Royal Naval Hospital

Last updated

The earliest surviving Royal Naval Hospital complex is on the Illa del Rei, Port Mahon, Menorca (built 1711-12, extended 1771-76, restored 2011). Illa del Rei 2011.JPG
The earliest surviving Royal Naval Hospital complex is on the Illa del Rei, Port Mahon, Menorca (built 1711-12, extended 1771–76, restored 2011).

A Royal Naval Hospital (RNH) was a hospital operated by the British Royal Navy for the care and treatment of sick and injured naval personnel. [1] A network of these establishments were situated across the globe to suit British interests. They were part of the Royal Naval Medical Service. [2] The British Army equivalent was a Military Hospital, and in the 20th century a number of RAF Hospitals were also established.

Contents

The list below includes significant Royal Naval Hospitals established in the 18th-20th centuries; in addition numerous smaller facilities (often classed as Sick Quarters) were set up, where and when needed (especially in times of war). [3]

In 1996 the UK's last remaining Royal Naval Hospital was redesignated as a Joint Services establishment; it finally closed just over a decade later. [4] No Royal Naval Hospitals survive in operation, although some have become civilian hospitals.

Historical overview

Individual surgeons had been appointed to naval vessels since Tudor times; [5] the Company of Barber-Surgeons was expected to provide them in suitable numbers whenever the fleet was due to set sail. [6] Once the fleet returned, responsibility for the care of any sick or injured seamen reverted to their home parishes. [7] This arrangement came under significant pressure during the Anglo-Dutch Wars: in 1652 the Admiralty Committee resolved to provide the mayors and magistrates of seaport towns (and other affected locations) with financial support to provide accommodation for the care and treatment of sick and wounded seamen. [8] A house was hired in Deal (and staffed by a surgeon under contract) to serve as a hospital; and elsewhere civilian hospitals were part-requisitioned for naval use. The following year, commissioners of sick and wounded were appointed to supervise the distribution of funds, the provision of surgeons and medicines, the deployment of patients (and, where possible, their eventual return to service). [9] Later, temporary hospitals were provided in locations such as Ipswich, Harwich and Rochester; while in Plymouth a hospital was established on a more permanent footing in 1689. [10] All these, however, were 'contract' hospitals: privately owned and staffed by civilians, who were treating naval personnel under contract.

Illa Del Rei, Port Mahon, Menorca: the main range when built had ten separate wards, linked by a verandah. Illa Del Rei.jpg
Illa Del Rei, Port Mahon, Menorca: the main range when built had ten separate wards, linked by a verandah.

Further afield in the seventeenth century, crews began to be exposed to unfamiliar illnesses on increasingly long sea-voyages. One response, first proposed in 1664, was the provision of hospital ships to accompany the fleet on more distant expeditions; but by the beginning of the 18th century permanent onshore hospital provision was being contemplated for overseas bases. An early experiment was the prefabricated hospital set up in Jamaica by Admiral John Benbow in 1701, for which the Sick and Hurt Commissioners provided a salaried surgeon and other staff. [10] This was followed by the provision of staffed hospitals in Lisbon in 1705 and Minorca in 1709; those at Jamaica and Lisbon closed in 1712, but the naval hospital at Port Mahon, Minorca was retained on a more permanent footing (having moved into a new purpose-built complex on the Illa del Rei that same year). [11]

At home, however, the navy continued to rely on contract hospitals, such as the Fortune Hospital in Gosport (opened under contract in 1713). When additional capacity was required inns were often hired and converted into sick quarters, or beds set aside in the large London hospitals. [12]

18th-century engraving of the Royal Naval Hospital at Plymouth. J. Howard, Etat des prisons, des hopitaux... Wellcome L0029865.jpg
18th-century engraving of the Royal Naval Hospital at Plymouth.

During the War of Jenkins' Ear, however, the system was overwhelmed by large numbers of returning sick and injured (over 15,000 in the 13 months from July 1739 to August 1740). [10] The following year a proposal was put forward to the Admiralty for the establishment of three hospitals, to be owned, built and run by the Royal Navy, in the vicinity of the principal home ports. In 1744, with France having declared war on Britain, the decision was finally taken to establish Royal Naval Hospitals on a permanent footing in Gosport (Royal Hospital Haslar) and Stonehouse (Royal Hospital Plymouth); however a proposed third hospital (at Queenborough) was not then built, as Chatham by that time had ceased to function as a front-line base. [10]

Naval hospital, Madras: coloured aquatint by James Baily, 1811. Naval Hospital, Madras, India. Coloured aquatint by Baily, 1 Wellcome V0013892.jpg
Naval hospital, Madras: coloured aquatint by James Baily, 1811.

