| Rosa bracteata | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Rosa |
| Species: | R. bracteata |
| Binomial name | |
| Rosa bracteata | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
List
| |
Rosa bracteata, commonly known as the Macartney rose, is a species of rose that is native to southern China and Taiwan, but is also present as an invasive in the US.
Rosa bracteata - bracteata referring to the notable bracts below the flowers - is commonly referred to as the Macartney rose. [2] Its name links back to a German botanist, Johann Christoph Wendland, who is credited with naming the species. [3] The name Macartney rose originates from the mid 18th century when it was named after George Macartney, the 1st Earl Macartney in England. [4] According to the Global Invasive Species Database, this rose is also referred to by other names - though less commonly - such as the Chickasaw rose and the Fragrant White Climbing Rose, both of English origin, and shuo bao qiang wei, which is of Chinese origin. [5]
The Macartney rose is native to southern China and Taiwan, [6] but is now considered to be an invasive species across many states in the United States ever since its introduction as an ornamental plant. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
Rosa bracteata is a highly adaptable plant and can grow in highly disturbed areas. [9] [10] It can be found in areas ranging from pastures, rangeland, drainage ditches, and along roadsides and fence lines. [10] R. bracteata tends to prefer dark, waterlogged, and clay-based soil compositions. [14] This species was introduced into the United States from Asia, and is only found within the lower 48 states, mostly primarily in the southeast U.S. [8] [11] Some of the states it can be found in include Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and Maryland. [11]
Its method of dispersal is through animals, where it is spread by livestock, birds, and other herbivorous organisms. The rose's fruit gets eaten by these animals, which acts as an germination technique after going through the digestive tract of the foraging animal. [15]
Rosa bracteata is considered to be a perennial evergreen shrub and is often found to have clumped distributions. [9] [10] [11] This species of rose can grow up to 10 feet (304.8 cm) in height and width. [10]
Rosa bracteata has recurved thorns which are modified leaves all along its stem. [9] [10] Its leaves are serrated and placed in an alternate pattern and range between 1-3 inches in length; they are pinnately compound with 5 to 9 thick leaflets per leaf. [7] [8] [9] [10] [12] The tops of the leaves can be described as glossy and/or shiny as compared to the bottoms of the leaves which are a muted green. [10]
The flowers of this rose occur in either single or bunched compositions, usually donning 5-petaled white flowers of 1-3 in number on bunches of short stalks. [7] [8] [9] [10] These flowers can typically be seen from April to June which are a part of the spring and summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. [8] [9] Its hips are spherical in shape and are usually a reddish color when ripe. [7] [8] [9] [10] [12] These can be seen from July to December. [8] [9] Its seeds are generally dormant when first created but germinate in temperatures around 41°F; its optimal temperatures for growth fall between 68-86°F. [16]
Rosa bracteata has been a major concern as an invasive species for those raising livestock. Infestations of Rosa bracteata tend to clump together and create thickets that can be up to three meters high which cause issues for movement of livestock and its quick proliferation saps nutrients from surrounding species, stunting their growth. [15] When mechanical means of disruption are used, such as mowing, the plant is able to regrow from a shallow root which means that it is very difficult to actually remove the species when it has entered a novel ecosystem. [14] Fire is similarly ineffective because of this regenerative ability which means extensive research has been done into the usage of herbicides to treat this particular species. [14]
According to a study done in 2013, the effectiveness of herbicide applications on Rosa bracteata tend to vary by the timing they are introduced to the organism, for example: all three herbicide treatments of 2,4-D/aminopyralid, aminopyralid/metsulfuron, and picloram/2,4-D all had very effective reduction when treated at the month of October and very poor reduction when applied during May. [14] In general, there is no singular herbicide or method of mechanical disruption that can effectively deal with Rosa bracteata; efficient pest control employs a multitude of these tools in tandem. [17]
Rosa bracteata was once used in Texas as a "living fence" for livestock grazing, although it was originally introduced from Asia as an ornamental plant. [9] [10] [13] It has also has a history of being used for erosion control and has been used for cross-breeding rose cultivars. [13]
It is thought that Rosa bracteata had been used alongside other rose species including R. brunonii, R. foetida , and R. eglanteria for its medicinal properties in ancient India by infusing it with water and oils, and by making teas. In Ayurvedic medicine, different rose species (including R. bracteata) were commonly used to cure spiritual ailments like a blockage in the chakras as well as for remedies for fever and acid reflux. [18] Roses were also worn in ceremonies, made into perfumes, and were an integral part of everyday life in India among both the elite classes and non-elite ones. [18]
This rose species is thought to originate from the Indian subcontinent in the Himalayas, an area rich with mythology, lore and spiritualism. Mentions of Rosa bracteata or sometimes referred to by other names such as "sivapriya", can be found in scriptures dating back to 1st century BC. Gautama the Buddha who is usually depicted meditating on a pedestal of lotuses, can be seen in a few depictions meditating on a pedestal of a five petalled rose resembling Rosa bracteata. Over time, the rose has been mentioned in Chinese history which was facilitated by trade between these regions. [18]
Mesquite is a common name for several plants in the genus Prosopis, which contains over 40 species of small leguminous trees. They are native to dry areas in the Americas. They have extremely long roots to seek water from very far under ground. As a legume, mesquites are one of the few sources of fixed nitrogen in the desert habitat. The trees bloom from spring to summer. They often produce fruits known as "pods". Prosopis spp. are able to grow up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall, depending on site and climate. They are deciduous and depending on location and rainfall have either deep or shallow roots. Prosopis is considered long-lived because of the low mortality rate after the dicotyledonous stage and juveniles are also able to survive in conditions with low light and drought. The Cahuilla indigenous people of western North America were known to eat the seeds of mesquite.
