Mediterranean Fleet

Last updated

Mediterranean Fleet
British warships, Malta 1902.jpg
The battleships Bulwark, Renown and Ramillies at Malta in 1902
ActiveSeptember 1654 – 5 June 1967
CountryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
BranchNaval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg Royal Navy
Type Fleet
Garrison/HQ Malta
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Samuel Hood, Horatio Nelson, Andrew Cunningham

The British Mediterranean Fleet, also known as the Mediterranean Station, was a formation of the Royal Navy. [1] The Fleet was one of the most prestigious commands in the navy for the majority of its history, defending the vital sea link between the United Kingdom and the majority of the British Empire in the Eastern Hemisphere. The first Commander-in-Chief for the Mediterranean Fleet was the appointment of General at Sea Robert Blake in September 1654 (styled as Commander of the Mediterranean Fleet). [2] The Fleet was in existence until 1967.

Contents

Pre-Second World War

Admiralty House in Valletta, Malta, official residence of the Commander-in-Chief from 1821 to 1961 Malta - Valletta - Triq Nofs-in-Nhar - National Museum of Fine Arts 05 ies.jpg
Admiralty House in Valletta, Malta, official residence of the Commander-in-Chief from 1821 to 1961
The Order of sailing in the Mediterranean fleet in 1842 The Order of Sailing in the Mediterranean fleet in 1842. (caricature) RMG PU4793.jpg
The Order of sailing in the Mediterranean fleet in 1842

The Royal Navy gained a foothold in the Mediterranean Sea when Gibraltar was captured by the British in 1704 during the War of Spanish Succession, and formally allocated to Britain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. [3] Though the British had maintained a naval presence in the Mediterranean before, the capture of Gibraltar allowed the British to establish their first naval base there. The British also used Port Mahon, on the island of Menorca, as a naval base. However, British control there was only temporary; Menorca changed hands numerous times, and was permanently ceded to Spain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. [4] In 1800, the British took Malta, which was to be handed over to the Knights of Malta under the Treaty of Amiens. When the Napoleonic Wars resumed in 1803, the British kept Malta for use as a naval base. Following Napoleon's defeat, the British continued their presence in Malta, and turned it into the main base for the Mediterranean Fleet. Between the 1860s and 1900s, the British undertook a number of projects to improve the harbours and dockyard facilities, and Malta's harbours were sufficient to allow the entire fleet to be safely moored there. [5] [6]

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the Mediterranean Fleet was the largest single squadron of the Royal Navy, with ten first-class battleships—double the number in the Channel Fleet—and a large number of smaller warships. [7]

On 22 June 1893, the bulk of the fleet, eight battleships and three large cruisers, were conducting their annual summer exercises off Tripoli, Lebanon, when the fleet's flagship, the battleship HMS Victoria, collided with the battleship HMS Camperdown. Victoria sank within fifteen minutes, taking 358 crew with her. Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, was among the dead. [8]

Of the three original Invincible-class battlecruisers which entered service in the first half of 1908, two (Inflexible and Indomitable) joined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1914. They and Indefatigable formed the nucleus of the fleet at the start of the First World War when British forces pursued the German ships Goeben and Breslau. [9]

A recently modernised Warspite became the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief and Second-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet in 1926. [10]

Second World War

Malta, as part of the British Empire from 1814, was a shipping station and was the headquarters for the Mediterranean Fleet until the mid-1930s. Due to the perceived threat of air-attack from the Italian mainland, the fleet was moved to Alexandria, Egypt, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. [11]

Sir Andrew Cunningham took command of the fleet from Warspite on 3 September 1939, and under him the major formations of the Fleet were the 1st Battle Squadron (Warspite, Barham, and Malaya) 1st Cruiser Squadron (Devonshire, Shropshire, and Sussex), 3rd Cruiser Squadron (Arethusa, Penelope, Galatea), Rear Admiral John Tovey, with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Destroyer Flotillas, and the aircraft carrier Glorious. [12]

In 1940, the Mediterranean Fleet carried out a successful aircraft carrier attack on the Italian Fleet at Taranto by air. Other major actions included the Battle of Cape Matapan and the Battle of Crete. The Fleet had to block Italian and later German reinforcements and supplies for the North African Campaign. [13]

Post war

Villa Portelli, official residence of the Commander-in-Chief from 1961 to 1967 (and then of Flag Officer Malta from 1967 until 1979). Villa Portelli (1).jpg
Villa Portelli, official residence of the Commander-in-Chief from 1961 to 1967 (and then of Flag Officer Malta from 1967 until 1979).

In October 1946, Saumarez hit a mine in the Corfu Channel, starting a series of events known as the Corfu Channel Incident. The channel was cleared in "Operation Recoil" the next month, involving 11 minesweepers under the guidance of Ocean, two cruisers, three destroyers, and three frigates. [14] : 154 

In May 1948, Sir Arthur Power took over as Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean, and in his first act arranged a show of force to discourage the crossing of Jewish refugees into Palestine. When later that year Britain pulled out of the British Mandate of Palestine, Ocean, four destroyers, and two frigates escorted the departing High Commissioner, aboard the cruiser Euryalus. The force stayed to cover the evacuation of British troops into the Haifa enclave and south via Gaza. [15]

