Roger Waters discography

Last updated

Roger Waters discography
Roger Waters 18 May 2008 London O2 Arena.jpg
Roger Waters performing at London's O2 Arena on 18 May 2008
Studio albums7
Live albums4
Compilation albums1
Video albums4
Music videos12
EPs1
Singles24
Soundtrack albums2
Box sets1
Classical albums1

Roger Waters's primary instrument is the electric bass guitar. He briefly played a Höfner bass but replaced it with a Rickenbacker RM-1999/4001S, until around 1970 when he switched to Fender Precision basses. He often plays bass using a pick but is also known to play fingerstyle. Not only a bassist and vocalist, Waters has experimented with the EMS Synthi A and VCS 3 synthesisers and has played electric rhythm and acoustic guitars in recordings and in concert. Throughout his career he has used Selmer, WEM, Hiwatt and Ashdown amplifiers, also employing delay, tremolo, chorus, panning and phaser effects in his music.

Contents

His solo career has includes seven studio albums: The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking (1984), Radio K.A.O.S. (1987), Amused to Death (1992), Is This the Life We Really Want? (2017), Igor Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale (2019), The Lockdown Sessions (2022), and The Dark Side of the Moon Redux (2023). The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, has been certified Gold by the RIAA. [1] Amused to Death is Waters' most critically acclaimed solo recording to date, garnering some comparison to his previous work with Pink Floyd. [2] Waters described the record as "a stunning piece of work", ranking the album with The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall as one of the best of his career. [3] The album had one hit, the song "What God Wants, Part 1", which reached number 35 in the UK in September 1992 and number 5 on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock chart in the US. [4] Amused to Death was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry. [5] Jeff Beck played lead guitar on many of the album's tracks, which were recorded with an impressive cast of studio musicians at ten different studios. [6] Sales of Amused to Death topped out at around one million and there was no tour in support of this album. Waters would first perform material from it seven years later during his In the Flesh tour. [7]

In 1986, he contributed songs and a score to the soundtrack of the movie When the Wind Blows based on the Raymond Briggs book of the same name. In 1990, he staged one of the largest rock concerts in history, The Wall – Live in Berlin , on the vacant terrain between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate, with an estimated 200,000 people in attendance. [2] In 1996, Waters was inducted into the US and UK Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pink Floyd. He has toured extensively as a solo act since 1999 and played The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety for his world tours of 2006–2008. In 2005, he released Ça Ira , an opera in three acts translated from Etienne Roda-Gil and his wife Nadine Delahaye's libretto about the early French Revolution. On 2 July 2005, he reunited with other members of Pink Floyd—Nick Mason, Richard Wright, and David Gilmour—for the Live 8 concert in London's Hyde Park, Pink Floyd's only appearance with Waters since their performance of The Wall at Earls Court in London 24 years earlier. [8] In 2010, he commenced The Wall Live tour, which concluded in 2013.

Albums

Studio albums

TitleAlbum detailsPeak chart positionsCertifications
UK
[9]
AUS
[10]
AUT
[11]
GER
[12]
ITA
[13]
NLD
[14]
NOR
[15]
NZ
[16]
SWE
[17]
SWI
[18]
US
[19]
The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking 133049141431231
Radio K.A.O.S.
  • Released: 15 June 1987
  • Label: EMI, Columbia
  • Formats: CD, CS, LP, DL [21]
25335831613122050
Amused to Death
  • Released: 1 September 1992 [23]
  • Label: Columbia
  • Formats: CD, CS, LP
81425422126101221
Is This the Life We Really Want?
  • Released: 2 June 2017
  • Label: Columbia
  • Formats: CD, LP
373322123111
Igor Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale
  • Released: 26 October 2018
  • Label: Sony Classical Masterworks
  • Formats: CD, LP
46163
The Lockdown Sessions
  • Released: 9 December 2022
  • Label: Legacy
561424263313
The Dark Side of the Moon Redux 455635324395142
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Soundtracks

