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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)The Stolen Generations were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian federal and state government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. The removals of those referred to as "half-caste" children were conducted in the period between approximately 1905 and 1967, although in some places mixed-race children were still being taken into the 1970s.
George Graham Winterton was an Australian academic specialising in Australian constitutional law. Winterton taught for 28 years at the University of New South Wales before taking up an appointment of Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Sydney in 2004.
A royal commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies. They have been held in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Malaysia, Mauritius and Saudi Arabia. A royal commission is similar in function to a commission of inquiry found in other countries such as Ireland, South Africa, and Hong Kong. It has considerable powers, generally greater even than those of a judge but restricted to the terms of reference of the commission. These powers include subpoenaing witnesses, taking evidence under oath and requesting documents.
The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), or CommBank, is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. It provides a variety of financial services including retail, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and broking services. The Commonwealth Bank is the largest Australian listed company on the Australian Securities Exchange as of August 2015 with brands including Bankwest, Colonial First State Investments, ASB Bank, Commonwealth Securities (CommSec) and Commonwealth Insurance (CommInsure).
Sir Harry Talbot Gibbs, was Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1981 to 1987 after serving as a member of the High Court between 1970 and 1981. He was known as one of Australia's leading federalist judges although he presided over the High Court when decisions such as Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen in 1982 and Commonwealth v Tasmania expanded the powers of the Commonwealth at the expense of the states. Gibbs dissented from the majority verdict in both cases. On 3 August 2012, the Supreme Court of Queensland Library opened the Sir Harry Gibbs Legal Heritage Centre. It is the only legal heritage museum of its kind in Queensland and features a permanent exhibition dedicated to the life and legacy of Sir Harry Gibbs.
The Western Australia Police Force, colloquially WAPOL, provides police services throughout the state of Western Australia, an area of 2.5 million square kilometres, the world's largest non-federated area of jurisdiction, with a population of 2.66 million, of which 2.11 million reside in the Perth Metropolitan Region.
John Leslie Toohey, AC, QC was an Australian judge who was a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1987 to 1998.
Warburton or Warburton Ranges is an Aboriginal Australian community in Western Australia, just to the south of the Gibson Desert and located on the Great Central Road and Gunbarrel Highway. At the 2016 census, Warburton had a population of 576.
The following lists events that happened during 2005 in Australia.
WA Inc was a political scandal in Western Australia. In the 1980s, the state government, which was led for much of the period by premier Brian Burke, engaged in business dealings with several prominent businessmen, including Alan Bond, Laurie Connell, Dallas Dempster, John Roberts, and Warren Anderson. These dealings resulted in a loss of public money, estimated at a minimum of $600 million and the insolvency of several large corporations.
Bringing Them Home is the 1997 Australian Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families. The report marked a pivotal moment in the controversy that has come to be known as the Stolen Generations.
Sue Gordon is an Aboriginal retired magistrate from Western Australia who has been locally and nationally honoured for her work with Aboriginal people and in community affairs. She is known for being chair of the Gordon Inquiry in 2002.
The Moseley Royal Commission, officially titled the Royal Commission Appointed to Investigate, Report and Advise Upon Matters in Relation to the Condition and Treatment of Aborigines was a Royal Commission established by the Government of Western Australia in 1934 to hear evidence regarding the treatment of Aboriginal people.
Antonio De Paulo "Tony" Buti is an Australian politician. He has been a Labor Party member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly representing the seat of Armadale since 2 October 2010, when he was elected in a by-election.
The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse was a royal commission announced in November 2012 and established in 2013 by the Australian government pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act 1902 to inquire into and report upon responses by institutions to instances and allegations of child sexual abuse in Australia. The establishment of the commission followed revelations of child abusers being moved from place to place instead of their abuse and crimes being reported. There were also revelations that adults failed to try to stop further acts of child abuse. The commission examined the history of abuse in educational institutions, religious groups, sporting organisations, state institutions and youth organisations. The final report of the commission was made public on 15 December 2017.
John Halden WoottenQC was an Australian lawyer and legal academic and the founder of the University of New South Wales Faculty of Law, of which he was the Foundation Chair and its inaugural Dean. Wootten served in multiple capacities and offices, including as a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, a Chairman of the Law Reform Commission of New South Wales, and a Deputy President of the Native Title Tribunal.
Stuart Francis Harris is a retired Australian senior public servant and academic. He was born in London, England.
Bevan Ernest Lawrence, a retired Western Australian barrister and Liberal political campaigner, is the older brother of Carmen Lawrence, a former Labor premier of Western Australia. In the 1980s he was a convenor of two notable lobby groups that influenced the course of government at federal and state levels.
