Refuse Fascism

Last updated
Refuse Fascism
FormationDecember 2016;8 years ago (2016-12)
Type Coalition, communist, front group
Headquarters New York City
Location
Methods Nonviolent resistance, Civil disobedience, political protest
Key people
 Sunsara Taylor, Carl Dix, Andy Zee, Cornel West, Paul Street.
Main organ
Advisory board
Parent organization
 RCP
Website refusefascism.org

Refuse Fascism is a U.S.-based anti-fascist coalition organization, led by the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Until the 2020 United States presidential election, it was characterized by its call for the removal of the first Trump administration by non-violent street protests. [1] Since the election, it has counter-demonstrated at a series of pro-Trump events.

Contents

Organization

Refuse Fascism placards seen at a rally to protest family separation in Cleveland, Ohio (June, 2018) Rally to end Family Separation Cleveland-02.jpg
Refuse Fascism placards seen at a rally to protest family separation in Cleveland, Ohio (June, 2018)

Refuse Fascism was formed by a broad ad-hoc coalition of leftists, liberals, intellectuals, artists, and activists including members of the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP), after the 2016 election. [1] The RCP has said they issued the call to action which launched the group. [2] Responding to the call, an emergency meeting which officially launched the group was convened at the Great Hall at Cooper Union in New York City, featuring speeches from Sunsara Taylor, Immortal Technique, PZ Myers, Carl Dix, and Jeremy Scahill, among others. Statements of support were sent from Gloria Steinem and Chase Iron Eyes.

Refuse Fascism has been described as having "ties" with or "linked to" the RCP. [3] [4] Spokespeople for Refuse Fascism include Sunsara Taylor [1] [5] and Carl Dix. [6] [3] [4] The group partially operates out of the RCP's Revolution bookshop on 132nd Street in Harlem [5] and shares a mailing address on West Broadway with The World Can't Wait. [7]

Views

Refuse Fascism organizes around issues affecting groups including Muslims, women, LGBTQ people, black and Latino people, children and the elderly. [8] In August 2017, Refuse Fascism organizers identified themselves as anti-fascists but differentiated themselves from "Antifa". [9] They also distinguished themselves from other groups opposed to Donald Trump such as the Indivisible movement, which engage in electoral politics. [9]

In January 2017, prior to Trump's inauguration, Refuse Fascism member Ted Sirota argued that Trump exhibited fascist "character traits", and argued that the most dangerous aspect of Trump's current presidency would be the alliance "between his unbridled capitalism and the Christian fascism of [Vice President] Mike Pence". [10]

The group advocates Trump's removal from office by constitutional methods (including the Twenty-fifth Amendment) and identifies the Arab Spring and the protests leading to the impeachment of former President of South Korea Park Geun-hye in March 2017 as evidence of the effectiveness of protests. [9] Members share a disbelief in the ability of the Democratic Party's capacity to stop Trump and a commitment to direct action. [9] Refuse Fascism member Rafael Kadaris said in July 2017: "There's a lot of people hoping that Democrats somehow intervene or one of these investigations. The idea we that we can rely on people in the FBI or Democratic party is a dangerous illusion." [8]

Refuse Fascism spokesperson Sunsara Taylor said that the group opposed Trump and Pence because

Trump has openly promoted white supremacy, encouraged police brutality and brought back mandatory sentencing. He has demonized and unleashed terror against immigrants and torn thousands from their families. His Muslim ban is largely in effect. Trump has threatened the courts and the press. The Trump/Pence regime has muzzled scientists, accelerated the destruction of the environment and threatened the world with nuclear annihilation. Pence opposes abortion in all circumstances and would completely deny the rights of LGBTQ people. [11]

Activities

January–October 2017

Refuse Fascism organizes non-violent protests. [1] In January 2017 Refuse Fascism participated in the DisruptJ20 protests on the day of Trump's inauguration and the airport protests against Executive Order 13769, which suspended entry to the U.S. by nationals of seven countries. [5]