From 1952 to 1967, the post of Commander in Chief Mediterranean Fleet was given a dual-hatted role as NATO Commander in Chief of Allied Forces Mediterranean in charge of all forces assigned to NATO in the Mediterranean Area. The British made strong representations within NATO in discussions regarding the development of the Mediterranean NATO command structure, wishing to retain their direction of NATO naval command in the Mediterranean to protect their sea lines of communication running through the Mediterranean to the Middle East and Far East. [16] When a NATO naval commander, Admiral Robert B. Carney, C-in-C Allied Forces Southern Europe, was appointed, relations with the incumbent British C-in-C, Admiral Sir John Edelsten, were frosty. Edlesten, on making an apparently friendly offer of the use of communications facilities to Carney, who initially lacked secure communications facilities, was met with "I'm not about to play Faust to your Mephistopheles through the medium of communications!" [16] : 261 

In 1956, ships of the fleet, together with the French Navy, took part in the Suez War against Egypt. [17]

From 1957 to 1959, Rear Admiral Charles Madden held the post of Flag Officer, Malta, with responsibilities for three squadrons of minesweepers, an amphibious warfare squadron, and a flotilla of submarines stationed at the bases around Valletta Harbour. In this capacity, he had to employ considerable diplomatic skill to maintain good relations with Dom Mintoff, the nationalistic prime minister of Malta. [18]

In the 1960s, as the importance of maintaining the link between the United Kingdom and British territories and commitments East of Suez decreased as the Empire was dismantled, and the focus of Cold War naval responsibilities moved to the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Fleet was gradually drawn down, finally disbanding in June 1967. Eric Grove, in Vanguard to Trident, details how by the mid-1960s the permanent strength of the Fleet was "reduced to a single small escort squadron [appears to have been 30th Escort Squadron with HMS Brighton, HMS Cassandra, HMS Aisne plus another ship] and a coastal minesweeper squadron." [14] : 297  Deployments to the Beira Patrol and elsewhere reduced the escort total in 1966 from four to two ships, and then to no frigates at all. The Fleet's assets and area of responsibility were absorbed into the new Western Fleet. As a result of this change, the UK relinquished the NATO post of Commander in Chief, Allied Forces Mediterranean, which was abolished. [19]

Principal officers

Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Sea

Note: This list is incomplete. The majority of officers listed were appointed as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Sea sometimes Commander-in-Chief, at the Mediterranean Sea earlier officers appointed to command either fleets/squadrons stationed in the Mediterranean for particular operations were styled differently see notes next to their listing

Commander-in-chiefFromToFlagshipNote
General at Sea Robert Blake [20] [21] September 1654August 1657 Swiftsure
Naseby
George 		Styled as Commander of the Fleet for the Mediterranean and Commander of the Mediterranean Fleet. Died on board George.
Admiral Sir Thomas Allin [22] August 1668September 1670 Monmouth
Resolution
Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Spragge September 1670March 1672 Revenge
Rupert
Admiral Sir John Narborough October 1674April 1679 Henrietta
Plymouth
Admiral Arthur Herbert April 1679June 1683 Rupert
Bristol
Tiger
Admiral Lord Dartmouth August 1683February 1684 Captain
Captain Cloudesley Shovell February 16841686 James Galley
Vice-Admiral Henry Killigrew July 1686June 1690 Dragon
Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Wheler November 1693February 1694 Sussex Killed in a shipwreck in Gibraltar Bay
Admiral of the Fleet Edward Russell June 1694August 1695
Admiral Sir George Rooke [23] August 1695April 1696 Queen
Vice-Admiral John Nevell [24] [25] October 1696August 1697 Cambridge Died on board Cambridge.
Vice-Admiral Matthew Aylmer September 1698November 1699 Boyne
Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell March 1703September 1703 Triumph
Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Rooke February 1704September 1704 Royal Katharine
Vice-Admiral Sir John Leake September 1704May 1705 Prince George
Admiral Lord Peterborough May 1705March 1707Joint admiral with Sir Cloudesley Shovell.
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Cloudesley Shovell [26] [27] May 1705October 1707Joint admiral with Lord Peterborough. Killed in the Scilly naval disaster of 1707.
Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Dilkes October 1707December 1707Died of a chill at Leghorn.
Admiral Sir John Leake [28] [29] January 1708September 1708 Albemarle
Admiral George Byng [30] December 1708Autumn 1709Styled as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Squadron.
Admiral Sir John Norris [24] [31] December 1709November 1710
Admiral Sir John Jennings [24] [32] November 1710December 1713 Blenheim
Admiral Sir James Wishart [24] [33] December 17131715 Rippon
Vice-Admiral John Baker [24] [34] May 1715October 1716 Lion
Vice-Admiral Charles Cornwall [24] [35] October 1716March 1718
Admiral of the Fleet George Byng [36] March 1718October 1720 Barfleur Styled as Commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet.
Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Wager January 1727April 1728
Admiral Sir Charles Wager August 1731December 1731 Namur
Commodore George Clinton [24] [37] 17361738
Vice-Admiral Nicholas Haddock [24] [38] May 1738February 1742
Rear-Admiral Richard Lestock [24] [39] February 1742March 1742 Neptune
Admiral Thomas Mathews [24] [39] March 1742June 1744
Vice-Admiral William Rowley [24] [40] August 1744July 1745 Neptune
Vice-Admiral Henry Medley [24] [41] July 1745August 1747 Russell Died of fever at Vado.
Vice-Admiral John Byng [42] August 1747August 1748 Princess
Rear-Admiral John Forbes [43] August 1748October 1748As Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean.
Commodore Augustus Keppel March 1749July 1751 Centurion
Commodore George Edgcumbe 1751April 1756 Monmouth
Deptford
Admiral John Byng April 1756July 1756
Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hawke July 1756January 1757 Ramillies
Rear-Admiral Charles Saunders [44] January 1757May 1757

Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet

Commanders-in-chief on the Mediterranean Station 1792-1883 Commanders in Chief of the Mediterranean Station 1.jpg
Commanders-in-chief on the Mediterranean Station 1792–1883
Commanders-in-chief on the Mediterranean Station, 1886-1957 Commanders in Chief of the Mediterranean Station, 1886-1957.jpg
Commanders-in-chief on the Mediterranean Station, 1886–1957

The first Commander-in-Chief for the Mediterranean Fleet may have been named as early as 1665. [45] Commanders-in-chief have included: [46] [47]

Commander-in-chiefFromToFlagshipNote
Admiral Henry Osborn [48] May 1757March 1758
Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Saunders April 1760April 1763
Commodore Richard Spry May 1766November 1769
Rear-Admiral Richard Howe [49] November 1770June 1774
Vice-Admiral Robert Man [50] June 1774September 1777
Vice-Admiral Robert Duff [50] September 1777January 1780 Panther
Commodore John Elliot January 1780February 1780 Edgar
No fleet present [50] February 1780December 1783
Commodore Sir John Lindsay December 1783July 1785 Trusty
Commodore Phillips Cosby July 1785January 1789 Trusty
Rear-Admiral Joseph Peyton 17891792
Rear-Admiral Samuel Granston Goodall 17921793
Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood February 1793October 1794
Vice-Admiral Lord Hotham October 1794November 1795
Vice-Admiral Lord Jervis 17961799
Vice-Admiral Lord Keith November 17991802
Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton 18021803
Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson [46] [51] May 1803October 1805 Victory Killed at Battle of Trafalgar
Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood 18051810
Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton [52] 18101811
Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew 18111814
Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Penrose 18141815
Vice-Admiral Lord Exmouth 18151816
Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Penrose 18161818
Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Fremantle [53] 18181820
Vice-Admiral Sir Graham Moore 18201823
Vice-Admiral Sir Harry Burrard-Neale 18231826
Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Codrington 18261828
Vice-Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm 18281831
Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Hotham [46] [51] 30 March 183119 April 1833Died 19 April 1833
Vice-Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm 3 May 183318 December 1833
Vice-Admiral Sir Josias Rowley 18 December 18339 February 1837
Admiral Sir Robert Stopford 9 February 183714 October 1841
Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Mason 31 October 1841April 1842
Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Owen April 184227 February 1845
Vice-Admiral Sir William Parker 27 February 184513 July 1846Parker was briefly First Naval Lord in July 1846 but requested permission to return to the Mediterranean on ground of his health. [54]
Vice-Admiral Sir William Parker 24 July 184617 January 1852
Rear-Admiral Sir James Dundas 17 January 18521854Vice-Adm. 17 December 1852
Rear-Admiral Sir Edmund Lyons 185422 February 1858Vice-Adm. 19 March 1857
Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur Fanshawe 22 February 185819 April 1860 Marlborough [55]
Vice-Admiral Sir William Martin 19 April 186020 April 1863Marlborough [56]
Vice-Admiral Sir Robert Smart 20 April 186328 April 1866Marlborough [57] then Victoria [58]
Vice-Admiral Lord Clarence Paget 28 April 186628 April 1869Victoria then Caledonia [59]
Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Milne 28 April 186925 October 1870 Lord Warden [60] Adm. 1 April 1870
Vice-Admiral Sir Hastings Yelverton 25 October 187013 January 1874Lord Warden [61]
Vice-Admiral Sir James Drummond 13 January 187415 January 1877Lord Warden then Hercules [62]
Vice-Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hornby 5 January 18775 February 1880 Alexandra [63] Adm. 15 June 1879
Vice-Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour 5 February 18807 February 1883 Inconstant and Alexandra [64] Adm. 6 May 1882
Vice-Admiral Lord John Hay 7 February 18835 February 1886 Alexandra [65] Adm. 8 July 1884
Vice-Admiral H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh 5 February 188611 March 1889 Alexandra [66] : 222 Adm. 18 October 1887
Vice-Admiral Sir Anthony Hoskins 11 March 188920 August 1891 Alexandra Mar 89 – Dec 89
Camperdown Dec 89 – May 90
Victoria May 90 onwards [66] : 222, 320, 336 		Adm. 20 June 1891
Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon 20 August 189122 June 1893 Victoria [67] Died in commission; lost in Victoria
Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour 29 June 189310 November 1896 Ramillies [66] : 362 
Admiral Sir John Hopkins 10 November 18961 July 1899 Ramillies [68]
Admiral Sir John Fisher 1 July 18994 June 1902 [69] Renown
Admiral Sir Compton Domvile [70] 4 June 1902June 1905 Bulwark [68]
Admiral Lord Charles Beresford [71] [72] [73] appointed 1 May 1905
assumed command 6 June 1905		February 1907 Bulwark
Admiral Sir Charles Drury [74] appointed 5 March 1907
assumed command 27 March 1907		1908 Queen
Admiral Sir Assheton Curzon-Howe [75] [76] appointed 20 November 1908
assumed command 20 November 1908		1910 Exmouth
Admiral Sir Edmund Poë [76] [77] appointed 30 April 1910
assumed command 30 April 1910		November 1912 Exmouth [68]
Admiral Sir Berkley Milne [78] [79] : 287, 289, 422  [80] appointed 1 June 1912
assumed command 12 June 1912		27 August 1914 Inflexible
During World War I plans were put in place to separate the Mediterranean into specific areas of responsibility. The British were charged with responsibility for Gibraltar, Malta, Egyptian coast, and Aegean in August 1917 Vice Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe became CinC, MF commanding all British forces in the Mediterranean. Overall allied command would remain under the control of the Allied Commander in Chief, who was the head of the French Navy. Vice-Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe was also responsible for coordinating other allied forces in Mediterranean. British forces were divided into a number of sub-commands namely Gibraltar, Malta, the British Adriatic Squadron, the British Aegean Squadron, the Egypt Division and Red Sea and the Black Sea and Marmora Force. [81] Post titles have been put in bold in the notes column.
Admiral Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe [79] : 323  [82] : 80  [83] [84] 26 August 191725 July 1919 Superb Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean
Vice Admiral Sir John de Robeck [82] : 85 & 94  [85] 26 July 191914 May 1922 Iron Duke
Vice Admiral Sir Osmond Brock [82] : 92  [86] 15 May 19227 June 1925 Iron Duke Admiral 31 July 1924
Admiral Sir Roger Keyes [87] 8 June 19257 June 1928 Warspite
Admiral Sir Frederick Field 8 June 192828 May 1930 Queen Elizabeth [82] : 121 
Admiral Sir Ernle Chatfield [88] 27 May 193031 October 1932 Queen Elizabeth [82]
Admiral Sir William Fisher [89] [82] [90] [91] 31 October 193219 March 1936 Resolution later Queen Elizabeth [82] : 121 & 123 
Admiral Sir Dudley Pound [82] : 140 
[90] [92] 		20 March 193631 May 1939 Queen Elizabeth [68]
During World War II, the Fleet was split in two for a period. Post titles in the notes column.
Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham [92] [93] [94] 1 June 1939
6 June 1939
assumed command		March 1942 Warspite August 1939
HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) April 1940
Warspite February 1941		Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. Vice-Admiral Cunningham was given acting rank of Admiral on 1 June 1940, and promoted to Admiral on 3 January 1941.
Admiral Sir Henry Harwood [94] 22 April 1942February 1943Warspite
HMS Nile (base, Alexandria) Aug 1942		Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. Vice-Admiral Harwood was given acting rank of Admiral.
Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham [92] [93] [94] 1 November 194220 February 1943HMS Hannibal (base, Algiers)Naval Commander Expeditionary Force (NCXF) North Africa and Mediterranean
In February 1943 the Fleet was divided into a command of ships and a command of ports & naval bases:
Mediterranean Fleet: Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet, 15th Cruiser Squadron, Cdre. (D)
Levant: Commander-in-Chief, Levant, Alexandria, Malta, Port Said, Haifa, Bizerta, Tripoli, Mersa Matruh, Benghazi, Aden, Bone, Bougie, Philippeville
C-in-C Levant was renamed C-in-C Levant and Eastern Mediterranean in late December 1943. [95]

