jaipur division of Rajasthan and invited Vigraharaja to submit to his authority, Srldhara, Vigraharaja's Chief Minister, proposed a diplomatic solution involving negotiations through financial means. However, Vigraharaja rejected this approach, finding it dishonorable. The ensuing conflict turned into a fierce battle, resulting in Vigraharaja's forces decisively defeating the Ghazanvid's, causing them to retreat to their core territories in central asia, and Vigraharaja annexed Hansi (Asika) from the Ghaznavids.[22]
Ghurid invasion
The last stand of Rajputs against Ghorids at Taraori in 1192 CE
The Ghurids first attacked India in 1178, where he was defeated by the Rajput confederation led by Mularaja Solanki and Naiki Devi in Battle of Kasahrada fought near Gujarat. He then came in conflict with the Chauhans of Ajmer and Delhi. By the end of 1190, Shihabuddin Ghori captured Bathinda, which formed a part of Chauhan's territory. In 1191, the Rajput king of Ajmer and Delhi, Prithviraj Chauhan, unified several Rajput states and decisively defeated the invading army of Shihabuddin Ghori near Taraori in the First Battle of Tarain.[23] Shihabuddin returned and in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192), Prithviraj Chauhan fell for Muhammad Ghori's diplomatic deception, accepting a truce. However, Ghori exploited the opportunity, launching a surprise attack at dawn, leading to Prithviraj's defeat and Ghori's decisive victory.[24] Prithviraj fled the battleground but was captured shortly after and was executed. Malesi, a Kachwaha Rajput of Jaipur, lead the last stand for Rajputs against the Ghorids after Prithviraj's escape.[25][26] In few years time by 1194, Shihabuddin advanced towards Kannauj and Banaras and defeated Jaichand (another major Rajput king of the time) in Battle of Chandawar despite being outnumbered again, Ghorids plundered down Varanasi (capital of Gahadavals) and destroyed several temples there. By 1198, Ghorids conquered Kannauj too. Shihabuddin left his conquests in India to his able Slave general Qutb ud Din Aibak and returned to Khorasan.[27]
The defeat of Rajputs was an important moment in medieval India's history as it not only shattered Rajput powers in the Indo-Gangetic Plain but also laid the foundation of Turkish rule in Ganga Valley.[27]
Following the battle, the Delhi Sultanate became prominent in the region and the collapse of organised Rajput resistance in northern India led to Muslim control of the region within a generation. However, Rajputs under the brief and able rule of Rana Sanga turned their traditional territory of Mewar into a powerful kingdom of north India.[28]
During the reign of Iltutmish, the Rajput states of Kalinjar, Bayana, Gwalior, Ranthambore and Jalore rebelled against the Turkish governors and gained independence. In 1226, Iltutmish led an army to recapture the lost territories. He was successful in capturing Ranthambore, Jalore, Bayana and Gwalior. However, he was unable to conquer Gujarat, Malwa and Baghelkhand. Iltutmish also attempted an attack on Nagda, then capital of Mewar, but was repelled by the combined army of Mewar and Gujarat (under the Chalukyas).[29] After Iltutmish's death, the Rajput states once again rebelled, and the Bhati Rajputs, who were entrenched in Mewat, conquered the areas around Delhi.[30]
Khilji Dynasty
Sultan Ala ud din Khilji, who ruled between 1296 and 1316, conquered Gujarat in 1297, Malwa in 1305, and captured the fort of Mandu and handed it over to the Songara Chouhans. They captured the fortresses of Ranthambore in 1301, Mewar's capital at Chittorgarh in 1303, and Jalore in 1311, after long sieges with fierce resistance from their Rajput defenders. Khilji also fought the Bhati Rajputs of Jaisalmer and occupied the Golden Fort. He managed to capture three Rajput forts, Chitor, Ranthambore, Siwana and Jaisalmer, but could not hold them for long.[31] Alauddin despatched his generals against Karan Waghela, the Rajput ruler of Gujarat, who fled with his daughter to the court of Rai Ramachandra of Devagiri, where he was received cordially. However, Kamla Devi, the wife of ruler was captured by the invaders and she was married to Alauddin. In a bid to capture Karan Waghela, the army of sultanate attacked Devgiri under the generalship of Malik Kafur, the slave general of Alauddin. Ramchandra, the ruler of Devgiri was defeated and Deval Devi, the daughter of Rajput ruler Karan Waghela, was captured and brought to Delhi. Alauddin married Deval Devi to his son Khizar Khan.[citation needed]
Tuglaq Dynasty
Under Rana Hammir, the Mewar reestablished their supremacy within 20 years of the sack of Chittorgarh. In 1336, Hammir defeated Muhammad Tughlaq in the Battle of Singoli,[32] with the Hindu Charans as his main allies, and captured him. Tughlaq had to pay a huge ransom and relinquish all of Mewar's lands for his freedom. Following this, the Delhi Sultanate did not attack Chittorgarh for a few hundred years. The Rajputs reestablished their independence, and Rajput states were established as far as east and north into the Punjab. The Tomaras established themselves at Gwalior, and the ruler Man Singh Tomar built the fortress which still stands there. Mewar emerged as the leading Rajput state, and Rana Kumbha expanded his kingdom at the expense of the sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat.[citation needed]
Built during the course of the 15th century by Rana Kumbha, the walls of the fort of Kumbhalgarh extend over 38km, claimed to be the second-longest continuous wall after the Great Wall of China.