Solanum carolinense, the Carolina horsenettle, is not a true nettle, but a member of the Solanaceae, or nightshade family. It is a perennial herbaceous plant, native to the southeastern United States, though its range has expanded throughout much of temperate North America. The plant is an invasive in parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. The stem and undersides of larger leaf veins are covered with prickles.
Bromus tectorum, known as downy brome, drooping brome or cheatgrass, is a winter annual grass native to Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa, but has become invasive in many other areas. It now is present in most of Europe, southern Russia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Iceland, Greenland, North America and western Central Asia. In the eastern US B. tectorum is common along roadsides and as a crop weed, but usually does not dominate an ecosystem. It has become a dominant species in the Intermountain West and parts of Canada, and displays especially invasive behavior in the sagebrush steppe ecosystems where it has been listed as noxious weed. B. tectorum often enters the site in an area that has been disturbed, and then quickly expands into the surrounding area through its rapid growth and prolific seed production.
Onopordum acanthium is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Europe and Western Asia from the Iberian Peninsula east to Kazakhstan, and north to central Scandinavia, and widely naturalised elsewhere, with especially large populations present in the United States and Australia. It is a vigorous biennial plant with coarse, spiny leaves and conspicuous spiny-winged stems.
Rosa canina, commonly known as the dog rose, is a variable climbing, wild rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia.
Myriophyllum aquaticum is a flowering plant, a vascular dicot, commonly called parrot's-feather and parrot feather watermilfoil.
Centaurea calcitrapa is a species of flowering plant known by several common names, including red star-thistle and purple star thistle. It is native to Europe but is rarely found there, it is known across the globe as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. The species name calcitrapa comes from the word caltrop, a type of weapon covered in sharp spikes.
Centaurea solstitialis, the yellow star-thistle, is a species of thorny plant in the genus Centaurea, which is part of the family Asteraceae. A winter annual, it is native to the Mediterranean Basin region and invasive in many other places. It is also known as golden starthistle, yellow cockspur and St. Barnaby's thistle.
Amaranthus palmeri is a species of edible flowering plant in the amaranth genus. It has several common names, including carelessweed, dioecious amaranth, Palmer's amaranth, Palmer amaranth, and Palmer's pigweed.
Melilotus albus, known as honey clover, white melilot (UK), Bokhara clover (Australia), white sweetclover (US), and sweet clover, is a nitrogen-fixing legume in the family Fabaceae. Melilotus albus is considered a valuable honey plant and source of nectar and is often grown for forage. Its characteristic sweet odor, intensified by drying, is derived from coumarin.
Verbena brasiliensis, the Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain, is a flowering plant species from the vervain family (Verbenaceae). It is native to parts of South America, namely Brazil, but has spread its range in recent times and has occasionally become an invasive weed. It is an annual plant with purple flowers, and it has been introduced outside of its native range as an ornamental plant, and is now largely considered an invasive weed in these regions.
Lantana camara is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. It is a very adaptable species, which can inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems; once it has been introduced into a habitat it spreads rapidly; between 45ºN and 45ºS and less than 1,400 metres in altitude.
Gutierrezia microcephala is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names sticky snakeweed, threadleaf snakeweed, threadleaf broomweed, and smallhead snakeweed. It is a subshrub native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, and can be found in arid grassland and desert sand dune habitats. It can be toxic to livestock in large quantities, due to the presence of saponins and high concentrations of selenium.
Gutierrezia sarothrae is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names broom snakeweed, broomweed, snakeweed, and matchweed. It is a subshrub native to much of the western half of North America, from western Canada to northern Mexico, and can be found in a number of arid, grassland, and mountain habitats. It can be toxic to livestock in large quantities, due mainly to the presence of saponins.
Taeniatherum is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family.
Linaria dalmatica is a herbaceous, short-lived perennial plant native to western Asia and southeastern Europe that has become a weed in other areas. The family this plant now belongs to is the Plantaginaceae Family. Previously, it belonged to the Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) family. Its common names include Balkan toadflax, broadleaf toadflax, and Dalmatian toadflax. Linaria dalmatica has unique yellow flowers with an orange center that draw individuals to purchase them to display in their gardens. The distribution of L. dalmatica to North America can be attributed to use as a fabric dye, folk remedies and as an ornamental plant. However, it is now classified as a weed in both Canada and the U.S.A.
Limnocharis flava is a species of aquatic flowering plant which is native to Mexico, Central America, South America, Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic but widely naturalized in southern and southeastern Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and southern China.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula Cl2C6H3OCH2CO2H. It is usually referred to by its ISO common name 2,4-D. It is a systemic herbicide that kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth, but most grasses such as cereals, lawn turf, and grassland are relatively unaffected.
Pavonia lasiopetala is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by the common names that include Texas swamp-mallow, Wright pavonia, and rock rose. It is native to Texas in the United States and Coahuila and Nuevo León in Mexico.
Delphinium barbeyi is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names subalpine larkspur, tall larkspur, and Barbey's larkspur. It is native to the interior western United States, where it occurs in the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.