In January 1944 the two separate commands were re-unified with the Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean (FOLEM) reporting to the C-in-C Mediterranean. [96]

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham [92] [93] [94] 20 February 194315 October 1943HMS Hannibal (base, Algiers/Taranto)Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet.
Admiral Sir John Cunningham [93] [94] 15 October 1943February 1946 HMS Hannibal (base, Algiers/Taranto)Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Station & Allied Naval Commander Mediterranean
Admiral Sir Algernon Willis [97] 19461948 HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) [68]
Admiral Sir Arthur Power 19481950HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) [68] Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean
Admiral Sir John Edelsten 19501952HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) [68] Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean
Admiral Earl Mountbatten of Burma 19521954HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) [68] Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean
Admiral Sir Guy Grantham [98] 10 Dec 195410 Apr 57HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) [68]
Vice Admiral Sir Ralph Edwards 10 Apr 5711 Nov 58HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) [68]
Admiral Sir Charles Lambe 11 Nov 582 Feb 59HMS Phoenicia (base, Malta) [68]
Admiral Sir Alexander Bingley 2 Feb 5930 Jun 61HMS Phoenicia (base, Malta) [68]
Admiral Sir Deric Holland-Martin 30 Jun 611 Feb 64HMS Phoenicia (base, Malta) [68]
Admiral Sir John Hamilton [14] : 297 1 Feb 19645 June 1967HMS St Angelo (base, Malta) [68]

Chief of Staff

The Chief of Staff was the principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief.

NameDate/sNotes/Ref
Chief of Staff Mediterranean Fleet 1893 to 1967 [lower-alpha 1] [94]
Additional Chief of Staff, Mediterranean Fleet 1943 to 1944 [lower-alpha 2] [94]

Fleet Headquarters

The Mediterranean Fleets shore headquarters was initially based at Port Mahon Dockyard, Minorca for most of the eighteenth century. It rotated between Gibraltar and Malta from 1791 to 1812. From 1813 to July 1939 it was permanently at Malta Dockyard. In August 1939 the C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet moved his HQ afloat on board HMS Warspite until April 1940. He was then back onshore at Malta until February 1941. He transferred it again to HMS Warspite until July 1942. In August 1942 headquarters were moved to Alexandria where they remained from June 1940 to February 1943. HQ was changed again but this time in rotation between Algiers and Taranto until June 1944. [94] It then moved back to Malta until it was abolished in 1967.