Amer Fort and Jaigarh Fort are connected by subterranean passages, and are known for their artistic Hindu Rajput style elements.
Entrance eastern façade of the Junagarh Fort. Historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one-day occupation by Mughal prince Kamran Mirza.
Sayyid Dynasty
The Delhi Sultanate took advantage of Rao Jodha's war with Rana Kumbha and captured several Rathore strongholds, including Nagaur, Jalore and Siwana. A few years later, Rao Jodha formed an alliance with several Rajput clans, including the Deora and Bhati, and attacked the Delhi army. He succeeded in capturing Merta, Phalodi, Pokran, Bhadrajun, Sojat, Jaitaran, Siwana, Nagaur and Godwar from the Delhi Sultanate. These areas were permanently captured from Delhi and became a part of Marwar.[33]
Lodi Dynasty
Rajputs under Rana Sanga managed to defend and expand their confederation against Sultanates of Malwa, Gujarat and also against PashtunsIbrahim Lodi, Sultan of Delhi. Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodi in two major battles at Khatoli and Dholpur. The Rana annexed Delhi territory up to Pilia Khar, a river on the outskirts of Agra.[34]
Gujarat Sultanate
Gujarat was ruled by Muzaffarid dynasty from 1407 to 1573.[citation needed]Ahmad Shah II, the sultan of Gujarat, captured Sirohi and attacked Kumbhalmer in reaction to Rana Kumbha's meddling in the affairs of the Nagaur Sultanate. Mahmud Khalji, the Sultan of Malwa and Ahmad Shah II reached an agreement, the treaty of Champaner. Under this, they agreed to attack Mewar and divide the winnings. Ahmad Shah II captured Abu, but was unable to capture Kumbhalmer, and his advance towards Chittor was also blocked. Rana Kumbha allowed the army to approach Nagaur, when he came out, and after a severe engagement, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Gujarat army, annihilating it. Only remnants of it reached Ahmedabad, to carry the news of the disaster to the Sultan.[35]
Sultan Mahmud Khilji sent his army with Sultan of Gujarat against Maharana Kumbha which was defeated by Kumbha at the Battle of Nagaur in 1455.[36] Rana Kumbha further defeated Mahmud in Battle of Sarangpur, Sultan of Malwa was captured and was kept as a prisoner in Chittorgarh for six months. He was released after his assurance of future good behaviour. Rana kept his son as hostage to ensure this.[citation needed]
Rana Sanga defeated the joint forces of Gujarat and Malwa Sultanates in the Siege of Mandsaur and the Battle of Gagron. Sanga's continued invasions in Malwa led to the complete destruction of the Malwa Sultanate and establishment of Rajput rule.[37] Sanga placed Medini Rai as King of Malwa with capital at Chanderi.[citation needed] while Silhaditya Tomar establish himself as master of Raisen and Sarangpur region. According to historian Satish Chandra this events took place between 1518 and 1519.[38]
After the victory and restoring Hindu rule in Malwa, Sanga ordered Rai to remove Jizya tax from Hindus of the region.[39]
Nagaur Sultanate
Nagaur fort
The ruler of Nagaur, Firuz (Firoz) Khan died around 1453–1454. Shams Khan, his son, initially sought the help of Rana Kumbha against his uncle Mujahid Khan, who had occupied the throne. After Shams Khan became the Sultan of Nagaur with the help of Rana Kumbha, he refused to weaken his defenses as promised to Rana, and sought the help of Ahmad Shah II, the Sultan of Gujarat.[40]
Angered by this, Kumbha captured Nagaur in 1456, and also Kasili, Khandela and Sakambhari. Rana Kumbha took away from the treasury of Shams Khan a large store of precious stones, jewels and other valuable things. He also carried away the gates of the fort and an image of Hanuman from Nagaur, which he placed at the principal gate of the fortress of Kumbhalgarh, calling it the Hanuman Pol. Nagaur Sultanate ceased to exist after this disaster.[40]
In the eastern regions of the subcontinent, the Ujjainiya Rajputs of Bhojpur came into conflict with the Jaunpur Sultanate. After a prolonged struggle, the Ujjainiyas were driven into the forest where they continued to carry out a guerrilla resistance.[41]
Mughal Empire
Taking advantage of the instability in Punjab, the ambitious Timurid prince, Babur invaded Hindustan and defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat on 21 April 1526.[42] Rana Sanga rallied a Rajput army to challenge Babur. Babur defeated the Rajputs at the Battle of Khanwa on 16 March 1527, with his superior techniques and military capabilities.[43]
Rajputs at the rise of the Mughals
Jaipur is one of several major cities founded by Rajput rulers during the Mughal era.