In July 2017, Refuse Fascism members were present at the Impeachment March events, which called for the U.S. Congress to begin the process of impeaching Trump. [5] Also in July, Refuse Fascism organized demonstrations in several cities, [8] including Los Angeles [12] and San Francisco. [8] Kadaris expressed hope that these demonstrations would "create a legitimacy crisis" affecting Trump's presidency. [8]

In August 2017, following the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, the Los Angeles branch of Refuse Fascism organized a march which began at Los Angeles City Hall. [13] [14] Refuse Fascism member Michelle Xai said the purpose of the demonstration was "to say, 'No, we're not going to normalize these Nazis and how they feel emboldened.'" [14] Refuse Fascism groups also helped to organize a march to the Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago on the same day, [15] and organized a march to Trump Tower in New York City. [16] [17] Carl Dix, a member of Refuse Fascism, said the events in Charlottesville were a "direct outgrowth of the Trump/Pence fascist regime" and said "These fascists are serious. And we must wake up and confront them with resistance that is just as serious." [17]

Refuse Fascism was involved in organizing several demonstrations in Berkeley, California in September 2017: a protest against a speech by the conservative political commentator Ben Shapiro at the University of California, Berkeley on September 12; [18] a "March Against White Supremacy", which was addressed by Chelsea Manning, on September 23; [19] and a demonstration against a planned "Free Speech Week" which involved a brief occupation of Wheeler Hall, on September 25. [20] Also in September, Refuse Fascism–Houston was one of several groups involved in organizing a protest in support of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program and in opposition to Trump's rescission of the program. [21]

In October 2017 Refuse Fascism members protested panelists at an event on civil discourse and hate speech at the University of California, Los Angeles. One member criticized panelists for normalizing Trump's presidency by discussing hate speech in the abstract. [22]

November 4, 2017

Protesters speak at a Refuse Fascism rally in Union Square, San Francisco, November 4, 2017. Refuse Fascism SF 20171104-9214.jpg
Protesters speak at a Refuse Fascism rally in Union Square, San Francisco, November 4, 2017.

News media reported in September 2017 that Refuse Fascism was organizing a series of nonviolent protests against the Trump administration, which began on November 4, 2017. [23] Conferences were held in Austin, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco in August 2017 in preparation for the protests. [9] [24]

Protestors carrying signs reading "NOV 4 IT BEGINS" blocked traffic on U.S. Route 101, near Alameda Street in Los Angeles, on September 26, 2017. [25]

The road blockade and the planned protests became the subject of a conspiracy theory alleging that anti-fascist groups were planning to foment a civil war in the United States. [4] [26] [27] [28] [29] In September and October 2017 the claims were reported in multiple articles and broadcasts by InfoWars , by the John Birch Society's publication The New American , and by Richard Spencer's Altright.com website. [26] In October 2017, the conspiracy theorist Frank Gaffney and author and activist Trevor Loudon accused Refuse Fascism of inciting, or conspiring to incite, riots across state lines, and called for the federal government to intervene. [30] Later in October, the far-right blog The Gateway Pundit published an article by Lucian Wintrich claiming an "antifa leader" had pledged to "behead white parents" on November 4. [4] [31] The article was shared on Facebook more than 40,000 times. [31] Wintrich subsequently distanced himself from the article. [4] Also in October 2017, rumors circulated claiming that the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) had scheduled a power outage for November 4; in fact, the DOD intends to conduct a training exercise alongside the American Radio Relay League, an event that has been held quarterly since 2013, in which the electrical grid will not be turned off. [32] [33] [34] [35] As of October 25, 2017, YouTube videos warning of plans for a civil war had been viewed millions of times; [36] and as of November 2 a viral video entitled "Officer Warns: Antifa To Declare Civil War On Whites Before Year End" had been shared over 55,000 times on Facebook. [5] The conspiracy theory has led to threats to attack the demonstrations and to murder anti-fascists. [26]

Refuse Fascism members and supporters march in New York City. November 2019. Refuse-Fascism-NYC-March-nov-2019.jpg
Refuse Fascism members and supporters march in New York City. November 2019.