Senior Flag Officers with fleet responsibilities
In command unit or formationDate/sNotes/Ref
Second-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet 1861–1939 [99]
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Light Forces and Second-in-Command Mediterranean Fleet 1940–1942 [94]
Vice-Admiral (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers 1922 to 1965 [94] [lower-alpha 3]
Flag Officer, Air and Second-in-Command, Mediterranean Fleet 1947–1958 [94]
Flag Officer, Mediterranean Aircraft Carriers 1940 to 1943 [100]
Rear-Admiral (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers 1922 to 1965 [94] [lower-alpha 4]
Rear-Admiral, Mediterranean Fleet 1903 to 1905 [101]
Commodore (D) Commanding, Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers 1922 to 1965 [94] [lower-alpha 5]

Subordinate formations

Note: At various times included the following.

In command of unit or formationDate/sNotes and Ref
Admiral Superintendent Malta 1832 to 1934 [94]
Commodore, Adriatic Patrols 1915 to 1918 [102]
Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers December 1942 to February 1943 [94] [lower-alpha 6]
Commodore, Smyrna 1919 to 1920 [103]
Commodore Commanding, British Adriatic Force 1917 to 1919
Commodore Commanding, Red Sea Division 1884 to 1885
Flag Officer Commanding Force H 1940 to 1941 [94]
Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and Canal Area May 1942 to February 1943
Flag Officer, Gibraltar 1902 to 1939, 1946 to 1967 [94]
Flag Officer, Gibraltar and North Atlantic May to November 1939 [94] [lower-alpha 7]
Flag Officer, Gibraltar and Mediterranean Approaches 1943 to 1946 [94]
Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean 1944 to 1946 [94]
Flag Officer, Malta 1934 to 1943, 1946 to 1963 [94]
Flag Officer, Malta and Central Mediterranean 1943 to 1946
Flag Officer, Red Sea October 1941 to May 1942 [lower-alpha 8]
Flag Officer, Western Mediterranean July 1944 to May 1945
Rear-Admiral, Alexandria 1939 to 1944 [94] [lower-alpha 9]
Rear-Admiral, Egypt and Red Sea 1917 to 1920
Rear-Admiral, Training Establishment Mediterranean May to August 1942 [94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding 1st Cruiser Squadron 1914 to 1915, 1924 to 1939, 1947 to 1955 [94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding 2nd Cruiser Squadron 1946 to 1947
Rear-Admiral Commanding, 3rd Cruiser Squadron 1939 to 1941 [94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding, 6th Cruiser Squadron 1910 to 1912
Rear-Admiral Commanding, 12th Cruiser Squadron 1942 to 1943
Rear-Admiral Commanding, 15th Cruiser Squadron 1942 to 1944 [94]
Rear-Admiral Commanding, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Sea of Marmora 1918 to 1919 [104]
Rear-Admiral Commanding, British Adriatic Squadron 1915 to 1917 [lower-alpha 10] [105]
Rear-Admiral Commanding, British Aegean Squadron 1917 to 1918
Rear-Admiral Commanding, Mediterranean Cruiser Squadron 1912
Rear-Admiral, Second-in-Command, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron 1915 to 1918 [lower-alpha 11]
Senior British Naval Officer, Suez Canal Area 1939 to 1942 [94]
Senior Naval Officer-in-Charge, Suez 1941 to 1942 [106]
Senior Naval Officer, Mudros 1915 to 1918 [107]
Vice-Admiral Commanding 1st Battle Squadron 1939 to 1941 [94]
Vice-Admiral Commanding, 2nd Aircraft Carrier Squadron 1947 to 1951
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Battlecruiser Squadron 1947 to 1951
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron 1937 to 1939
Vice-Admiral-in-Charge, Malta 1937 to 1941 [94]

Parts of the Admiral of Patrols' Auxiliary Patrol during World War One were within the Mediterranean. Several patrol zones were under British authority.

Major support sub-commands

Note: At various times included the following.

In command of unit or formationDate/sNotes and Ref
Principal Naval Transport Officer, Mudros 31 August 1915 – 20 January 1916Commodore-in-Command [108]
Principal Naval Transport Officer, Salonika 20 January 1916 – June, 1916Commodore-in-Command [109]

Minor shore sub-commands

Included: [lower-alpha 12]