In the decades that followed more Royal Naval Hospitals were established, both at home and abroad. During the Napoleonic Wars there were five naval hospitals operating in England: in addition to Haslar and Plymouth, hospitals were established at Paignton (for the Channel Fleet), Great Yarmouth (for the North Sea and Baltic Fleets) and Deal. [13] At the same time hospital ships were provided at Woolwich, Sheerness and Chatham. Gibraltar served the needs of the fleet in the Mediterranean at this time (Minorca having been ceded to Spain); while, further afield, Royal Naval Hospitals had been established in various locations including India, North America and the Caribbean.

RNH Chatham during the First World War: a naval surgeon, two QARNNS nurses and members of the VAD attend to a wounded sailor. The Medical Services on the Home Front, 1914-1918 Q18929.jpg
RNH Chatham during the First World War: a naval surgeon, two QARNNS nurses and members of the VAD attend to a wounded sailor.

At the start of the First World War, the three principal naval hospitals in the UK were Haslar, Plymouth and the new RNH Chatham (each serving the needs of one of the three home Commands: Portsmouth, Plymouth and The Nore, respectively). Yarmouth was also retained, as a psychiatric hospital (having served in that capacity since 1863). [3] Smaller hospitals at Portland, South Queensferry, Pembroke Dock and Haulbowline served nearby naval dockyards; while Scotland, where the Grand Fleet was based, saw two hospitals commandeered for use by the Admiralty: Leith Public Health Hospital became Royal Hospital Granton in 1917, and the Stirling District Asylum briefly became RNH Larbert in 1918. [14] The main overseas Royal Naval Hospitals at this time were on Malta, Gibraltar, Bermuda, the Cape of Good Hope and Hong Kong. [3]

In the 1920s a degree of rationalisation took place: Chatham Military Hospital and Gibraltar's Royal Naval Hospital were both closed (on the understanding that Chatham's army personnel could be treated at the naval hospital there, and Gibraltar's naval personnel at the military hospital there). [15] Not long afterwards military hospitals near Portsmouth and Plymouth were also closed on the understanding that soldiers could be treated at the nearby naval hospitals.

A ward in the RN Auxiliary Hospital, Cholmondeley Castle (July 1942). Royal Naval Auxiliary Hospital, Cholmondeley Castle. 7-14 July 1942. A11514.jpg
A ward in the RN Auxiliary Hospital, Cholmondeley Castle (July 1942).

During the Second World War there was concern about the vulnerability of the older hospitals (which were prominent buildings close to naval dockyards) to aerial bombardment. Auxiliary hospitals were opened in safer locations around Britain (usually in requisitioned civilian hospitals, but schools, hotels and country houses were also used). [16] Malta was also seen as vulnerable to attack, so an auxiliary hospital was opened in a wing of Victoria College, Alexandria to serve the needs of the Mediterranean Fleet. [16] Further east, RNH Hong Kong was destroyed by bombing in 1941, leaving auxiliary hospitals in Ceylon, South Africa and Oceania to take up the strain.

RN Sick Quarters in the Aley District above Beirut (c.1942-1945). ABOARD SUBMARINES PARENTSHIP "MEDWAY 2". 30 OCTOBER TO 7 NOVEMBER, BEIRUT, SYRIA. A13729.jpg
RN Sick Quarters in the Aley District above Beirut (c.1942-1945).

In addition, numerous Royal Naval Sick Quarters (defined as 'junior to a general hospital, but senior to a sick bay') were established during the Second World War ('sometimes almost overnight') to meet the needs of the moment: by 1945 there were over a hundred such facilities operating at home and several dozen abroad. [3]

A number of naval hospitals were closed (or transferred to civilian operation) in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the 1990s, the total number of remaining Naval, Military and RAF Hospitals in the UK was progressively cut from seven, to three, to one: the naval hospital at Haslar (thenceforward to be run as a tri-service institution); [17] by the end of the decade, its closure too had been announced.

