4 x Rolls-Royce Marine Proteus gas turbines for lift and propulsion, each driving a single four-bladed variable-pitch propeller
Speed
70 knots (130km/h)
Capacity
up to 60 cars and 418 passengers
Hovercraft landing in CalaisBoarding a Hovercraft with a vehicle
The SR.N4 (Saunders-Roe Nautical 4)[1] hovercraft (also known as the Mountbatten class hovercraft) was a combined passenger and vehicle-carrying class of hovercraft. The type has the distinction of being the largest civil hovercraft to have ever been put into service.
Work on the SR.N4 was initiated in 1965 by Saunders-Roe. By the time that the vehicle's first trials took place in early 1968, Saunders-Roe had merged with Vickers' hovercraft division to form the British Hovercraft Corporation, who continued development. Power was provided by four Rolls-Royce Proteus marine turboshaft engines each driving its own lift fan and pylon-mounted steerable propulsion propeller. The SR.N4 was the largest hovercraft then built, designed to carry 254 passengers in two cabins besides a four-lane automobile bay which held up to 30 cars. Cars were driven from a bow ramp just forward of the wheelhouse. The first design was 40 metres (131ft) long, weighed 190 long tons (193t), was capable of 83 knots (154km/h) and could cruise at over 60 knots (111km/h).
The SR.N4s operated regular services across the English Channel between 1968 and 2000. In response to operator demands, stretched versions of the SR.N4 were developed, culminating in the Mk.III variant, which had almost double the capacity for carrying both cars and passengers as the Mk.I. While interest was expressed in military applications for the type, no vehicles were ultimately used for such purposes. Following the fleet's withdrawal from cross-channel services, a single remaining Mk.III example, GH-2007 Princess Anne, remains on static display at the Hovercraft Museum at Lee-on-Solent as of August 2021.
Development
Origins
In August 1962, the original concept for the SR.N4, which had been conceived at the same time as the SR.N2 was being designed, was abandoned.[2] This original concept had effectively been a pair of elongated SR.N2 fixed together in a side-by-side placement and would have been powered by an arrangement of four pairs of Blackburn A.129turboshaft engines. In its place, a new proposed hovercraft, which was referred to as the SR.N4 as well, was considerably larger and heavier, and powered by three pairs of Rolls-Royce Proteusmarinisedgas turbine engine.[3] However, during early 1963, work on the SR.N4 was put on hold due to a greater priority having been placed on the completion of the SR.N5 instead. In late 1964, it was decided to recommence design work on the proposed SR.N4.[4]
By the end of 1964, it had been concluded that, due to the improved projected performance of the craft's flexible skirt having lowered the power requirements involved, only two pairs of Proteus engines would be required instead of three.[5] At this stage, the proposed design for the SR.N4 had a displacement of 165 tons and a payload of up to 33 cars and 116 passengers; this would not substantially differ from the final design adopted for the type.[5]
Experience gained from the SR.N5 and SR.N6 would contribute to the design of aspects of the larger SR.N4, which would be four times the size of any preceding hovercraft.[6][7] This approach is credited with having been less expensive and having resulted in a more commercially viable hovercraft than would have been if it had been constructed as per the earlier incarnation of the SR.N4 and then required to perform modifications to improve the capabilities of aspects such as the skirt, which had been considerably advanced by development of the SR.N5 and SR.N6.[8] Specific improvements included the adoption of triangular rubber 'finger'-like attachments to the curtain which provided for a better seal between the hovercraft and the water's surface as well as being cheaper and easier to maintain than previous configurations.[9]
During the mid-1960s, some management figures within British Rail had become interested in the potential for operating a fleet of hovercraft for scheduled services that would link up to Britain's national rail system.[10] In November 1965, Frank Cousins, the Minister of Technology, announced that British Rail would participate in the development of the SR.N4 and would be a customer for the type. While orders had already been placed for the SR.N4 by this point, the British Railways Board had decided to commit to taking delivery of the first craft to be produced; this was particularly convenient as the two orders which had been placed by Swedish operator Cross-Channel Hover Services specifically excluded accepting delivery of the first example.[11] By the end of 1965, having acquired three firm orders, it was now plausible for production of the SR.N4 to proceed.[12]
Prototype and testing