LocationIn CommandDatesNotes/Ref
Aden Naval Officer-in-Charge, Aden 1935 to 1938 [94]
Alexandria Naval Officer-in-Charge, Cyprian Ports 1941 to 1943 [94]
Bone Naval Officer-in-Charge, Bone January to February 1943 [94]
Bougie Naval Officer-in-Charge, Bougie January to February 1943 [94]
Brindisi British Senior Naval Officer, Brindisi 1916 to 1918 [110]
Genoa Senior Naval Officer, Genoa 1919
Gibraltar Senior Officer, Gibraltar 1889 to 1902 [111]
Haifa Naval Officer in Charge, Haifa 1935 to 1939 [94]
Haifa Naval Officer-in-Charge, Palestinian Ports 1940 to 1943 [94]
Mersa Matruh Naval Officer-in-Charge, Mersa Matruh 1941 to 1943 [94]
Mudros Captain of Base, Mudros 1918 to 1920 [112]
Phillippeville Naval Officer-in-Charge, Phillippeville January to February 1943 [94]
Port Said Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Said December, 1916 to February 1943 [94]
Salonika Divisional Naval Transport Officer, Salonika 26 January 1917 to 16 April 1919
Taranto Senior Naval Officer, Taranto December, 1918 to March 1919 [113]
Trieste Naval Transport Officer in Charge, Trieste January 1916 to December 1918 [114]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Chief of Staff was the principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief.
  2. ↑ The Additional Chief of Staff was the staff officer responsible for providing administrative support to the principle staff officer (PSO).
  3. ↑ Command of the Mediterranean Fleets destroyer flotillas rotated between flag officers different ranks such as Vice-Admiral (D)
  4. ↑ Command of the Mediterranean Fleets destroyer flotillas rotated between flag officers different ranks such as Rear-Admiral (D)
  5. ↑ Command of the Mediterranean Fleets destroyer flotillas rotated between flag officers different ranks such as Commodore (D)
  6. ↑ Commodore, Algeria reported to the C-in-C, Med Fleet from December 1942 to February 1943 the officer then reports to C-in-C, Levant until December 1943
  7. ↑ The Flag Officer, Gibraltar and North Atlantic was elevated to the rank of Admiral from November 1939 until 1943 and did not report to the C-in-C, Med Fleet during this period
  8. ↑ The Senior Officer, Red Sea Force was established in 1939 who reported to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station. On 21 October 1941 the title is changed to the Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and his command but now reporting to the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet until 17 May 1942. On 18 May 1942 the title is changed again to Flag Officer, Commanding Red Sea and Canal Area and his reporting line changed again to the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet.
  9. ↑ Rear-Admiral, Alexandria reported to the C-in-C, Med Fleet from November 1939 to February 1943 the officer then reports to C-in-C, Levant until December 1943
  10. ↑ The British Adriatic Squadron was later renamed British Adriatic Force
  11. ↑ Rear-Admiral, Second-in-Command, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron reporting to VAdm, Commanding Eastern Mediterranean Squadron.
  12. ↑ In February 1943 all existing shore based commands were transferred under the Commander-in-Chief, Levant until January 1944 they then came back under the control of the C-in-C Med Fleet.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Home Fleet</span> Former naval fleet of the Royal Navy

The Home Fleet was a fleet of the Royal Navy that operated from the United Kingdom's territorial waters from 1902 with intervals until 1967. In 1967, it was merged with the Mediterranean Fleet creating the new Western Fleet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)</span> Former naval fleet of the Royal Navy

The Atlantic Fleet was a naval fleet of the Royal Navy. It existed for two periods; 1909 until 1914, and then 1919 until 1932.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Channel Fleet</span> Former naval fleet of the Royal Navy

The Channel Fleet and originally known as the Channel Squadron was the Royal Navy formation of warships that defended the waters of the English Channel from 1854 to 1909 and 1914 to 1915.

The 6th Battle Squadron was a squadron of the British Royal Navy consisting of Battleships serving in the Grand Fleet and existed from 1913 to 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle Cruiser Fleet</span> Former naval fleet of the Royal Navy

The Battle Cruiser Fleet, (BCF), later known as Battle Cruiser Force, a naval formation of fast battlecruisers of the Royal Navy, operated from 1915 to 1919.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st Cruiser Squadron</span> Military unit

The First Cruiser Squadron was a Royal Navy squadron of cruisers that saw service as part of the Grand Fleet during World War I, then later as part of the Mediterranean during the Interwar period and World War II. It was first established in 1904 and existed until 1952.

Admiral Sir Francis William Sullivan, 6th Baronet KCB CMG was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station.

The Second Fleet was a reserve formation of the Royal Navy that briefly existed before the First World War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deputy First Sea Lord</span>

The Deputy First Sea Lord (D.F.S.L.) was a senior Royal Navy flag officer on the Board of Admiralty of the Royal Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Adriatic Squadron</span> Military unit

The British Adriatic Squadron, or simply the Adriatic Squadron and later known as the British Adriatic Force, was a military formation of the Mediterranean Fleet during World War I based at Taranto from 1915–19.

The Flag Officer-in-Charge, Humber was a Royal Navy officer who administered naval forces located at Immingham and Grimsby, Lincolnshire, England. His formation was sometimes known as the Humber Station or Humber Area. In World War I it was a sub-command of the Admiral of Patrols from 1914 to 1916, then came under the Commander-in-Chief at the Nore until 1921. In World War II the FOIC was responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, The Nore.

The 1st Destroyer Flotilla, also styled as the First Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the British Royal Navy from 1909 to 1940 and again from 1947 to 1951.

The British 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, also styled as Third Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from 1909 to 1939 and again from 1945 to 1951.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4th Destroyer Flotilla</span> Military unit

The British 4th Destroyer Flotilla or Fourth Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from August 1909 to July 1951.

The Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf, was a Royal Navy command appointment who was responsible for administering the Persian Gulf Station military formation including its establishments and naval forces known as the Persian Gulf Squadron later called the Persian Gulf Division. Initially located at Basidu, Qishm Island, in Persia, then Henjam Island in Persia (1911–1935), and finally Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain (1935–1972).

The14th Destroyer Flotilla, or Fourteenth Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the British Royal Navy from April 1916 to 11 February 1919 and again from 1 June 1940 to January 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Mediterranean Squadron</span> Military unit

The Eastern Mediterranean Squadron later known as the British Aegean Squadron was a naval formation of the Mediterranean Fleet based at Mudros from 1914 to 1916. It then alternated between Mudros on the island of Lemnos and Salonika from 1917 to 1919.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red Sea and Canal Area</span> Military unit

The Red Sea Station was a military formation of the Royal Navy. At various times it has also been referred to as Egypt Division and Red Sea and later the Red Sea and Canal Area. The Royal Navy had distinct formations for the Red Sea at intervals from 1846 until circa 1944-45.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Sea and Caspian Squadron</span> Military unit

The Black Sea and Caspian Squadron, also known as the Black Sea and Marmora Force and the Black Sea and Marmora Division, was a naval formation of the British Mediterranean Fleet from 1918 to 1919.

