Rio do Rasto Formation

Last updated
Rio do Rasto Formation
Stratigraphic range: Wordian to Wuchiapingian
~266–254  Ma
Type Geological formation
Unit of Paraná & Pelotas Basins
Sub-unitsMorro Pelado Mb., Serrinha Mb.
Underlies Pirambóia Formation (Paraná Basin)
Botucatu Formation (Pelotas Basin)
Overlies Teresina Formation
Lithology
Primary Shale, sandstone
Location
Coordinates 28°24′26″S49°32′46″W / 28.40722°S 49.54611°W / -28.40722; -49.54611
Approximate paleocoordinates 41°18′S22°24′W / 41.3°S 22.4°W / -41.3; -22.4
Region Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul
CountryFlag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Extent Paraná Basin
Mapa Geologia Bacia do Parana simples.png
Extent of Paleozoic (including the Rio do Rasto Formation) and Mesozoic units in the Paraná Basin in light blue

The Rio do Rasto Formation is a Late Permian sedimentary geological formation in the South Region of Brazil. The official name is Rio do Rasto, although in some publications it appears as Rio do Rastro.

Contents

The strata were deposited between the Wordian and the Wuchiapingian, from about 266 to 254 million years ago. The geology, alongside its paleobiota, indicate that the locality was a freshwater environment. Some of the animals discovered in the formation include Tiarajudens , Parapytanga and Pampaphoneus .

Description

Geology

The Rio do Rasto Formation is found mainly in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul. It was formed during the Late Permian and is divided into two members: the lower Serrinha Member and the upper Morro Pelado Member, spanning from the Wordian to Wuchiapingian stages of the Permian. The deposits of the Formation are mainly continental, having lacustrine, fluvial and aeolian sediment deposition. [1] [2]

Although there have been many interpretations of the Serrinha Member, most agree on it being a shallow lacustrine environment. Hypotheses about the Member's formation range from deposits in lacustrine and deltaic environments with large lakes influenced by storm waves to it being a deposit of shallow lakes occasionally influenced by fluvial incursions and storm waves. The member is 150–250 metres (490–820 ft) thick and it is composed chiefly of mudstone and fine-grained sandstone. [1] [3]

The Morro Pelado Member was deposited in smaller lakes, alluvial plains, fluvial meanders, delta systems and temporary bodies of water. The rock deposits of Morro Pelado were covered by aeolian stones, such as the dunes of the Pirambóia Formation. It is 250–300 metres (820–980 ft) thick and mainly composed of fine to medium-grained reddish sandstones, usually stratified, with fossils being found on its pelitic intercalations. Tetrapod fossils only occur in this Member. [1] [2] [3]

The transition between the two Members occurs in the center-east portion of the Paraná Basin. [4]

Paleoecology

The rocks deposits of the Serrinha and Morro Pelado Members, as well as the abundant conchostracan fossils, indicate a freshwater environment, with Serrinha being composed of shallow lakes with occasional storms and Morro Pelado being composed of small lakes, alluvial planes, meanders and temporary bodies of water, which were later covered up by dunes. The increased occurrence of aeolian sandstone in Morro Pelado indicate a drier climate with greater aridity. Fossils of the Rio do Rasto Formation, and neighboring Permian formations, have revealed a flora composed of plants like glossopterids, sphenophytes and pteridophytes. The fauna is composed of Invertebrates, such as bivalves, gastropods and conchostracans, and vertebrates like palaeonisciform and elasmobranch fish such as Xenacanthus and Sphenacanthus . Tetrapods are only found in the upper Morro Pelado Member, and are represented by terrestrial herbivores like the dicynodonts Endothiodon and Rastodon , the pareiasaur Provelosaurus , a tapinocephalid and the saber-toothed Tiarajudens . Therapsid predators such as Pampaphoneus were also present, as well as another unindentified anteosaur, and a titanosuchid. Temnospondyls such as Australerpeton , Bageherpeton and Rastosuchus lurked in the abundant bodies of water. These giant amphibians filled the niche of aquatic predators much like the modern day crocodiles. [1] [3] [2] [5] [6]