TitleAlbum details
Music from The Body
(with Ron Geesin)
  • Released: 28 November 1970
  • Label: Harvest, EMI
  • Format: CD, CS, LP, DL [29]
When the Wind Blows: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
(with The Bleeding Heart Band)
  • Released: 1986 [30]
  • Label: Virgin
  • Format: CD, CS, LP

Live albums

TitleAlbum detailsPeak chart positionsCertifications
UK
[9]
AUS
[10]
AUT
[11]
GER
[12]
ITA
[13]
NLD
[14]
NOR
[15]
NZ
[16]
POL
[31]
SWE
[17]
SWI
[18]
US
[19]
The Wall – Live in Berlin
  • Released: 21 August 1990 [32]
  • Label: Mercury
  • Formats: CD, SACD, CD+DVD, CS, LP, DL [33]
271025101517447341156
In the Flesh – Live
  • Released: 5 December 2000 [35]
  • Label: Columbia
  • Formats: CD, SACD, CD+DVD, CS, DL [36]
170
[37]
100996110224131015136
Roger Waters: The Wall
  • Released: 20 November 2015
  • Label: Legacy
  • Formats: CD, CD+DVD, CD+Blu-ray, LP
534629221119113820134
Roger Waters: Us + Them
  • Released: 3 October 2020
  • Label: Legacy
  • Formats: CD, LP
935
[38]
451536
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Compilation albums

TitleAlbum detailsPeak chart positions
GER
[12]
ITA
[13]
NOR
[15]
POL
[31]
SWI
[18]
Flickering Flame: The Solo Years Volume 1 5335214362

Operas

TitleAlbum detailsPeak chart positionsCertifications
FRA
[41]
ITA
[13]
POL
[31]
Ça Ira 1873112

Other albums

TitleAlbum details
Pros and Cons (The Interviews)
  • Released: 7 April 2015 [45]
  • Label: Euromax
  • Formats: CD

Video albums

TitleAlbum detailsPeak chart positionsCertifications
US
[46]
NLD
[47]
SWE
[17]
SWI
[48]
The Wall – Live in Berlin
  • Released: 21 August 1990
  • Label: PolyGram Music Video
  • Formats: Laserdisc, VHS, DVD
6683
In the Flesh – Live
  • Released: 5 December 2000
  • Label: Columbia
  • Formats: VHS, DVD
1911
Roger Waters: The Wall
  • Released: 6 September 2014
  • Label: Legacy
  • Formats: DVD, Blu-ray
13414
Roger Waters: Us + Them
  • Release: 2 October 2020
  • Label: Sony Music
  • Formats: DVD, Blu-ray
1
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

Box sets

TitleAlbum detailsPeak chart positions
NOR
[15]
The Collection
  • Released: 2011
  • Label: Columbia
  • Formats: 7 CD+DVD
34

Singles

List of singles, with selected chart positions
YearTitlePeak chart positionsAlbum
UK
[9]
AUS
[54]
NLD
[55]
NZ
[56]
US Main.
[4]
1984"The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking"76741817 The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking
"Every Stranger's Eyes"
1987"Radio Waves"74432612 Radio K.A.O.S.
"Sunset Strip"15
"The Tide Is Turning (After Live Aid)"54
"Who Needs Information"
1990"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
(with Cyndi Lauper)
82 The Wall – Live in Berlin
"The Tide Is Turning"
(with Joni Mitchell, Cyndi Lauper, Bryan Adams, Van Morrison and Paul Carrack)
1992"What God Wants, Part I"3549264 Amused to Death
"The Bravery of Being Out of Range"
1993"Three Wishes"
2004"To Kill the Child/Leaving Beirut"non-album single
2007"Hello (I Love You)"
(with Howard Shore)
The Last Mimzy: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
2010"We Shall Overcome"non-album single
2017"Smell the Roses" Is This the Life We Really Want?
"Déjà Vu"
"The Last Refugee"
2022"Comfortably Numb 2022" The Lockdown Sessions
2023"Money" The Dark Side of the Moon Redux
"Time"
"Speak to Me"/"Breathe"
"—" denotes a release that did not chart.