A Custody Notification Service (CNS), sometimes referred to as a Custody Notification Scheme, is a 24-hour legal advice and support telephone hotline for any Indigenous Australian person brought into custody, connecting them with lawyers from the Aboriginal legal service operating in their state or territory. It is intended to reduce the high number of Aboriginal deaths in custody by counteracting the effects of institutional racism. Legislation mandating the police to inform the legal service whenever an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person is brought into custody is seen as essential to ensure compliance and a clear record of events. Where Custody Notification Services have been implemented, there have been reductions in the numbers of Aboriginal deaths in custody.
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(help) (1998) 4(12) Indigenous Law Bulletin 4. Retrieved 7 July 2013.Sir Ronald Wilson | |
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28th Justice of the High Court of Australia | |
In office 21 May 1979 –13 February 1989 | |
Nominated by | Malcolm Fraser |
Preceded by | Sir Kenneth Jacobs |
Succeeded by | Michael McHugh |
President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission | |
In office 1990–1997 | |
Preceded by | Marcus Einfeld |
Succeeded by | Alice Tay |
Personal details | |
Born | Ronald Darling Wilson 23 August 1922 Geraldton,Western Australia |
Died | 15 July 2005 82) Perth,Western Australia | (aged
Spouse | Lady Leila Wilson (née Smith) |
Children | 3 sons;2 daughters [1] |
Alma mater | University of Western Australia University of Pennsylvania |
Occupation | Judge and social activist |
Profession | Jurist and lawyer |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Australia |
Branch/service | Royal Australian Air Force |
Rank | Flying Officer [2] |
Battles/wars | World War II [2] |
Sir Ronald Darling Wilson, AC , KBE , CMG , QC (23 August 1922 –15 July 2005 [3] ) was a distinguished Australian lawyer,judge and social activist serving on the High Court of Australia between 1979 and 1989 and as the President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission between 1990 and 1997.
Wilson is probably best known as the co-author with Mick Dodson of the 1997 Bringing Them Home report into the Stolen Generation which led to the creation of a National Sorry Day and a walk for reconciliation across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 2000 with an estimated 250,000–300,000 people participating. Wilson was also one of three judges sitting on The WA Inc Royal Commission in the early 1990s which eventually led to former Premier Brian Burke being jailed in March 1997.
Wilson was born in Geraldton,in Western Australia (WA) on 23 August 1922. His early life was marked by sorrow and hardship. When he was four years old his mother died. At the age of seven his father,also a lawyer,suffered a stroke and spent the next five years in a hospice. [4] His older brother became a father figure to him and for years the family faced financial struggles. At the age of 14,Wilson left formal schooling and took his first job as a messenger with the Geraldton Local Court. [4]
In September 1941,following the outbreak of World War II,Wilson enlisted in the army reserve,which was known at the time as the Militia (service no. W46518) and was posted to the 44th Battalion. [5] The battalion was part of a Special Mobile Force stationed in coastal areas between Perth and Geraldton,to respond in the event of an attack by Japanese forces.
Transferring to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in July 1942, [6] Wilson (service no. 427404) received pilot training under the Empire Air Training Scheme,and was posted to the UK,for operations with Royal Air Force (RAF) formations. At the end of the war he was serving with No. 287 Squadron RAF,an anti-aircraft cooperation unit (i.e. it assisted in the training of anti-aircraft gunners). [5] Wilson flew Spitfires,among other types of aircraft. [2] He was discharged from the RAAF on 14 February 1946,with the rank of Flying Officer. [2] [5]
After returning to Australia,Wilson enrolled in the University of Western Australia finishing with a law degree in 1949. [4] He later completed a Master of Laws degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1957,as a Fulbright scholar. [4]
Wilson was admitted as a barrister and solicitor in 1951. He had a rapid rise in his legal career,becoming Crown Prosecutor for Western Australia in 1959,only eight years after starting work as a lawyer. [7] In 1963,he was admitted as a Queen's Counsel, [4] at the time,the youngest ever in Western Australia.[ citation needed ] As a prosecutor,Wilson earned the nickname of the "Avenging Angel". [1]
In 2002 and 2005 two men he had prosecuted for murder have had their convictions overturned:John Button,who was convicted in 1963 of the manslaughter of his girlfriend Rosemary Anderson had his conviction overturned by the Western Australian Court of Appeal. [8] Darryl Beamish who had been convicted of the 1959 murder of Jillian Brewer had his conviction overturned in 2005. [9] Perth serial killer,Eric Edgar Cooke,confessed to both offences before he was hanged for other murders,but was not believed by authorities. The convictions were eventually overturned in 2002.
In 1969,Wilson became the Solicitor-General of Western Australia. He served in that position for ten years [7] working under both Labor and Liberal governments.