Soon after his defeat in 1527 at the Battle of Khanwa, Rana Sanga died in 1528. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat became a powerful Sultan. He helped Tatar Khan to capture Bayana, which was under Mughal occupation. Humayun sent Hindal and Askari to fight Tatar Khan. At the battle of Mandrail in 1534, Tatar Khan was defeated and killed. Puranmal, the Raja of Amber, helped the Mughals in this battle. He was killed in this battle.[44]
Meanwhile, Bahadur Shah started his campaign against Mewar and led his army against the fort of Chittorgarh, the defense of the fort was led by, Rani Karnavati, widow of Rana Sanga, she started preparing for a siege. Mewar was weakened due to constant struggles. After the Siege of Chittorgarh (1535), Rani Karnavati, together with other women, committed Jauhar.[45]
Babur's grandson, Akbar, tried to persuade Mewar to accept Mughal sovereignty, like other Rajputs, but Rana Udai Singh refused. Ultimately Akbar besieged the fort of Chittor leading to the Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568).[46] This time, Rana Udai Singh was persuaded by his nobles to leave the fort with his family. Jaimal Rathore of Merta and Fatah Singh of Kelwa were left to take care of the fort. On 23 February 1568, Akbar shot Jaimal Rathore with his musket, when he was looking after the repair work. That same night, the Rajput women committed jauhar and the Rajput men, led by the wounded Jaimal and Patta Singh, fought their last battle. Akbar entered the fort, and at least 30,000 civilians were killed. Later Akbar placed a statue of these two Rajput warriors on the gates of Agra Fort.[47]
Akbar and Rajputs
Mewar
Maharana Pratap was known to have wielded a khanda sword.
Soon after the loss of Chittorgarh, on 3 March 1572 Udai Singh died and his son Maharana Pratap ascended to the throne at Gogunda. Akbar tried to arrange a treaty with Maharana Pratap, but did not succeed.[48] Finally, he sent an army under Raja Man Singh in 1576. Maharana Pratap was defeated at the Battle of Haldighati in June 1576. However he escaped from the battle and started guerrilla warfare with the Mughals.[49] After years of struggling, Maharana Pratap was able to defeat the Mughals at the Battle of Dewair.[50] Maharana Pratap died on 19 January 1597, and Rana Amar Singh succeeded him.
Marwar
Chandrasen Rathore, the ruler of Marwar defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire. Mughals were not able to establish their direct rule in Marwar during Chandrasen's lifetime.[51]
Jahangir and Mewar
Jahangir sent an army under his son Parviz to attack Mewar in 1606 who had to retreat after an indecisive battle.[52] The Mughal emperor sent Mahabat Khan in 1608 who was defeated by the Mewari forces and was recalled in 1609. Abdulla Khan was sent as his replacement. Abdullah Khan was able to defeat Mewar in several battles from 1609 to 1611. In an attack by Abdullah Khan, Amar Singh was forced to abandon the capital of Chawand.[53] Ultimately Jahangir himself arrived at Ajmer in 1613, and appointed Shazada Khurram to capture Mewar. After 2 years of struggle between Khurram and Amar Singh, a treaty was agreed between Rana Amar Singh and Prince Khurram in 1615.[54]
The Rana of Mewar accepted Mughal suzereignty.
Mewar and the fort of Chittorgarh was returned to Rana.
The fort of Chittorgarh could not be repaired or renovated by Rana.
The Rana of Mewar would not attend the Mughal court personally. The crown prince of Mewar would attend the court and give himself and his army to the Mughals.
There would be no matrimonial alliance of Mewar with the Mughals.