Taylor said of the claims: "What they're saying is completely false. They're blatant lies, and they're creating and intending to intimidate people who want to stand up to the Trump/Pence regime. It's concerning that these lies are being spread and that they're unleashing threats." [36] Taylor also said that the response "lets us know we've struck a chord, and they recognize the strength of what we are doing." [37] Spencer Sunshine of Political Research Associates argued in October 2017 that "the conspiracy is being used to encourage Far Right activists to harm non-violent Leftist protestors" and that "The organizing function of these 'looming war' narratives serves to motivate the Far Right base, rather than function as actual predictions." [26] Adi Robertson of The Verge wrote on November 3 that "It doesn't necessarily matter how much anyone believes tomorrow's nationwide protest is a civil war—the point is that some people are hoping it will become one." [38]

On November 4, 2017, Refuse Fascism held non-violent demonstrations in New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and other cities, in which over 4,000 people attended nationwide. [39] [40] [41]

2020

In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Refuse Fascism issued an expanded set of demands, including that the government "[p]rovide aid and protection for humanity globally, not just for Americans, based on international cooperation, not competition," the immediate release of all nonviolent offenders from prison and ICE detention centers, the provision of personal protective equipment for all healthcare workers, mass testing, and the provision of ventilators and hospital beds for ICUs, in addition to the overriding demand of the "immediate" removal of Trump and Pence from office. [42]

In late September 2020, Refuse Fascism organized nationwide marches "Against Death, Lies and Fascism" as America neared 200,000 COVID-19 deaths. [43]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bob Avakian</span> American communist leader (born 1943)

Robert Bruce Avakian is an American political activist who is the founder and chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA (RCP), a group often described as a cult surrounding Avakian. Coming out of the New Left of the 1960s, he is credited with the organization’s ideological framework, "the New Synthesis" or "New Communism".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Racist Action</span> North American far-left political cells

Anti-Racist Action (ARA), also known as the Anti-Racist Action Network, is a decentralized network of militant far-left political cells in the United States and Canada. The ARA network originated in the late 1980s to engage in direct action and doxxing against rival political organizations on the hard right to dissuade them from further involvement in political activities. Anti-Racist Action described such groups as racist or fascist, or both. Most ARA members have been anarchists, but some have been Trotskyists and Maoists.

The World Can't Wait (WCW) is a coalition group in the United States dedicated to mobilizing mass resistance to what it describes as crimes committed by the US government. Initially formed as an ad-hoc coalition to organize mass protests to force the George W. Bush Administration from office, WCW has also protested against the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, the continued operation of the Guantanamo Bay prison, the use of torture by the U.S. government under both the Bush and Obama administrations, and against anti-abortion groups and legislation.

The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration & Immigrant Rights, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary, commonly shortened to By Any Means Necessary (BAMN), is a militant, American far-left group that participates in protests and litigation to achieve its aims. It is a front organization for the Revolutionary Workers League.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</span> Political party

The Revolutionary Communist Party, USA is a new communist party in the United States founded in 1975 and led by its chairman, Bob Avakian. The party organizes for a revolution to overthrow the system of capitalism and replace it with a socialist state, with the final aim of world communism. The RCP is frequently described as a cult around Avakian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-fascism</span> Opposition to fascism

Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during World War II, where the Axis powers were opposed by many countries forming the Allies of World War II and dozens of resistance movements worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as anarchism, communism, pacifism, republicanism, social democracy, socialism and syndicalism as well as centrist, conservative, liberal and nationalist viewpoints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unite Against Fascism</span> British anti-fascist group

Unite Against Fascism (UAF) is a British anti-fascist group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proud Boys</span> North American neo-fascist organization since 2016