List of Royal Naval Hospitals

United Kingdom

RNH Great Yarmouth, built 1809-11, architect: William Pilkington. Royal Naval Hospital, Great Yarmouth.jpg
RNH Great Yarmouth, built 1809–11, architect: William Pilkington.
Former Royal Naval Hospital in Deal, Kent. Admiralty Mews, Deal - geograph.org.uk - 1407334.jpg
Former Royal Naval Hospital in Deal, Kent.

Overseas

Hospitals were established close to several of the overseas Naval Yards and anchorages, including:

Royal Naval Hospital buildings of 1821 in Port Royal, Jamaica; Admiral Benbow had established the island's first naval hospital in 1701. Port Royal Naval Hospital.jpg
Royal Naval Hospital buildings of 1821 in Port Royal, Jamaica; Admiral Benbow had established the island's first naval hospital in 1701.
Pink-rendered quadrangle of the old Naval Hospital in Gibraltar (1741). View from Spur Battery, Gibraltar 09.JPG
Pink-rendered quadrangle of the old Naval Hospital in Gibraltar (1741).
Former south ward of the pavilion hospital at Esquimalt (John Teague, 1888). CFB Esquimalt Bldg 35.jpg
Former south ward of the pavilion hospital at Esquimalt (John Teague, 1888).

Other naval hospitals were established in other overseas locations, usually in the vicinity of other small naval establishments (e.g. coaling or supply yards) including on Long Island, New York (1779), Newfoundland, St Lucia (1783), Kingston, Ontario (1813–14), Barbados (1815), Fernando Po, Mauritius and Wei-Hai-Wei.

Royal Naval Auxiliary Hospitals

During the Second World War around thirty 'R.N. Auxiliary Hospitals' were established in various locations, at home and abroad, on a temporary basis. [39]

United Kingdom

Overseas

Royal Marine Infirmaries

Former RM Infirmary at Gunwharf Quays, Portsmouth (one time barracks of the Royal Marine Artillery). Former Royal Marines Infirmary 2.jpg
Former RM Infirmary at Gunwharf Quays, Portsmouth (one time barracks of the Royal Marine Artillery).

In addition to the RN Hospitals, the Admiralty established Royal Marine Infirmaries near the divisional headquarters in Chatham, Deal, Plymouth, Portsmouth and Woolwich, along with a separate Royal Marine Artillery Infirmary at Gun Wharf Barracks, Portsmouth (which later moved, together with the RMA, to nearby Fort Cumberland). [41]

The Royal Hospital at Greenwich

Greenwich Hospital, which predated all the above institutions, was established on somewhat different grounds, as it cared for retired seamen rather than those on active service. Also called the Royal Hospital for Seamen in Greenwich, it was a home for Greenwich pensioners, established in 1692, and although closed at Greenwich in 1869 still exists as a charity. Its buildings housed the Royal Naval College, Greenwich between 1873 and 1998 and are now open to the public as the Old Royal Naval College.

Capacity

The small former hospital of 1814 at Kingston dockyard now serves as the commandant's residence, Royal Military College of Canada. Commandant residence Royal Military College of Canada.jpg
The small former hospital of 1814 at Kingston dockyard now serves as the commandant's residence, Royal Military College of Canada.

The size and capacity of the naval hospitals varied over time, as well as from place to place. The hospital at Port Mahon had opened with 356 beds in 1711; its capacity was later increased to 550, and then more than doubled to 1,200 (following the addition of an upper floor to the hospital building in 1772). [10] Meanwhile RNH Gibraltar was designed to accommodate up to a thousand patients when it opened in 1746. [7]

Haslar was always the largest of the naval hospitals: when fully opened in 1762 it had beds for 1,800 patients, by 1778 it could accommodate 2,100; [7] while RNH Plymouth opened in 1762 with 1,200 beds. These numbers were subsequently scaled down, as efforts were made to reduce overcrowding (e.g. by the end of the 19th century Plymouth had fourteen beds to a ward, rather than twenty). [42] In times of war, on the other hand, hospital capacities were often significantly increased (sometimes by the addition of tented or hutted or other temporary accommodation).