Having realised that the market for large hovercraft was not yet large enough to sustain a number of competing companies at that time, in 1966, the hovercraft divisions of both Saunders-Roe and Vickers Supermarine merged to form a new united entity, known as the British Hovercraft Corporation (BHC), which was headquartered on the Isle of Wight.[13] In autumn 1966, production work commenced on the structure of the first SR.N4, which was internally designated 001. The vehicle was assembled in the same hangar in which the three Saunders-Roe Princessflying boats had been constructed 15 years before.[8][5] During 1967, as 001 was taking shape, it was announced that the SR.N4 had been named the Mountbatten-class.[5] Throughout the development and production of 001, both Hoverlloyd and Seaspeed carefully monitored progress on the project.[14]
In October 1967, the completed 001 was officially presented to gathered members of the press and to various representatives and dignitaries.[15] On 20 November 1967, the first engine run was performed, after which 11 weeks of intense test runs on land were performed and the exposed faults were addressed. On 4 February 1968, 001 was launched onto water for the first time.[15][16] The launch, while successful, had involved some risk due to the lack of space to manoeuvre with an untested control system. Later that same day, 001 conducted its maiden flight.[15][17]
As experience with the prototype accumulated, the control arrangement proved to be quite effective even within confined spaces; incidents involving a loss of control did occur during the test programme, but these were mainly due to error on the part of the operator.[18] Ray Wheeler, BHC's chief engineer, was reportedly very pleased with the progress made during the initial trials. At the same time, 001 required substantial refinement and alteration in order to become a commercially viable craft.[19] The air intakes had to be substantially modified in order to minimise salt ingestion, and a revised skirt system was also developed.[19]
Design
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The SR.N4 was the biggest hovercraft to have been completed upon its introduction. Its primary structure comprised a large modular buoyancy tank, the internal structure of which was divided into 24 watertight compartments.[20] It had an identical platform shape to the smaller SR.N5, being rectangular with a semi-circular bow and a beam-to-length ratio of 1:1.66.[21] The SR.N4 had a dual radar system for navigation, allowing the craft to operate in zero visibility - Type Racal Decca Bridgemaster. A GPS navigation system was fitted.[22]
The SR.N4 was powered by four Rolls-Royce Proteusturboprop engines.[5][23] The Proteus engines each drove a set of 19ft (5.8m) diameter steerable Dowty Rotol propellers, arranged in two pairs on pylons positioned on top of the craft's roof; upon the SR.N4's introduction to service, these were the largest propellers in the world.[21] Six independent electrohydraulic systems, each driven from the main gearboxes, powered the movement of the fins and pylons, while a further four units were used to actuate the variable-pitch propellers.[24]
The interior of The Princess Anne in 2019
The control cabin of the SR.N4 resembled the flight deck of an aircraft, being relatively cramped in comparison with the bridge of a typical vessel.[25] It housed a crew of three, comprising a captain, first officer/flight engineer, and a second officer/navigator; the main role of the second officer was to avoid collisions, primarily using a Decca 629 radar to do so.[25][26] The flying controls appeared broadly similar to a typical aircraft, using an assortment of rudder pedals, joysticks, yokes, separate propeller pitch levels, and engine speed controls; however, their functionality often differed substantially, such as the ability for the yoke to command the pitch of all four propellers.[25][27]
The SR.N4 is fitted with a 12-ton skirt which runs under the perimeter of the whole craft and employs a complex structure.[28] On the underside of the buoyancy tanks, five 21-inch[clarification needed] platforms (known as 'elephant feet') were positioned so that the craft could stably rest on three of them.[24]
Fuel was contained within flexible bags located at all four corners; the craft could be trimmed by redistributing fuel between the fore and aft tanks to better match the load and prevailing weather conditions.[21] The craft would consume 1,000 gallons per hour at a cruise of 50 knots before refuelling with an approximate range of 150mi (240km). Maximum fuel capacity was 8,068impgal (36,680L); about 29 tons.[29]
The stern of the craft featured a sizeable set of doors for the loading and unloading of vehicles onto the car deck as well as all four of the exhausts for the Proteus engines. Another set of loading doors was located at the bow.[23]
The SR.N4 could operate up to gale force 8 wind on the beaufort scale and 3.5m swell seas.[30]
Upon completion of the prototype SR.N4, Charles Anthony Brindle, the Managing Director of British Rail Hovercraft, was responsible for establishing the first cross-Channel route for scheduled services by the type.[31] In October 1966, Brindle and several engineers surveyed several potential sites on both the British and French sides of the English Channel using an SR.N6 to determine their suitability for the hovercraft service, which had been given the name Seaspeed. Amongst the most suitable candidates had been Dover or Folkestone on the English side and Calais or Boulogne on the French side.[32][33]