The Proud Boys is a North American far-right, neo-fascist militant organization that promotes and engages in political violence. The group's leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the federal government of the United States, including its constitutionally prescribed transfer of presidential power. It has been called a street gang and was designated as a terrorist group in Canada and New Zealand. The Proud Boys are opposed to left-wing and progressive groups and support Donald Trump, the former president of the United States and current President-elect of the United States. While Proud Boys leadership has denied being a white supremacist organization, the group and some of its members have been connected to white supremacist events, ideologies, and other white-power groups throughout its existence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunsara Taylor</span> American activist

Sunsara Taylor is an American far-left political activist and member of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. She has been a vocal opponent of the anti-abortion movement, the sex industry, and U.S. imperialism, having previously debated these topics on Fox News.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jack Posobiec</span> American conservative commentator and conspiracy theorist

Jack Michael Posobiec III is an American alt-right political activist, television correspondent and presenter, conspiracy theorist, and former United States Navy intelligence officer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redneck Revolt</span> American far-left political group

Redneck Revolt is an American political group that organizes predominantly among working-class people. The group supports gun rights and members often openly carry firearms. Its political positions are anti-capitalist, anti-racist and anti-fascist. Founded in Kansas in 2009, members were present at several protests against Donald Trump and against the far-right in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unite the Right rally</span> 2017 white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia

The Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, from August 11 to 12, 2017. Marchers included members of the alt-right, neo-Confederates, neo-fascists, white nationalists, neo-Nazis, Klansmen, and far-right militias. Some groups chanted racist and antisemitic slogans and carried weapons, Nazi and neo-Nazi symbols, the Valknut, Confederate battle flags, Deus vult crosses, flags, and other symbols of various past and present antisemitic and anti-Islamic groups. The organizers' stated goals included the unification of the American white nationalist movement and opposing the proposed removal of the statue of General Robert E. Lee from Charlottesville's former Lee Park. The rally sparked a national debate over Confederate iconography, racial violence, and white supremacy. The event had hundreds of participants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antifa (United States)</span> Anti-fascist political activist movement

Antifa is a left-wing anti-fascist and anti-racist political movement in the United States. It consists of a highly decentralized array of autonomous groups that use nonviolent direct action, incivility, or violence to achieve their aims. Antifa political activism includes non-violent methods such as poster and flyer campaigns, mutual aid, speeches, protest marches, and community organizing. Some who identify as antifa also use tactics involving digital activism, doxing, harassment, physical violence, and property damage. Supporters of the movement aim to combat far-right extremists, including neo-Nazis and white supremacists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Post–World War II anti-fascism</span>

Post–World War II anti-fascism, including antifa groups, anti-fascist movements and anti-fascist action networks, saw the development of political movements describing themselves as anti-fascist and in opposition to fascism. Those movements have been active in several countries in the aftermath of World War II during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriot Prayer</span> American far-right political group

Patriot Prayer is an American far-right group founded by Joey Gibson in 2016 and based in Vancouver, Washington, a suburban city in the Portland metropolitan area. Since 2016, the group has organized several dozen pro-gun, pro-Trump rallies held in cities in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Often met with large numbers of counter-protesters, attendees have repeatedly clashed with left-wing groups in the Portland area. Far-right groups, such as the Proud Boys, have attended the rallies organized by Patriot Prayer, as well as white nationalists, sparking controversy and violence.