By the end of the 19th century Haslar had accommodation for just under 1,300 patients, but on average fewer than 500 beds were occupied at any one time. At the other end of the scale, the naval hospital on Ascension Island, had 65 beds, and RNH Esquimalt (the smallest of the naval hospitals at that time) had accommodation for 40. [42] Several of the hospitals had their capacities increased during the First and Second World Wars; the following table shows the peace time capacity of the principal home and overseas Royal Naval Hospitals during the inter-war period.

RN Hospital capacities in 1925 [43]
RN HospitalTotal number of beds
Haslar1,151
Plymouth860
Chatham599
Portland117
South Queensferrry100
Malta365
Hong Kong125
Bermuda78
Cape of Good Hope48
Wei-Hai-Wei38

Command and oversight

In the early decades of their existence, the hospitals at Haslar and Plymouth were each overseen by a 'Physician and Council' (the Physician being the senior medical officer on the staff). [44] The Council was made up of a small number of Surgeons and two other hospital officers (the Agent and Steward) who had administrative and logistical responsibilities.

The officers' dwellings at RNH Deal (built in 1813 to house the Governor, Physician, Surgeon and Agent). East Barracks, Deal (1 & 2 The Strand).jpg
The officers' dwellings at RNH Deal (built in 1813 to house the Governor, Physician, Surgeon and Agent).

In 1795, following an enquiry into the situation at Haslar, it was judged that the two naval hospitals were suffering from 'a want of proper discipline and subordination'. To counter this, the decision was taken to remove administrative oversight from the medical staff and to vest it in a trio or quartet of serving naval officers, who were given accommodation on site: the Governor (usually a post-captain) and two or three Lieutenants. [46] This situation pertained until 1820, when the Governor was replaced by a Resident Commissioner of the Victualling Service, who had oversight of the local victualling yard as well as of the hospital. [46] In 1840 the title of this 'dual-hatted' officer was changed to Captain-superintendent. (Throughout this period the overseas hospitals, which had a far smaller staff establishment, continued (almost invariably) to be overseen by the senior medical officer on station.) [47]

In 1869 an enquiry took place into the condition and organisation of the naval hospitals; the report was presented to Parliament and the following year saw the Captains-superintendent and Lieutenants of naval hospitals abolished. Afterwards, oversight reverted to the Medical Officer in Charge. [48]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hospital ship</span> Ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility

A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones. In the 19th century, redundant warships were used as moored hospitals for seamen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Naval Reserve</span> Volunteer reserve force of the Royal Navy

The Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) is one of the two volunteer reserve forces of the Royal Navy in the United Kingdom. Together with the Royal Marines Reserve, they form the Maritime Reserve. The present RNR was formed by merging the original Royal Naval Reserve, created in 1859, and the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR), created in 1903. The Royal Naval Reserve has seen action in World War I, World War II, the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Navy Dockyard</span> State-owned shipbuilding and maintenance facilities for the British navy

Royal Navy Dockyards were state-owned harbour facilities where ships of the Royal Navy were built, based, repaired and refitted. Until the mid-19th century the Royal Dockyards were the largest industrial complexes in Britain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical Assistant (Royal Navy)</span>

The Medical Assistant is a Royal Navy medical rating in the United Kingdom. Medical Assistants serve on all types of ships in the surface fleet, submarine fleet, Royal Marines, Fleet Air Arm or ashore in a sick bay, hospitals, or other establishment. The equivalent rate in the United States Navy (USN) is hospital corpsman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sick and Hurt Commissioners</span>

The Sick and Hurt Commissioners were responsible for medical services in the Royal Navy. They were a separate body to the Navy Board, supplying surgeons to naval ships, providing them with medicines and equipment, and running shore and ship hospitals; they were also responsible for prisoners of war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Hospital Haslar</span> Military hospital in Hampshire, England

The Royal Hospital Haslar in Gosport, Hampshire, which was also known as the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar, was one of Britain's leading Royal Naval Hospitals for over 250 years. Built in the 1740s, it was reputedly the largest hospital in the world when it opened, and the largest brick-built building in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Military Hospital</span> Hospitals run by the British military

British Military Hospitals were established and operated by the British Army, both at home and overseas during the 19th and 20th centuries, to treat service personnel. They varied in size, purpose and permanence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doris Beale</span>

Dame Doris Winifred Beale, was a British military nurse and nursing administrator who served as Matron-in-Chief of Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service from 1941 to 1944 during the Second World War. In the 1944 Birthday Honours she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), a first in the Royal Naval Nursing Service.