References

  1. ↑ "Admiralty and Ministry of Defence: Mediterranean Station: Correspondence and Papers". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives, 1800–1964, ADM 121. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  2. ↑ Davies, J. D. (2008). "Strategy and Deployment". Pepys's Navy: Ships, Men and Warfare 1649–89. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 236. ISBN   9781783830220.
  3. ↑ "Gibraltar and other empire leftovers". BBC. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  4. ↑ "Minorca: Brief History". British Empire. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  5. ↑ "Indexes of men in the Mediterranean Fleet 1881". Malta Family History.
  6. ↑ "Malta". Sea Your History.
  7. ↑ "Commissioned ships of the Royal Navy". Sunlight Almanac. 1895.
  8. ↑ "Terrible Naval Disaster". The Argus. Trove. 24 June 1893.
  9. ↑ Roberts, John (1999). Battlecruisers. Annapolis, MD.: Naval Institute Press. p. 122. ISBN   1-55750-068-1.
  10. ↑ Ballantyne, Iain (2013). Warspite, From Jutland Hero to Cold War Warrior. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. p. 72. ISBN   978-1-84884-350-9.
  11. ↑ "The Fleet at Alexandria". British Pathe. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  12. ↑ Niehorster, Leo. "Mediterranean Fleet, 3 September 1939". World War II Armed Forces.
  13. ↑ "British Navy in the Mediterranean". Naval-History.net. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  14. 1 2 3 Grove, Eric J. (1987). Vanguard to Trident: British Naval Policy since World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-0870215520.
  15. ↑ "Evacuation Of Troops From Haifa AKA Evacuation". British Pathe. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  16. 1 2 Maloney, Sean (1991). To Secure Command of the Sea (Thesis). University of New Brunswick. pp. 258–261.
  17. ↑ Coles, Michael H. (Autumn 2006). "Suez, 1956: A Successful Naval Operation Compromised by Inept Political Leadership". Naval War College Review. 59 (4). Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  18. ↑ van der Vat, Dan (4 May 2001). "Obituary: Admiral Sir Charles Madden". The Guardian .
  19. ↑ "Royal Navy (Command System)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . 5 June 1967. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  20. ↑ Davies, J. D. (2008). "Strategy and Deployment". Pepys's Navy: Ships, Men and Warfare 1649–89. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 236. ISBN   9781783830220.
  21. ↑ Harrison, Simon (2010–2018). "Robert Blake (1598–1657)". threedecks.org. S. Harrison. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  22. ↑ Laughton, John Knox. "Allin, Thomas"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 01. pp. 332–333.
  23. ↑ Harrison, Simon (2010–2018). "Commander-in-Chief at The Mediterranean Sea". threedecks.org. S. Harrison. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Harrison
  25. ↑ Laughton, John Knox. "Nevell, John"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 40. pp. 242–243.
  26. ↑ Harrison, Simon (2010–2018). "Sir Cloudisley Shovell (1650–1707)". threedecks.org. S. Harrison. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  27. ↑ "The 1707 Isles of Scilly Disaster – Part 1". rmg.co.uk. Greenwich, London: Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  28. ↑ Laughton, John Knox. "Leake, John (1656-1720)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 32. pp. 317–320.
  29. ↑ "Vice-Admiral Sir John Leake (1656–1720) – National Maritime Museum". collections.rmg.co.uk. London: Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  30. ↑ Owen, John Hely (2010). War at Sea Under Queen Anne 1702–1708. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN   9781108013383.
  31. ↑ Aldridge, David Denis (2009). Admiral Sir John Norris and the British Naval Expeditions to the Baltic Sea 1715–1727. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. p. 74. ISBN   9789185509317.
  32. ↑ Laughton, John Knox. "Jennings, John"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 29. pp. 330–331.
  33. ↑ "Sir James Wishart, c. 1659–1723 – National Maritime Museum". collections.rmg.co.uk. London: Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  34. ↑ British and Foreign State Papers. London: H.M. Stationery Office. 1841. p. 735.
  35. ↑ Polsue, Joseph (1870). A Complete Parochial History of the County of Cornwall: Compiled from the Best Authorities & Corrected and Improved from Actual Survey; Illustrated. England: W. Lake. p. 165.
  36. ↑ Harrison, Simon (2010–2018). "George Byng (1663/64–1732/33)". threedecks.org. S. Harrison. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  37. ↑ Dietz, Theodore (2012). Dutch Esopus / Wiltwyck / Kingston Memories. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Dorrance Publishing. p. 54. ISBN   9781434915078.
  38. ↑ Stewart, William (2014). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 152. ISBN   9780786482887.
  39. 1 2 Bruce, Anthony; Cogar, William (2014). Encyclopedia of Naval History. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 240. ISBN   9781135935344.
  40. ↑ Hawke, Baron Edward Hawke; Mackay, Ruddock F. (1990). The Hawke papers: a selection, 1743–1771. Riga, Latvia: Scolar Press for the Navy Records Society. p. 4. ISBN   9780859678308.
  41. ↑ Richmond, Rear-Admiral H. W. (1930). "VI". the navy in the war of 1739–48. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive.
  42. ↑ Stewart, William (2014). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 52. ISBN   9780786482887.
  43. ↑ Laughton, John Knox. "Forbes, John (1714-1796)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 19. pp. 404–405.
  44. ↑ Clarke, (first name unknown) (1833). The Georgian Era: Military and naval commanders. Judges and barristers. Physicians and surgeons. London: Vizetelly, Branston and Company. p.  176.
  45. ↑ "Other Data". Naval Biographical Database.
  46. 1 2 3 Davis, Peter. "Principal Royal Navy Commanders-in-Chief 1830–1899". William Loney RN.
  47. ↑ Whitaker's Almanacks 1900–1967
  48. ↑ "Osborn, Henry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20878.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  49. ↑ "Howe, Richard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13963.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  50. 1 2 3 "Mediterranean Fleet". More than Nelson. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  51. 1 2 Hotham family tree
  52. ↑ "Cotton, Charles". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6411.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  53. ↑ "Fremantle, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10159.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  54. ↑ "Parker, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21348.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  55. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Arthur Fanshawe R.N." William Loney RN.