Collaborations and other appearances

YearAlbum/singleCollaboratorComment
1999 The Legend of 1900 Ennio Morricone The song "Lost Boys Calling" performed by Ennio Morricone feat. Eddie Van Halen and Roger Waters [57]
Vagabond Ways Marianne Faithfull The song "Incarceration of a Flower Child" is written by Roger Waters, who also performs bass and keyboards [58]
2007 Live Earth: The Concerts for a Climate in Crisis Various ArtistsThe album features the track "Another Brick in the Wall Part II" performed by Roger Waters which also includes the song "The Happiest Days of Our Lives"
2013 Love for Levon: Benefit to Save the Barn Various ArtistsThe album features Roger Waters performing the songs "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" (with My Morning Jacket and G.E. Smith) and "Wide River To Cross" (with G.E. Smith)
2013 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief Various ArtistsThe album features Roger Waters performing the songs "Another Brick in the Atlantic Wall Part I, II & III" (the actual songs are "The Happiest Days of Our Lives", "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" and jam based on the song), "Us and Them" and "Comfortably Numb" (with Eddie Vedder)

Music videos

YearSongDirector(s)Album
1984"The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking" The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking
"Every Strangers Eyes"
"Sexual Revolution"
1987"Radio Waves" Radio K.A.O.S.
"Sunset Strip"
"The Tide Is Turning"
1992"What God Wants, Part I" Amused to Death
"Three Wishes"
"Amused to Death"
2015"What God Wants, Part I" (2015)
2017"The Last Refugee"Sean Evans & Roger Waters Is This the Life We Really Want?
"Wait for Her"Sean Evans
2022"Comfortably Numb 2022"Sean Evans The Lockdown Sessions

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Gold & Platinum: Roger Waters". Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  2. 1 2 Blake 2008 , pp. 347–352
  3. Manning 2006 , pp. 141, 252
  4. 1 2 "Roger Waters Chart History: Mainstream Rock". Billboard . Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "British certifications – Roger Waters". British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 April 2022.Type Roger Waters in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
  6. Blake 2008 , pp. 348–349
  7. Povey 2008 , pp. 323–324
  8. Povey 2008 , pp. 237, 266–267
  9. 1 2 3 "Roger Waters | full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  10. 1 2 Peaks in Australia:
  11. 1 2 "Das Österreichische Hitparaden- und Musik-Portal". austriancharts.at. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 "Discographie von Roger Waters". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Discography Roger Waters". italiancharts.com. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  14. 1 2 "Discografie Roger Waters". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Discography Roger Waters". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Discography Roger Waters". charts.nz. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 "Discography Roger Waters". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 "Discography Roger Waters". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  19. 1 2 "Roger Waters Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard . Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  20. "iTunes – Music – The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking by Roger Waters". iTunes. 21 August 1984. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  21. "iTunes – Music – Radio K.A.O.S. by Roger Waters". iTunes. 16 June 1987. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 "Gold/Platinum". Music Canada. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  23. "Amused to Death – Roger Waters – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  24. Ryan, Gavin (8 August 2015). "ARIA Albums: Meghan Trainor 'Title' Is No 1". Noise11. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  25. "Gold/Platinum". Music Canada. 30 September 1992. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  26. "Italian album certifications – Roger Waters – Is This the Life We Really Want?" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 5 October 2020. Select "2017" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Is This the Life We Really Want?" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Album e Compilation" under "Sezione".
  27. "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Is This the Life We Really Want?')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  28. "Roger Waters / The Dark Side of the Moon Redux – SuperDeluxeEdition". 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  29. "iTunes – Music – Music From the Body by Roger Waters & Ron Geesin". iTunes. 28 November 1970. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  30. "When the Wind Blows – Roger Waters – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  31. 1 2 3 http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=669&lang=
    http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=99&lang=
    http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=13&lang=
    http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=94&lang=
    http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=1315&lang=
  32. "The Wall: Live in Berlin – Roger Waters – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  33. "iTunes – Music – The Wall (Live in Berlin) by Roger Waters". iTunes. August 1990. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  34. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1990 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  35. "In the Flesh Live – Roger Waters – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  36. "iTunes – Music – In the Flesh (Live) by Roger Waters". iTunes. 5 December 2000. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  37. "Chart Log UK 1994–2010". zobbel.de. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  38. "ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  39. "Flickering Flame: The Solo Years, Vol. 1 – Roger Waters – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  40. "iTunes – Music – Flickering Flame – The Solo Years, Vol. 1 by Roger Waters". iTunes. Retrieved 24 September 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
  41. "Discographie Roger Waters". lescharts.com. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  42. "Roger Waters: Ça Ira (There Is Hope) – Roger Waters – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  43. "iTunes – Music – Ca ira by Roger Waters, Ismaël Lô, Jamie Bower & London Voices". iTunes. January 2005. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  44. "ZPAV :: Bestsellery i wyróżnienia – Strona główna". Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  45. "Pros And Cons: The Interviews – Amazon". Amazon. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  46. https://books.google.com/books?id=WhEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA55
  47. "Dutch Charts". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  48. "Discography Roger Waters DVD". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  49. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2006 DVDs" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  50. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 DVDs" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  51. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Roger Waters)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  52. "Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Gold-/Platin-Datenbank". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  53. "ZPAV :: Bestsellery i wyróżnienia – Strona główna". Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  54. Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 334. ISBN   0-646-11917-6.
  55. "Dutch Singles". Dutch Top 100. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  56. "New Zealand Singles". Official New Zealand Music Chart. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  57. "The Legend of 1900 – Ennio Morricone – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  58. "Vagabond Ways – Marianne Faithfull – Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