Coprolite remains have also been found, some of which likely belong to palaeonisciform and elasmobranch fish, and some of the coprolites contained pieces of bones and scales, demonstrating clear evidence of predation. Some of the scales preserved peg-and-socket structures, associated with palaeonisciform fish. In at least one coprolite it was possible to recognise a fish jaw with teeth. [4]

Stromatolites have also been found in the formation, interpreted as having developed in waters that were shallow, clear and warm and in habitats that were inhospitable for competitors. [7]

Fossil content

Flora

GenusSpeciesDescriptionImage
Glossopteris [7] G. aff. angustifolia

G. decipiens

G. dorizonensis

G. cf. formosa

G. grafi

G. cf. indica

G. aff. longicaulis

G. margiondulata

G. riorastensis

G. singenervis

G. spathulato-emarginata

G. aff. stricta

G. cf. surangei

G. cf. taeniopteroides

G. sp.

A genus of seed fern.
Vertebraria [7] V. sp.
Ilexoidephyllum [7] I. permicum
Sphenophyllum [7] S. paranaense

S. cf. thonii

A genus of fern.
Schizoneura [7] S. gondwanensis
Paracalamites [7] P. sp.
Dichophyllites [7] D. sp.
Pecopteris [7] P. dolianitii

P. esperancensis

P. bracatingaensis

P. cadeadensis

P. sp.

A genus of fern.
Dizeugotheca [7] D. sp.

D. bortoluzzii

Sphenopteris S. sp.A genus of seed fern.

Bivalves

GenusSpeciesDescriptionImage
Leinzia [7] L. similis
Oliveiraia [7] O. pristina
Terraia [7] T. altissima
Cowperesia [7] C. emerita

C. cf. Terraria sp.

Relogiicola [7] R. delicata.
Nothoterraria [7] N. acarinata
Palaeomutela [7] P. platinensis

Conchostraca

GenusSpeciesDescriptionImage
Monoleaia [7] M. unicostata micropolygonata

M. unicostata timboensis

Paranaleaia [7] P. supina
Asmussia [7] A. regularis

A. sp.

Cyzicus [7] C. sp.
Gabonestheria [7] G. sp.
Palaeolimnadiopsis [7] P. subalata
Palaeolimnadia [7] P. sp.

Gastropods

GenusSpeciesOccurenceDescriptionImage
Dendropupa [7] D. sp.Serrinha MemberA land snail. According to Rohn (1988),

the specimens found in the formation

rarely reach more than 5mm of height.

Hydrobia [7]

Fish

GenusSpeciesOccurenceDescriptionImage
Coelacanthidae indet. [7] Serrinha MemberCoelacanth known from fossil scales.
Elonichthys [7] cf. E. gondwanusSerrinha MemberA Palaeoniscid, fish known from fossil scales.
Acrolepis [7] A bony fish, known from fossil scales.
Sphenacanthus [1] S. riorastoensisSerrinha MemberA sphenacanthid shark.
Paranaichthys [8] P. longianalisSerrinha MemberA ray-finned fish
Xenacanthus [9] X. ragonhaiSerrinha MemberA xenacanthid shark, known from fossil teeth.
Triodus [10] T. richteraeMorro Pelado MemberA xenacanthid shark, known from fossil teeth.
Actinopterygii indet. [11] Species A, B and CSpecimens cannot be ascribed to any species.