  56. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of William Fanshawe Martin R.N." William Loney RN.
  57. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Mid-Victorian RN Vessel HMS Marlborough". William Loney RN.
  58. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Robert Smart R. N." William Loney RN.
  59. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Lord Clarence Edward Paget R. N." William Loney RN.
  60. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Alexander Milne R. N." William Loney RN.
  61. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Hastings Reginald Yelverton R. N." William Loney RN.
  62. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of James Robert Drummond R. N." William Loney RN.
  63. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Hornby R. N." William Loney RN.
  64. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Frederick Beachamp Paget Seymour R. N." William Loney RN.
  65. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Lord John Hay R. N." William Loney RN.
  66. 1 2 3 Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships: "Warrior" to "Vanguard", 1860–1950. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   1-55750-075-4.
  67. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of George Tryon R. N." William Loney RN.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Pack, S. W. C. (1971). Sea Power in the Mediterranean: A study from the struggle for sea power in the Mediterranean from the seventeenth century to the present day. London: Arthur Barker. p. 232. ISBN   0-213-00394-5.
  69. ↑ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36781. London. 30 May 1902. p. 10.
  70. ↑ Davis, Peter. "Biography of Compton Edward Domville [sic] R. N." William Loney RN.
  71. ↑ Navy List July Dec 1906
  72. ↑ Bennett, Geoffrey (1968). Charlie B, a Biography of Admiral Lord Beresford of Metemmeh and Curraghmore GCB GCVO LLD DCL. Peter Dawnay. pp. 267 & 282.
  73. ↑ Beresford, Lord Charles (1914). The Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford. Methuen. p.  508.
  74. ↑ Navy List July 1908
  75. ↑ Navy List Jan 1909
  76. 1 2 "The Papers of Reginald McKenna". Janus.
  77. ↑ Navy List Jan 1911
  78. ↑ Navy List Feb 1913
  79. 1 2 Miller, Geoffrey (1996). Superior Force: The conspiracy behind the escape of Goeben and Breslau. Hull. ISBN   0-85958-635-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  80. ↑ "Who's Who: Sir Berkeley Milne". First World War.com.
  81. ↑ Watson, Graham. "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment, Inter-War Years 1914–1918". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith, 27 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 James, Admiral Sir William (1943). Admiral Sir William Fisher. Macmillan.
  83. ↑ "Somerset Gough-Calthorpe career". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  84. ↑ "RN World War I Flag Officers". gwpda.org.
  85. ↑ "John de Robeck career". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  86. ↑ "Osmond de Beauvoir Brock career". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  87. ↑ "Roger Keyes career". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  88. ↑ "Ernle Chatfield career". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  89. ↑ "Papers of Admiral Fisher". Janus.
  90. 1 2 "Dudley Pound career history". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  91. ↑ "Admiral Sir William Fisher career". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  92. 1 2 3 4 "Andrew Cunningham career". Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904–1945. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  93. 1 2 3 4 "World War II RN Officers C". Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  94. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Houterman, Jerome N.; Koppes, Jeroen (2004–2006). "Royal Navy, Mediterranean Fleet 1939–1945". www.unithistories.com. Houterman and Koppes. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  95. ↑ Watson, Graham. "Royal Navy Organisation in World War 2, 1939–1945". naval-history.net. Gordon Smith, 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  96. ↑ Stewart, Ninian (2013). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN   9781135283506.
  97. ↑ "Papers of Admiral Sir Algernon U. Willis". Janus.
  98. ↑ List from 1954 to 1964 from list at AFNORTH article
  99. ↑ Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Gordon Mackie, July 2018. p. 147. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  100. ↑ Watson, Graham (19 September 2015). "Royal Navy Organisation in World War 2, 1939–1945". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith.
  101. ↑ Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Gordon Mackie, July 2018. p. 148. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  102. ↑ Halpern, Paul G. (2004). The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I. USA: Indiana University Press. p. 130. ISBN   025311019X.
  103. ↑ "Flag Officers in Commission". The Navy List. London, England: H.M. Stationery Office. April 1920. p. 697.
  104. ↑ "British Naval Forces – Hansard". hansard.parliament.uk. House of Commons, Hansard, UK. 23 July 1919. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  105. ↑ Sondhaus, Lawrence (2014). The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 268. ISBN   9781107036901.
  106. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (23 August 2018). "Suez – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  107. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (19 August 2018). "Mudros – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  108. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (19 August 2018). "Mudros – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  109. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (23 August 2018). "Mudros – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  110. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (19 July 2017). "Brindisi – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  111. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony. "Gibraltar – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell, 26 November 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  112. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (19 August 2018). "Mudros – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  113. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (23 August 2018). "Taranto – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  114. ↑ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (21 August 2018). "Trieste – The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 28 September 2018.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.