<i>Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook</i> 2017 book by Mark Bray

Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook is a 2017 book written by historian Mark Bray and published by Melville House Publishing, which explores the history of anti-fascist movements since the 1920s and 1930s and their contemporary resurgence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose City Antifa</span> Antifa group founded in 2007 in Portland, Oregon

Rose City Antifa (RCA) is an antifascist group founded in 2007 in Portland, Oregon. A leftist group, it is the oldest known active antifa group in the United States. While anti-fascist activism in the United States dates back to the 1980s, Rose City Antifa is the first to adopt the abbreviated moniker antifa. Since 2016, Rose City Antifa has been one of the nine chapters of the Torch Network coalition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Communist Action</span> Right-wing to far-right political organization

Anti-Communist Action, also shortened to Anticom, is a right-wing to far-right political organization based in the United States and Canada. The group has described itself as "the right's response to antifa." Anticom has espoused neo-Nazi ideology and members have attended neo-Nazi events. The group has done security for various alt-right and white supremacist rallies. Anticom has overlapping membership with the neo-Nazi terrorist group Atomwaffen Division and has shared information on combat and bomb-making.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unite the Right 2</span> 2018 white supremacist rally in Washington, D.C.

The "Unite the Right 2" rally was a white supremacist rally that occurred on August 12, 2018, at Lafayette Square near the White House in Washington, D.C., United States. It was organized by Jason Kessler to mark the first anniversary of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, which ended in deadly violence and attracted both national and international attention.