John Morley Holford, CB, OBE was a medical officer in the Royal Navy.

Surgeon Vice Admiral Ian Lawrence Jenkins was a Royal Navy medical officer and former Surgeon General of the British Armed Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medway Maritime Hospital</span> Hospital in Kent, England

Medway Maritime Hospital is a general hospital in Gillingham, England within the NHS South East Coast. It is run by Medway NHS Foundation Trust. It is Kent's largest and busiest hospital, dealing with around 400,000 patients annually. It was founded in the early 1900s as a Royal Naval Hospital for naval personnel at Chatham Dockyard and the nearby Royal Naval Barracks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lionel Jarvis</span> Royal Navy rear admiral

Surgeon Rear Admiral Lionel John Jarvis, CBE, KStJ, QHS, FRCR, DL is a British consultant radiologist. He was previously the Surgeon General of the Royal Navy and the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff for Health. He served as the Royal Navy's Chief Medical Officer and Medical Director General (Naval) until April 2012. He was appointed as an Honorary Surgeon to the Queen (QHS) in 2006. He was both the Prior of England and the Islands of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem and the Chair of St John Ambulance from 2016 to 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Liddell (Royal Navy officer)</span> Scottish medical doctor

Sir John Liddell, KCB, FRS was a Scottish medical doctor who served as Director-General of the Medical Department of the Royal Navy, and senior medical officer of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Naval Hospital Gibraltar</span> Hospital in Europa Road, Gibraltar

The Royal Naval Hospital Gibraltar (RNH Gibraltar), formerly the British Military Hospital Gibraltar (BMH Gibraltar), was a military hospital founded c. 1903 to provide healthcare for British military personnel and local sailors. The facility, located on Europa Road in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar's South District, comprised three buildings. The hospital was transferred to the Royal Navy in 1963. It closed in 2008, and underwent residential conversion that began prior to the hospital's closure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Naval Hospital, Stonehouse</span> Former British hospital

The Royal Naval Hospital, Stonehouse was a medical facility for naval officers and other ranks at Stonehouse, Plymouth. It was opened in 1760, so becoming the second Royal Naval Hospital in Great Britain. When in operation, it was officially known as Royal Hospital, Plymouth.

Surgeon Vice-Admiral Sir Eric Blackburn Bradbury was a British Royal Navy medical officer who served as Medical Director-General of the Royal Navy Medical Service.

Surgeon Rear-Admiral Thomas Tendron Jeans (1871–1938) was a doctor, and a decorated British Naval officer, who translated some of his experience into boy's adventure books. He set out to write juvenile fiction that correctly represented what life in the Royal Navy was like.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Davidson (Royal Navy officer)</span>

John Davidson was an English surgeon who served as Inspector-General of the Royal Navy and was Honorary Physician to Queen Victoria.