1500 Mewari soldiers to be sent under Mughal service whenever needed.
This treaty, considered respectable for mewar, ended the 88-year-long enmity between Mewar and the Mughals.[54]
The Bundelas of Chhatrasal waged war against the Mughals and after leading a successful rebellion established his own kingdom which extended over most of the Bundelkhand.[55]:187–188
Rana Sangram Singh I, popularly known as Rana Sanga was the Maharana of Mewar from 1508 to 1528 CE. Belonging to the Sisodia Rajput dynasty, through his capable leadership, he transformed the Kingdom of Mewar into the most powerful state in northern India in the early 16th century. He controlled parts of present-day Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh with his capital at Chittor. His reign was admired by several of his contemporaries, including the first Mughal Emperor Babur, who described him as the "greatest Indian ruler" of that time. The Mughal historian Abd al-Qadir Badayuni called Sanga the bravest of all Rajputs. Rana Sanga was the last independent ruler of northern India to control a significant territory before Mughal invasion.
The Sisodia is an Indian Rajput dynasty belonging to the clan that ruled over the Kingdom of Mewar, in the region of Mewar in Rajasthan. The name of the clan is also transliterated as Sesodia, Shishodia, Sishodia, Shishodya, Sisodya, Sisodiya, Sisodia.
Chittorgarh is a major city in the state of Rajasthan in western India. It lies on the Berach River, a tributary of the Banas, and is the administrative headquarters of Chittorgarh District. It was a major stronghold of the Rajput State of Medapata. The city of Chittorgarh is located on the banks of river Gambhiri and Berach.
Maharana Hammir Singh (1302–1364), or Hammir, was a 14th-century ruler of Mewar in present-day Rajasthan, India. Hammir Singh, was a scion of the cadet branch Rana of the Guhila dynasty, who regained control of the region, re-established the dynasty after defeating the Tughlaq dynasty, and captured present-day Rajasthan from Muslim forces of Delhi and became the first of the 'Rana' branch to become the King of Mewar with title of Maharana. Hammir also became the progenitor of the Sisodia clan, a branch of the Guhila dynasty, to which every succeeding Maharana of Mewar has belonged.
Rao Jodha was the 15th Rajput chief of Rathore clan who ruled the Kingdom of Marwar in the present-day state of Rajasthan. He was the fifth son of Rao Ranmal. He is known for his illustrious military career and for founding the city of Jodhpur in 1459, which subsequently became the new capital of Marwar after Mandore.
Rana Kumbha or Kumbhkaran Singh (1433–1468), popularly known as Maharana Kumbha, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar. He belonged to the Sisodia clan of Rajputs. It was during his reign that Mewar became one of the most powerful political powers in northern India. He is said to be the most potentially stabled sovereign of his time and his dynasty in general.
The Chittorgarh, also known as Chittod Fort, is one of the largest living forts in India. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The fort was the capital of Mewar and is located in the present-day city of Chittorgarh. It sprawls over a hill 180 m (590.6 ft) in height spread over an area of 280 ha above the plains of the valley drained by the Berach River. The fort covers 65 historic structures, which include four palaces, 19 large temples, 20 large water bodies, 4 memorials and a few victory towers.
The history of human settlement in the western Indian state of Rajasthan dates back to about 100,000 years ago. Around 5000 to 2000 BCE many regions of Rajasthan belonged as the site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is the main Indus site of Rajasthan, here fire altars have been discovered, similar to those found at Lothal.
The Kingdom of Mewar, sometimes known as Udaipur State, was an independent kingdom in Rajputana region of India, ruled by the Sisodia dynasty. It was established around the 6th century by the minor rulers of the Nagada-Ahar region of Udaipur and later, in the 10th century, it transformed into an independent state under Rawal Bharttripatta II.
Kingdom of Marwar, also known as the Jodhpur State under the British, was a kingdom in the Marwar region from 1243 to 1818 and a princely state under British rule from 1818 to 1947. It was established in Pali by Rao Siha, possibly a migrant Gahadavala noble, in 1243. His successors continued to struggle against regional powers for domination and 9 out of 15 rulers till 1438 died in combat. In 1395, its capital was changed to Mandore by Rao Chunda of Mandore and to Jodhpur in 1459 by Rao Jodha.
Raimal Singh Sisodia, also known as Rana Raimal, was a Hindu Rajput ruler of Mewar. Maharana Raimal was the son of Rana Kumbha and his Rathore queen, a princess of Idar.
The Mughal–Rajput wars were a series of battles between the Rajput Confederacy and the Mughal Empire. The conflicts originated with the invasion of northwestern India by the Mughal ruler Babur, to which the head of the Rajput confederacy, Rana Sanga, offered staunch resistance.