Since its foundation in 2016, members of the Proud Boys, a far-right, neo-fascist, and exclusively male organization, have been involved in a number controversial and violent events. This list contains a number of those events, some of which have resulted in criminal charges being filed against participants.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Montgomery, Blake (September 7, 2017). "Here's Everything You Need To Know About The Antifa Network That's Trying To Solidify A Nazi-Punching Movement". BuzzFeed . Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  2. ↑ Why We Have Taken Up the Fight to Build Refuse Fascism and to Drive Out the Trump/Pence Fascist Regime: A Statement from the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA, July 24, 2017 | Revolution Newspaper | revcom.us
  3. 1 2 Michael Edison Hayden 'ANTIFA CIVIL WAR' ON NOVEMBER 4 WAS REALLY JUST A FEW PROTESTS AGAINST TRUMP Newsweek 11/4/17
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, Jason (November 1, 2017). "Why the far right believes a US civil war will start on Saturday". The Guardian . Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Smith, Jack IV (November 2, 2017). "The far-right thinks a violent antifa overthrow is coming Nov. 4, but the truth is far stranger". Mic.com . Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  6. ↑ Lauren Cook and Rajvi Desai Protest at Trump Building on Wall Street denounces president's Haiti comments AM New York January 19, 2018
  7. ↑ Stephanie Dube Dwilson, November 4, 2017 Protests: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know, Heavy.com, November 2017
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Garcia, Jay (July 13, 2017). "Refusing Fascism: Q&A with an anti-fascist organizer". El Tecolote . Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Gee, Taylor (August 23, 2017). "Inside the Left's Plans to Occupy Trump". Politico . Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  10. ↑ Muhammad, Safiyyah P. (January 18, 2017). "Refuse Fascism views Trump presidency as fascist takeover". Weekly Citizen. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  11. ↑ Mascali, Nikki M. (September 5, 2017). "Refuse Fascism mobilizing to demand removal of Trump, Pence". Metro New York . Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Refuse Fascism LA group to protest, march against Trump in Hollywood". Los Angeles Daily News . July 15, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  13. ↑ "Anti-fascism protesters march through streets of Los Angeles". Fox 11. August 13, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  14. 1 2 Lloyd, Annie (August 13, 2017). "Demonstrators Gather At City Hall To Hold Rally For Charlottesville". LAist . Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  15. ↑ Rebik, Dana (August 13, 2017). "Hundreds protest in Chicago after violent, deadly white supremacist rally in Virginia". WGN-TV . Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  16. ↑ Offenhartz, Jake (August 13, 2017). "NYC Vigils & Rallies Planned In Response To Charlottesville White Supremacists". Gothamist . Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  17. 1 2 Provenzano, Brianna (August 14, 2017). "Hundreds rally outside Trump Tower to protest white supremacy". Mic . Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  18. ↑ Levy-Wolins, Aaron (September 15, 2017). "Conservative speaker spurns student protest at Berkeley". El Tecolote . Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  19. ↑ "Chelsea Manning addresses crowd of anti-fascist, anti-Milo marchers". Berkeleyside. September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  20. ↑ White, Daphne (September 26, 2017). "Coalition holds march and brief UC Berkeley sit-in to protest white supremacy". Berkeleyside. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  21. ↑ Rincon, Marialuisa (September 16, 2017). "Activists march in support of young immigrants, DACA". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  22. ↑ Kamran, Gabriella (October 24, 2017). "Anti-Fascist Activists Shut Down UCLA Free Speech Panel". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  23. ↑ Taylor, Otis R. Jr. (September 29, 2017). "Antifascist explains why she protests Trump fans". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  24. ↑ Gabbatt, Adam (August 18, 2017). "The Resistance Now: after Charlottesville, anger and action". The Guardian . Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  25. ↑ McGahan, Jason (September 29, 2017). "Why Did Protesters Block Traffic on the 101 This Week?". LA Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Sunshine, Spencer (October 31, 2017). "Rumors of Civil War: How Anti-Communist Conspiracies Imagine an Antifa Civil War on November 4". Political Research Associates . Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  27. ↑ Hickey, Cameron; O'Brien, Miles (October 10, 2017). "Google 'Top stories' featured false news about rumored Antifa civil war". PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  28. ↑ Hayden, Michael Edison (October 11, 2017). "'Antifa' waging civil war on November 4, according to right wing conspiracy". Newsweek . Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  29. ↑ Swenson, Kyle (November 1, 2017). "The antifa apocalypse is coming this weekend, if you believe the hype". The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  30. ↑ Holt, Jared (October 23, 2017). "Frank Gaffney: Federal Authorities Need To 'Roll Up' Black Lives Matter And Anti-Fascism Groups". Right Wing Watch . Retrieved October 25, 2017.
  31. 1 2 Hayden, Michael Edison (November 1, 2017). "'Antifa Supersoldiers' Are Coming to Kill White People Within Days: Right Wing Conspiracy". Newsweek . Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  32. ↑ "Conspiracy claims civil war, blackouts planned for November 4". WJBK. November 1, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  33. ↑ LaCapria, Kim (October 31, 2017). "Is the Department of Defense Planning a Communications Drill to Coincide with 'Antifa' Demonstrations?". Snopes.com . Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  34. ↑ Taube, David (November 1, 2017). "Army-linked radio group responds to concerns about training exercise during protest". WBAL-TV . Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  35. ↑ Spencer, Saranac Hale (November 2, 2017). "Blackout or Ham Radio Drill?". FactCheck.org . Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  36. 1 2 Montgomery, Blake (25 October 2017). "As Anti-Trump Group Gears Up For a Peaceful Protest, Conservatives Online Warn Of Civil War". BuzzFeed News .
  37. ↑ Mascali, Nikki M. (November 3, 2017). "Refuse Fascism on right-wing 'civil war' claims of national Nov. 4 protests". Metro New York . Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  38. ↑ Robertson, Adi (November 3, 2017). "The 'antifa super-soldier' conspiracy theory is dangerous because people want to believe it". The Verge . Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  39. ↑ Hayden, Michael Edison (November 4, 2017). "'Antifa Civil War' on November 4 Was Really Just a Few Protests Against Trump". Newsweek. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  40. ↑ Swan, Rachel (November 4, 2017). "Peaceful anti-Trump demonstration, march directed at Union Square shoppers". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  41. ↑ Bryan, Cleve (November 4, 2017). "Anti-Trump Protesters Gather In Thomas Paine Plaza". CBS Philly. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  42. ↑ Scofield, Drew (18 April 2020). "Group plans protest outside Cuyahoga County Jail regarding inmate conditions during pandemic". News 5 Cleveland. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  43. ↑ "Nationwide marches against "Death, Lies and Fascism" planned as U.S. Nears 200,000 COVID-19 deaths". Newsweek . 21 September 2020.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.