Related Research Articles

<i>The Dark Side of the Moon</i> 1973 studio album by Pink Floyd

The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records in the UK and Capitol Records in the US. Developed during live performances before recording began, it was conceived as a concept album that would focus on the pressures faced by the band during their arduous lifestyle, and also deal with the mental health problems of former band member Syd Barrett, who departed the group in 1968. New material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at EMI Studios in London.

<i>The Wall</i> 1979 studio album by Pink Floyd

The Wall is the eleventh studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 30 November 1979 by Harvest/EMI and Columbia/CBS Records. It is a rock opera about Pink, a jaded rock star who constructs a 'wall' of social isolation. The album was a commercial success, topping the US charts for 15 weeks and reaching number three in the UK. It initially received mixed reviews from critics, many of whom found it overblown and pretentious, but later received accolades as one of the greatest albums of all time.

<i>Animals</i> (Pink Floyd album) 1977 studio album by Pink Floyd

Animals is the tenth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 21 January 1977 through Harvest Records and Columbia Records. It was self-produced at Pink Floyd's Britannia Row Studios in London throughout 1976. The album continued the long-form compositions that made up their previous works such as Meddle (1971), and Wish You Were Here (1975).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger Waters</span> English musician, co-founder of Pink Floyd (born 1943)

George Roger Waters is an English musician and singer-songwriter. In 1965, he co-founded the rock band Pink Floyd as the bassist. Following the departure of the songwriter, Syd Barrett, in 1968, Waters became Pink Floyd's lyricist, co-lead vocalist and conceptual leader until his departure in 1985.

<i>Wish You Were Here</i> (Pink Floyd album) 1975 studio album by Pink Floyd

Wish You Were Here is the ninth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 12 September 1975 through Harvest Records in the UK and Columbia Records in the US, their first for the label. Based on material Pink Floyd composed while performing in Europe, Wish You Were Here was recorded over numerous sessions throughout 1975 at EMI Studios in London.