The history of human settlement in the west Indian state of Rajasthan dates back to about 5,000 years ago.
The Battle of Dholpur was fought between the Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga and the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate under Ibrahim Lodi resulting in a Mewar victory.
The Guhilas of Medapata colloquially known as Guhilas of Mewar were a Rajput dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Mewar region in present-day Rajasthan state of India. The Guhila kings initially ruled as Gurjara-Pratihara feudatories between end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the Rashtrakutas. Their capitals included Nagahrada (Nagda) and Aghata (Ahar). For this reason, they are also known as the Nagda-Ahar branch of the Guhilas.
The Battle of Mandalgarh took place in 1473. Following an earlier unsuccessful attempt by Ghiyath Shah, the Sultan of Malwa, to capture Chittorgarh from the Kingdom of Mewar, Zafir Khan, one of Ghiyath Shah's generals, led a force which raided and plundered Mewar. In response, a combined force of Rajput armies, assembled by the Maharana of Mewar, met Zafir's army at Mandalgarh; here too, the Malwa forces met with a crushing defeat.
The Capture of Gagron in 1444 was a military campaign led by Mahmud Khalji of the Malwa Sultanate against the Khichi Chauhan Rajputs. The conflict resulted in the defeat of the Chauhan Rajputs and the forces of Mewar. Dahir, the commander serving Rana Kumbha, was among those defeated. The Gagron fort was successfully besieged, leading to the death of its ruler, Palhan Singh.
The Mewar- Malwa conflict was a series of wars between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Islamic Sultanate of Malwa. The conflict erupted due to mutual territorial expansion triggered by both sides on each other. The war was fought in what is now known as the Indian states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The Rana branch of the Guhilas, following their successful recovery of the Rajput stronghold of Chittorgarh and the entire region of Mewar alongside Rajputana after the Battle of Singoli, embarked on an ambitious expansion at the cost of their neighboring kingdoms. On the other side, with the invasion of Timur, the Lame Delhi Sultanate grew weak with its multiple subahs gaining independence which included Malwa, adjacent to Mewar.
The Conquest of Ajmer was a military expedition launched by the Sultan Mahmud Khalji of Malwa aimed to conquer and subdue the region of Mewar, which was under the control of the Mewar kingdom.This military expedition was undertaken against Mewar with the intention of seeking revenge from Rana Kumbha of Mewar. It was a major military conquest carried out during the reign of Mahmud Khalji with the goal of expanding territorial control.Although Mahmud was victories in this campaign, he was not able to hold Ajmer for a longer period of time.As it was later reconquered by Rana Kumbha
References
↑ Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). The Huns. Routledge. pp.62–64. ISBN978-1-317-34091-1. Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, had a powerful White Hunnic element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for centuries...
↑ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p.307. ISBN978-81-224-1198-0. The anarchy and confusion which followed Harsha's death is the transitional period of Indian history. This period was marked by the rise of the Rajput clans who begin to play a conspicuous role in the history of northern and western India from the eighth century A.D. onwards
↑ Alain Danielou (2003). A Brief History of India. Simon and Schuster. p.87. ISBN978-1-59477-794-3. The Rajputs The rise of Rajputs in the history of northern and central India is considerable, as they dominated the scene between the death of Harsha and establishment of Mughal empire
↑ Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2006). Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues. Anthem. p.116. ISBN978-1-84331-132-4. The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
↑ Wink 1990, p.208 "The Rajputs repelled Arabs from "Stravani and Valla", probably the area North of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, and the invasion of Malwa but were ultimately defeated by Bappa Rawal and Nagabhata I in 725 AD near Ujjain. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert."
↑ V.S Bhatnagar (1974). Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. Impex India. p.6. From 1326, Mewar's grand recovery commenced under Lakha, and later under Kumbha and most notably under Sanga, till it became one of the greatest powers in northern India during the first quarter of sixteenth century.
↑ Sharma 1970, p.27 "The early 16th century marks the rise of Patriotic one eyed chief of Mewar named as Rana Sanga who defeat several of his neighbour kingdom and establish Rajput hold on Malwa first time after fall of Parmara dynasty through series of victories over Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi Sultanate"
↑ Satish Chandra (2003). Essays on Medieval Indian History. Oxford University Press. p.362. ISBN978-0-19-566336-5. Rana Sanga of Mewar came in conflict with Sultanates of Malwa, Gujarat and Delhi and repelled all of their invasions. An ensuring battle was fought in Gagron along with other skirmishes in which Rana came Victorious and Subsequently Eastern and Northern Malwa passed under Control of Rana. These events are placed in 1518-19"
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