Amphibians

GenusSpeciesOccurrenceDescriptionImage
Bageherpeton [12] B. longignathusMorro Pelado MemberA temnospondyl
Temnospondyl indet. [13] Morro Pelado MemberA temnospondyl. Due to the fragmentary nature of the fossil and the absence of a skull, identification was impossible.
Australerpeton [14] A. cosgriffiMorro Pelado MemberA temnospondyl
Otacillus [15] O. aumondiMorro Pelado MemberA temnosponsyl
Rastosuchus [16] R. hammeriMorro Pelado MemberA temnospondyl
Parapytanga [6] P. catarinensisMorro Pelado MemberA temnospondyl
Konzhukovia [17] K. sangabrielensisMorro Pelado MemberA temnospondyl

Parareptiles

GenusSpeciesOccurenceDescriptionImage
Provelosaurus [18] P. americanusMorro Pelado MemberA pareiasaur reptile

Synapsids

GenusSpeciesOccurenceDescriptionImage
Rastodon [5] R. procurvidensMorro Pelado MemberA dicynodont
Endothiodon [15] E. sp.Morro Pelado MemberA dicynodont
Tapinocephalidae indet. [2] Morro Pelado MemberA tapinocephalid
Tiarajudens [19] T. eccentricusMorro Pelado MemberA anomocephaloid
Pampaphoneus [20] P. biccaiMorro Pelado MemberA anteosaur
Anteosaur indet. [15] Morro Pelado MemberA anteosaur
Titanosuchid indet. [15] Morro Pelado MemberA titanosuchid

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Xenacanthus</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Xenacanthus is an extinct genus of xenacanth cartilaginous fish. It lived in freshwater environments, and fossils of various species have been found worldwide.

<i>Cistecephalus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important geological group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops located in the Teekloof Formation north-west of Beaufort West in the Western Cape, in the upper Middleton and lower Balfour Formations respectively from Colesberg of the Northern Cape to east of Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape. The Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be Late Permian in age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Maria Formation</span> Geologic formation in Brazil

The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is primarily Carnian in age, and is notable for its fossils of cynodonts, "rauisuchian" pseudosuchians, and early dinosaurs and other dinosauromorphs, including the herrerasaurid Staurikosaurus, the basal sauropodomorphs Buriolestes and Saturnalia, and the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton. The formation is named after the city of Santa Maria in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, where outcrops were first studied.

<i>Exaeretodon</i> Extinct genus of cynodonts

Exaeretodon is an extinct genus of fairly large, low-slung traversodontid cynodonts from the southern parts of Pangea. Four species are known, from various formations. E. argentinus is from the Carnian-age Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina. E. major and E. riograndensis are from the Carnian-age portion of the Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil. E. statisticae is from the Carnian-age Lower Maleri Formation of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caturrita Formation</span> Rock formation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The Caturrita Formation is a rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Its sediments were deposited in the Paraná Basin. The formation is from the Upper Triassic and forms part of the Santa Maria Supersequence in the upper section of the Rosário do Sul Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariana Pimentel</span> Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Mariana Pimentel is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is located approximately 75 km from the state's capital, Porto Alegre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul</span> Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

São Gabriel is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

<i>Sphenacanthus</i> Extinct genus of sharks

Sphenacanthus is an extinct genus of a chondrichtyan xenacanthiform that belongs to the Sphenacanthidae family and lived from the Late Devonian, through Carboniferous until the Late Permian period in Scotland, Spain, Russia and Brazil. It lived 359 million years ago, and probably it was one of the first member of the elasmobranchians, the lineage that leads to the modern sharks. Sphenacanthus probably hunts small fishes and, unlike their modern-day relatives, its inhabited fresh water lagoons. Sphenacanthus had seven fins, two in the upper part and five in the underside, and it had a heterodont dentition and mandibles relatively long and deeper. Sphenacanthus serrulatus is still only known from incomplete neurocranial remains and associated dermal material. These suggest that it was a relatively large shark, probably well over one meter in length when fully grown. Its body form was probably similar to that of other phalacanthous sharks.