The Fraser Government appointed Wilson to the High Court of Australia in 1979 and was the first member of the Court from Western Australia. [4] Wilson adopted a federalist position on the court;[ citation needed ] and was frequently in the minority on issues relating to the scope of the Commonwealth's external affairs legislative power. [4]
In Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen , [10] Wilson was in the minority in holding that the external affairs power in the Australian constitution applied only to relationships outside Australia. The majority of the High Court found that the treaty need only apply to issues of clear international concern. The majority held the Federal Parliament had the power to pass the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 as a result of Australia being a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
In Commonwealth v Tasmania , [11] the external affairs power was again the central issue. The new Hawke Government had used the external affairs power as the basis for passing legislation preventing the Tasmanian Government from building a hydro-electric dam on the Franklin River. Wilson considered that the external affairs power did not give the Federal Parliament authority to pass such legislation as it could obtain power to pass any form of legislation it wished by simply entering into a treaty with another power. [4] Chief Justice Harry Gibbs and Daryl Dawson were the other judges joining Wilson in the dissenting judgement.
Wilson dissented on the first Mabo case of 1988, [4] with the majority finding that the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act,1879 (Qld),which attempted to retrospectively abolish native title rights,was not valid according to the Racial Discrimination Act,1975 (Cth).
Wilson retired from the High Court in 1989, [7] aged 67 years.
In 1990 the Hawke Government appointed Wilson as the President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission,where he served until his retirement in 1997. [12] During his term as Human Right Commissioner,Wilson also served as Deputy Chairperson of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation from 1991 to 1994. [6]
Wilson was Chancellor of Murdoch University between 1980 and 1995. [13] The "Ronald Wilson Prize in Law" was first awarded by Murdoch University in 1993 to the graduate who best combines distinguished academic performance in law units with qualities of character,leadership and all-round contribution to the life of the university.
Wilson and Mick Dodson,the Aboriginal Social Justice Commissioner,jointly led the National Inquiry into the forced removal of Aboriginal children from their families and communities. Wilson and Dodson visited every state in Australia over the 17-month duration of the Inquiry and heard testimony from 535 aboriginals with 600 more making submissions. Wilson wrote after the completion of the report:"In chairing the National Inquiry (...) I had to relate to hundreds of stories of personal devastation,pain and loss. It was a life-changing experience." The Inquiry produced a report called Bringing Them Home:Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families which was tabled in Federal Parliament. "Between 1910 and 1970,up to 100,000 Aboriginal children were taken from their parents and put in white foster homes". [14] It found that Australia was in breach of international law,called for a national compensation fund and recommended a national "sorry day".
The report was welcomed by Aboriginal Australians but widely criticised by conservatives. Anthropologist Ron Brunton said the claims of genocide were an "embellishment"; [15] with social commentator Robert Manne [16] and academic Hal Wootten disputing Brunton's claims. [17] The Prime Minister at the time,John Howard,refused to issue an apology instead stating his regret. [18] The Parliaments of NSW,Northern Territory,South Australia and Victoria passed motions apologising for the maltreatment. The first National Sorry Day was held in 1998 and attracted widespread participation while,in 2000,an estimated 250,000 [19] [20] –300,000 [21] people walked across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in support of reconciliation. In 2008,Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister issued an apology to the Stolen Generation on behalf of the Australian people. [22]
Carmen Lawrence appointed Wilson as one of the three eminent jurists conducting The WA Inc Royal Commission. The Royal Commission was chaired by Geoffrey Kennedy and the third member was Peter Brinsden with a brief "to inquire into and report" whether there had been "corruption,illegal conduct,improper conduct,or bribery" on the part of any person or corporation in the "affairs,investment decisions and business dealings of the Government of Western Australia or its agencies". [23] In its 1992 report,the Royal Commission said "The commission has found conduct and practices on the part of certain persons involved in government in the period 1983 to 1989 such as to place our government system at risk." It was particularly critical of the behaviour of former Premier Brian Burke who was subsequently convicted for two years on charges of fraudulent behavior in 1994.
Throughout his life,Wilson was an active participant in first the Presbyterian Church of Australia and then the Uniting Church in Australia. He held a range of senior positions in the Church including Moderator of Assembly,Presbyterian Church in Western Australia (1965);Moderator,Synod of Western Australia,Uniting Church in Australia (1977-1979);President of the Assembly,Uniting Church in Australia (1988-1991),the first layperson to hold that post; [7] and President of the Australian Chapter of the World Conference on Religion and Peace (1991-1996).
He was particularly concerned with encouraging the broad Australian community to gain an understanding of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history. [7] In retirement,he travelled widely to Aboriginal and church events,and was an active member of a refugee education scheme near his home.[ citation needed ]
In 1978 Wilson was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) for services to the community in Western Australia. [24] The following year he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for services as a Justice of the High Court of Australia. [25] On 26 January 1988,Wilson was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for services to the law. [26]
In addition,Wilson was awarded the Centenary Medal on 1 January 2001 for service as a Justice of the High Court of Australia and to human rights. [27]
He has been conferred with honorary degrees from the University of Western Australia (Doctor of Laws),Keimyung University (Doctor of Education),and Murdoch University (Doctor of the University). [6]
Sir Ronald married Leila Smith [1] in April 1950;and together they had five children [1] [7] and nine grandchildren. [4]