References

  1. "Sick And Hurt Board, In-Letters And Orders - National Maritime Museum". collections.rmg.co.uk. Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  2. Wickenden, Jane (6 September 2013). "The Royal Naval Medical Service from the earliest times to 1918 - British Naval History, Historic Collections Librarian, Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Gosport". Global Maritime History. British Naval History, 6 Sep, 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Coulter, Surgeon Commander J.L.S. (1954). "Medical Establishments in the United Kingdom". The Royal Naval Medical Service, Volume I: Administration. London: HMSO. p. 310.
  4. "Haslar Hospital closure march". BBC News. 29 March 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  5. "British Naval History article".
  6. Sichel, Gerald (1903). Historical Notes on Haslar and the Naval Medical Profession (PDF). London: Ash & Co. pp. 12–25. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 MacQueen Buchanan, Emmakate (2005). "An enlightened age: Building the naval hospitals". International Journal of Surgery. 3 (3): 221–228. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  8. State Papers Domestic xxvi/43; 20 December, 1652.
  9. Oppenheim, M. (1896). A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy. London: John Lane. pp. 320–322.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Coad, Jonathan (2013). Support for the Fleet: Architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases, 1700-1914. Swindon: English Heritage. p. 24.
  11. 1 2 Day, John Frederick (2012). "British overseas bases prior to 1793". British Admiralty Control and Naval Power in the Indian Ocean (1793-1815) (Volume 1 of 2) (PDF). University of Exeter. pp. 69–72. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  12. Coad, Jonathan G. (1989). The Royal Dockyards1690-1850. Aldershot, Hants.: Scolar Press. pp. 295–297.
  13. 1 2 "The Royal Naval Hospital, Chatham". The Navy and Army Illustrated. VII (93): 170–171. 12 November 1898.
  14. "Queensferry History". War in the Forth. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  15. Hansard, House of Commons, vol.214, c.18, 28 February 1928: Fighting Forces (Hospitals)
  16. 1 2 Brown, Kevin (2019). "Chapter 3: Hospitals Under Fire". Fittest of the Fit: Health and Morale in the Royal Navy, 1939-1945. Barnsley, S. Yorks.: Seaforth Publishing.
  17. "The Strategic Defence Review: Defence Medical Services". UK Parliament. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  18. The Navy List for January 1820. London: John Murray. 1820. p. 122.
  19. The Navy List corrected to the 20th December 1854. London: John Murray. 1855. p. 195.
  20. The Royal Navy List. London: Witherby & Co. July 1880. p. 231.
  21. The Monthly Naval List. London: His Majesty' Stationery Office. March 1913. pp. 554–556. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  22. The Navy List, July 1945 (Volume 3). London: Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. 1945. pp. 2313–2334. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  23. e.g. "Promotions and Appointments". The Naval Chronicle. III: 516. May–June 1800.
  24. Burney, William (1815). A New Universal Dictionary of the Marine. London: J. Murray. p. 348.
  25. "Royal Naval Hospitals Recently Built and Building". British Medical Journal. 1: 1415. 9 June 1900.
  26. "Naval documents database".
  27. "South West Wales Discussion Group". The Hospital. 60 (1): 51. January 1964.
  28. Harland, Kathleen (1990). A History of Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service. Portsmouth, Hants.: Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service. p. 102.
  29. "RCAHMS".
  30. Hansard, House of Commons, 12 March 1951; vol. 485, c. 1114 (Navy Estimates, 1951–52).
  31. Whelan, H.M. (1918). "A general description of the Royal Naval hospital, Granton". Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service. 4: 184–192. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  32. "John Gray M.D.". The Annual Biography and Obituary for the year 1827 (vol. XI). London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. 1827. pp. 327–328.
  33. The Navy List. London: John Murray. 1851. p. 186. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  34. Moore, Miss E. (1940). "The British Naval Hospital in Lisbon" (PDF). Historical Association (Lisbon Branch) Annual Report (4): 279–280. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  35. "The British Naval Hospital at Lisbon (1890)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . House of Commons. 27 November 1890. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  36. The Madras Tercentenary Commemorative Volume. Chennai, India: Asian Education Services. 1994.
  37. "Navy Band website".
  38. "Where was the Moray eel from The Deep filmed?". 8 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  39. Navy List, various issues, 1939-45.
  40. Historic England. "HMS Vernon Building No.47 (The Royal Marines Infirmary) (1378579)". National Heritage List for England .
  41. Thom's Irish Almanac: for the year 1870. Dublin: Alexander Thom. 1870. p. 178.
  42. 1 2 Gatewood, J. D. (1893). Notes on Naval Hospitals, Medical Schools, and Training Schools for Nurses. Baltimore Md.: Press of the Friedland Co. pp. 221–239.
  43. Hansard House of Commons, vol. 189, Written Answers, 8 December 1925. Royal Navy: Hospital Beds
  44. Taylor, Captain J. S. (July 1921). "A Retrospect of Naval and Military Medicine". United States Naval Medical Bulletin. XV (3): 590.
  45. Historic England. "Royal Buildings and Zeebrugge House (1261447)". National Heritage List for England .
  46. 1 2 Marshall, John (18 November 2010). Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN   9781108022668.
  47. Navy Lists, various.
  48. Tait, William (1906). A History of Haslar Hospital. Portsmouth: Griffin & Co. pp. 106–107. Retrieved 13 April 2024.