<i>Konzhukovia</i> Genus of amphibians (fossil)

Konzhukovia is an amphibian genus that belongs to an extinct family Konzhukoviidae of temnospondyls, the largest clade of basal tetrapods including about 198 genera, 292 species, and more than half of which were alive during the early Mesozoic period. The animal was a predator that lived about 260 million years ago, and could get up to about three meters in length. Specifically, Konzukovia lived during the Permian, between 252 and 270 million years ago according to the type of rock the fossil was found in. There are three species within this genus, K. vetusta, K. tarda, and K. sangabrielensis, the first two originating from Russia while the latest originating from Southern Brazil. The discovery of this specimen in Southern Brazil provided more evidence to support the idea that during this animals existence, there was a “biological corridor” because of the supercontinent Pangea, allowing these species to be found so far apart from each other. Konzhukovia belongs to the family Archegosauridae, a family consisted of large temnospondyls that most likely compare to modern day crocodiles. Since the discovery of the latest species, K. sangabrielensis, Pacheco proposes that there must be the creation of a new family, Konzhokoviidae, a monophyletic group in a sister-group relationship with Stereospondlyi in order to accommodate the three species. Konzhukovia skulls usually exhibit typical rhinesuchid features including an overall parabolic shape, small orbits located more posteriorly, and the pterygoids do not reach the vomer. These animals were long-snouted amphibians that had clear adaptations made for fish catching, as well as exemplifying aquatic features.

<i>Australerpeton</i> Extinct genus of temnospondyls

Australerpeton is an extinct genus of stereospondylomorph temnospondyl currently believed to belong to the family Rhinesuchidae. When first named in 1998, the genus was placed within the new family Australerpetontidae. However, studies published a few years later questioned the systematics used in the original description and included the genus within Archegosauridae. A study by Dias & Schultz (2003) reassigned Australerpeton to the family Rhinesuchidae within the suborder Stereospondyli based on an earlier evaluation of the family. In this study, the close similarities between Australerpeton and archegosaurids were attributed to convergent evolution as a result of similar semi-aquatic lifestyles. A redescription of the skeleton of this genus was published by Eltink & Langer in 2014, and the skull was redescribed in a follow-up study published by Eltink et al. in 2016. These studies, as well as a 2017 study focusing on rhinesuchids in general, confirmed that Australerpeton was a rhinesuchid rather than an archegosaurid. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Rio do Rasto Formation of Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanga do Cabral Formation</span>

The Sanga do Cabral Formation is an Early Triassic sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

The Alcântara Formation is a geological formation in northeastern Brazil whose strata date back to the Cenomanian of the Late Cretaceous.

<i>Pampaphoneus</i> Extinct genus of therapsids

Pampaphoneus is an extinct genus of carnivorous dinocephalian therapsid belonging to the family Anteosauridae. It lived 268 to 265 million years ago during the Wordian age of the Guadalupian period in what is now Brazil. Pampaphoneus is known by an almost complete skull with the lower jaw still articulated, discovered on the lands of the Boqueirão Farm, near the city of São Gabriel, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A second specimen from the same locality was reported in 2019 and 2020 but has not yet been described. It is composed of a skull associated with postcranial remains. It is the first South American species of dinocephalian to have been described. The group was previously known in South America only by a few isolated teeth and a jaw fragment reported in 2000 in the same region of Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis conducted by Cisneros and colleagues reveals that Pampaphoneus is closely related to anteosaurs from European Russia, indicating a closer faunal relationship between South America and Eastern Europe than previously thought, thus promoting a Pangea B continental reconstruction.

Cordaicarpus is a form genus named by Geinitz (1862) and redefined by Seward (1917) to avoid confusion with another genus and to establish that the genus refers only seeds. Seward defined the differences between Cordaicarpus and Samaropsis.

Brazilea is an extinct genus of algae. The species Brazilea helby and Brazilea scissa were located in outcrop Morro do Papaléo in the town of Mariana Pimentel, the geopark Paleorrota. The outcrop dates to the Sakmarian of the Permian.

Quadrisporites is an extinct genus of acritarchs. The species Q. horridus was located in outcrop Morro do Papaléo in the town of Mariana Pimentel in Brazil, the geopark Paleorrota. The outcrop is in the Rio Bonito Formation and date of Sakmarian in the Permian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecteniniidae</span> Extinct family of cynodonts

Ecteniniidae is an extinct family of probainognathian cynodonts from the Triassic of South America. They are notable for their large size, as well as for being among the first synapsids with specializations towards cursoriality.