<i>Meddle</i> 1971 studio album by Pink Floyd

Meddle is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released by Capitol on 30 October 1971 in the US and by Harvest Records on 5 November in the UK. The album was produced between the band's touring commitments, from January to August 1971 at a series of locations around London, including EMI Studios and Morgan Studios.

<i>A Momentary Lapse of Reason</i> 1987 studio album by Pink Floyd

A Momentary Lapse of Reason is the thirteenth studio album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released in the UK on 7 September 1987 by EMI and the following day in the US on Columbia. It was recorded primarily on guitarist David Gilmour's converted houseboat, Astoria.

<i>A Saucerful of Secrets</i> 1968 studio album by Pink Floyd

A Saucerful of Secrets is the second studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 28 June 1968 by EMI Columbia in the UK and on 27 July 1968 in the US by Tower Records. The mental health of singer and guitarist Syd Barrett deteriorated during recording, so guitarist David Gilmour was recruited; Barrett left the band before the album's completion.

<i>The Final Cut</i> (album) 1983 studio album by Pink Floyd

The Final Cut is the twelfth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 21 March 1983 through Harvest and Columbia Records. It comprises unused material from the band's previous studio album, The Wall (1979), alongside new material recorded throughout 1982.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comfortably Numb</span> 1980 single by Pink Floyd

"Comfortably Numb" is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on their eleventh studio album, The Wall (1979). It was released as a single in 1980, with "Hey You" as the B-side.

<i>Ça Ira</i> (opera) 2005 studio album by Roger Waters

Ça Ira is an opera by Roger Waters. It comes in three acts and is a concept album. The album is based on the French libretto co-written by Étienne and Nadine Roda-Gil on the historical subject of the early French Revolution. Ça Ira was released 26 September 2005, as a double CD album featuring baritone Bryn Terfel, soprano Ying Huang, and tenor Paul Groves. The album received mixed reviews, with critics praising the composition but criticising its plot and simplicity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">See Emily Play</span> 1967 song by Pink Floyd

"See Emily Play" is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released as their second single on 16 June 1967 on the Columbia label. Written by original frontman Syd Barrett, it was released as a non-album single, but appeared as the opening track of Pink Floyd, the US edition of the band's debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pink Floyd discography</span>

The discography of the English rock group Pink Floyd consists of 15 studio albums, four live albums, 12 compilation albums, five box sets, three EPs, and 27 singles. Formed in 1965, Pink Floyd earned recognition for their psychedelic or space rock music, and, later, their progressive rock music. The group have sold over 250 million records worldwide, including 75 million in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kroke</span> Polish instrumental ensemble

Kroke is a Polish instrumental ensemble of world music. The band's name refers to the Yiddish language name for Kraków.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flaming (song)</span> 1967 single by Pink Floyd

"Flaming" is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd, featured on their 1967 debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. Written and sung by Syd Barrett, the song remained in their set until late 1968; David Gilmour sang the lead vocal after Barrett's departure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pink Floyd</span> English rock band

Pink Floyd are an English rock band formed in London in 1965. Gaining an early following as one of the first British psychedelic groups, they were distinguished by their extended compositions, sonic experiments, philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows. They became a leading band of the progressive rock genre, cited by some as the greatest progressive rock band of all time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strachy na Lachy</span> Polish rock band

Strachy Na Lachy is a Polish rock band.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edyta Geppert</span> Polish singer

Edyta Geppert is a popular Polish singer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goya (band)</span>

Goya – Polish pop music group. Founded 1995 in Warsaw, Poland.

<i>The Endless River</i> 2014 studio album by Pink Floyd

The Endless River is the fifteenth and final studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released in November 2014 by Parlophone Records in Europe and Columbia Records in the rest of the world. It was the third Pink Floyd album recorded under the leadership of guitarist David Gilmour after the departure of bassist Roger Waters in 1985, and the first following the death of keyboardist Richard Wright in 2008, who appears posthumously.

References