Baieroxylon is an extinct prehistoric genus of plants belonging to the Ginkgoaceae family during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods.

Rastosuchus is an extinct genus of stereospondyl temnospondyl within the family Rhinesuchidae. It contains one species, Rastosuchus hammeri, found in the Permian Rio do Rasto Formation of Brazil.

Kwatisuchus is a genus of benthosuchid temnospondyl amphibian from Early Triassic deposits of Brazil. It is represented by the type species, Kwatisuchus rosai, which was named for one specimen collected from the Granja Palmeiras site in Rosário do Sul, Brazil. This is the only definitive occurrence of benthosuchids in Gondwana; other benthosuchids such as Benthosuchus are known mainly from Russia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Pauliv, Victor Eduardo; Dias, Eliseu Vieira; Sedor, Fernado Antonio (2012). "A NEW SPECIES OF SPHENACANTHID (CHONDRICHTHYES, ELASMOBRANCHII) FROM THE RIO DO RASTO FORMATION (PARANÁ BASIN), SOUTHERN BRAZIL" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia . 15 (3): 243–250. doi:10.4072/rbp.2012.3.01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 A.D.S. Boos; C.F. Kammerer; C.L. Schultz; V.D. Paes Neto (2015). "A tapinocephalid dinocephalian (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Rio do Rasto Formation (Paraná Basin, Brazil): Taxonomic, ontogenetic and biostratigraphic considerations". Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 63: 375–384. Bibcode:2015JSAES..63..375B. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2015.09.003.
  3. 1 2 3 Holz, Michael; França, Almério B.; Souza, Paulo A.; Iannuzzi, Roberto; Rohn, Rosemarie (2010). "A stratigraphic chart of the Late Carboniferous/Permian succession of the eastern border of the Paraná Basin, Brazil, South America". Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 29 (2): 381–399. Bibcode:2010JSAES..29..381H. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2009.04.004 – via ResearchGate.
  4. 1 2 FONTANELLI, RAÍSSA CRISTINA OLIVEIRA; VEGA, CRISTINA SILVEIRA (2020). "Coprólitos da Formação Rio do Rasto (Neopermiano da Bacia do Paraná) registrados no estado do Paraná". Boletim Paranaense de Geociências . 77 (3): 20–25. doi:10.5380/geo.v77i0.78642.
  5. 1 2 Boos, Alessandra D. S.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Schultz, Cesar L.; Soares, Marina B.; Ilha, Ana L. R. (2016). "A New Dicynodont (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Permian of Southern Brazil and Its Implications for Bidentalian Origins". PLoS ONE . 11 (5): e0155000. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155000B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155000 . PMC   4880204 . PMID   27224287 – via ResearchGate.
  6. 1 2 STRAPASSON, ADRIANA; PINHEIRO, FELIPE L.; SOARES, MARINA B. (2015). "On a new stereospondylomorph temnospondyl from the Middle–Late Permian of Southern Brazil" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 60 (4): 843–855.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Rohn, Rosemarie (1988). "BIOESTRATIGRAFIA E PALEOAMBIENTES DA FORMAÇÃO RIO Do RASTO NA BORDA LESTE DA BACIA DO PARANÁ (PERMIANO SUPERIOR, ESTADO DO PARANÁ)". Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Geociências . 1.
  8. ↑ DIAS, ELISEU VIEIRA (2012). "A new deep-bodied fossil fish (Actinopterygii) from the Rio do Rasto Formation, Paraná Basin, Brazil". Zootaxa . 3192 (1): 1–23. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3192.1.1.
  9. ↑ PAULIV, VICTOR E.; DIAS, ELISEU V.; SEDOR, FERNANDO A.; RIBEIRO, ANA MARIA (2014). "A new Xenacanthiformes shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Late Paleozoic Rio do Rasto Formation (Paraná Basin), Southern Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências . 86 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1590/0001-37652014107612. PMID   24676160 – via Scielo.
  10. ↑ Pauliv, Victor E.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Francischini, Heitor; Dentzien-Dias, Paula; Soares, Marina B.; Schultz, Cesar L.; Ribeiro, Ana M. (2017). "The first Western Gondwanan species of Triodus Jordan 1849: A new Xenacanthiformes (Chondrichthyes) from the late Paleozoic of Southern Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 80: 482–493. Bibcode:2017JSAES..80..482P. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.09.007.
  11. ↑ Vega-Dias, Cristina; Dias, Eliseu Vieira; Richter, Martha (2000). "ACTINOPTERYGIAN REMAINS FROM THE RIO DO RASTO FORMATION, UPPER PERMIAN OF THE PARANÁ BASIN, BRAZIL". Gaea - Journal of Geoscience . 23 (51): 21–31 – via ResearchGate.
  12. ↑ DIAS, ELISEU V.; BARBERENA, MARIO C. (2000). "A Temnospondyl Amphibian from the Rio do Rasto Formation, Upper Permian of Southern Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências . 73: 135–143. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652001000100011 – via Scielo.
  13. ↑ RAMOS, BRUNO DIAS; VEGA, CRISTINA SILVEIRA (2011). "TEMNOSPONDYL REMAINS FROM THE LATE PERMIAN RIO DO RASTO FORMATION (PARANÁ BASIN) OF BRAZIL" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia . 14 (1): 67–74. doi:10.4072/rbp.2011.1.07.
  14. ↑ AZEVEDO, KARINE LOHMANN; VEGA, CRISTINA SILVEIRA; SOARES, MARINA BENTO (2017). "A NEW SPECIMEN OF AUSTRALERPETON COSGRIFFI BARBERENA, 1998 (STEREOSPONDYLI: RHINESUCHIDAE) FROM THE MIDDLE/UPPER PERMIAN RIO DO RASTO FORMATION, PARANÁ BASIN, BRAZIL" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia . 20 (3): 333–344. doi:10.4072/rbp.2017.3.05.
  15. 1 2 3 4 ELIAS, RAFAEL LUIZ; SCHMITT, MAURÍCIO RODRIGO; SCHULTZ, CESAR LEANDRO (2024). "A New Temnospondyl for the Permian Rio Do Rasto Formation, Paraná Basin of Santa Catarina State, Brazil". SSRN   4911965.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ↑ DIAS, ELISEU VIEIRA; DIAS-DA-SILVA, SÉRGIO; SCHULTZ, CESAR LEANDRO (2020). "A new short-snouted rhinesuchid from the Permian of southern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia . 23 (2): 98–122. doi:10.4072/rbp.2020.2.03. hdl:10183/229929.
  17. ↑ Pacheco, Cristian Pereira; Eltink, Estevan; Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Dias- da-Silva, Sérgio (2016). "A new Permian temnospondyl with Russian affinities from South America, the new family Konzhukoviidae, and the phylogenetic status of Archegosauroidea" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 15 (3): 241. Bibcode:2017JSPal..15..241P. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1164763.
  18. ↑ CISNEROS, JUAN CARLOS; ABDALA, FERNANDO; MALABARBA, MARIA C. (2005). "PAREIASAURIDS FROM THE RIO DO RASTO FORMATION, SOUTHERN BRAZIL: BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS FOR PERMIAN FAUNAS OF THE PARANÁ BASIN" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia . 8 (1): 13–24. doi:10.4072/rbp.2005.1.02.
  19. ↑ Cisneros, J.C.; Abdala, F.; Rubidge, B.S.; Dentzien-Dias, D.; Bueno, A.O. (2011). "Dental Occlusion in a 260-Million-Year-Old Therapsid with Saber Canines from the Permian of Brazil". Science. 331 (6024): 1603–1605. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1603C. doi:10.1126/science.1200305. PMID   21436452.
  20. ↑ Cisneros, Juan Carlos; Abdala, Fernando; Atayman-Güven, Saniye; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Sengör, A. M. Celâl; Schultz, Cesar L. (2011). "Carnivorous dinocephalian from the Middle Permian of Brazil and tetrapod dispersal in Pangaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 (5).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.