It was soon determined that Dover and Boulogne would be the preferable option for the maiden route, a decision that had been motivated in part by the local Chamber of Commerce having agreed to build a suitable hoverport to readily facilitate such operations.[34] As there was no funding available for pre-service passenger trials, the opening season of active operations effectively served as a continuation of the trials activities as well. Brindle was aware that BHC would not be paid until the SR.N4 was in service, and thus there was a considerable emphasis placed on getting the craft ready for commercial use right at the point of delivery.[35]
In August 1968, the first SR.N4 entered commercial service with the GH-2006 Princess Margaret being initially operated by Seaspeed between Dover and Boulogne, but later craft also traversed the Ramsgate (Pegwell Bay) to Calais route as well. The journey time from Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips per day being conducted at peak times. The fastest ever crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car-carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes, achieved on 14 September 1995 by the SR.N4 Mk.III GH-2007 Princess Anne on its 10:00a.m. service.[36][37]
Princess Anne loading in 1989
In 1972, the first SR.N4s were temporarily withdrawn for conversion to Mk.II specification which would provide for seven further car spaces and 28 more passengers. The first of the enlarged craft, the Swift, entered service at the beginning of February 1973.[38] The capacity increase was achieved by removing an inner passenger cabin in order to accommodate the extra cars and widening the outer passenger cabin: this was achieved without changing the overall footprint of the craft.[38] New aircraft-style forward-facing seats created an atmosphere of enhanced sophistication, and a redesigned skirt was intended to reduce window spray, enhancing the view out for passengers, and to give a smoother ride in rough seas: contemporary reports nevertheless commented on the "unsprung" nature of the ride.[38]
After 1976, a pair of SR.N4s were refitted with new deep skirts and stretched by almost 56.1ft (17.1m), increasing capacity to 418 passengers and 60 cars at the cost of a weight increase to roughly 320t (315 long tons).[39] To maintain speed, the engines were upgraded to four 3,800 shaft horsepower (2,834kW) models, which were fitted with four 21ft (6.4m) diameter steerable Dowty Rotolpropellers. The work cost around £5 million for each craft, and they were designated Mark IIIs; the improvements allowed them to operate in seas up to 11ft 6in (3.5m) high and with 57.5-mile-per-hour (92.5km/h) winds.[40]
The two main commercial operators (Hoverlloyd and Seaspeed) merged in 1981 to form Hoverspeed, which operated six SR.N4 of all marks.[41] The last of the craft was withdrawn from service in October 2000 and Hoverspeed itself ceased operations in November 2005.[42]
Accidents
Most incidents were benign and resulted in little more than the vehicles towed back to shore. In 1978, the GH-2007 Princess Anne lost much of her air-cushion skirt in heavy seas 7 miles off Dover, resulting in a MAIB investigation.[43] However, in March 1985, 4 passengers lost their lives when GH-2006 Princess Margaret crashed into a pier at the entrance of Dover Harbour from Calais in force 6 to 7 heavy seas.[44][45]
Military interest
The Royal Navy considered a mine sweeping version of the SR.N4, hovercraft being almost invulnerable to mines. A minesweeping version of the SR.N4 was thought to be capable of carrying the same equipment as a Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel, while being cheaper to purchase, although more expensive to operate. The use of hovercraft for minesweeping never got further than the concept stage, although an SR.N3 was used by the Inter-Service Hovercraft Unit for trials.[46]
The two remaining Mk.III examples of the craft (GH-2006 Princess Margaret and GH-2007 Princess Anne) were bought by Wensley Haydon-Baillie for £500,000 and were stored at Lee-on-Solent, next to the Hovercraft Museum. Haydon-Baillie is the owner of the super yacht Brave Challenger which uses the same Rolls-Royce Proteus Marine engines as the SR.N4s. The purchase included seven years worth of spares including engines.
As of winter 2015 all engines and APUs had been removed from the craft. The SR.N4s were put up for sale and Hover Transit Services of Bolton, Ontario, proposed putting the hovercraft back in operation (following a US$10 million purchase and refurbishment) on Lake Ontario with service between Rochester, New York, and Toronto, Ontario.[47] The plan did not come to fruition, with government officials concluding that the organisation lacked the experience necessary to be viable.[48]
The land on which the Hovercraft Museum stands is owned by the Homes and Communities Agency. The proposed redevelopment of the site has led to the two craft being threatened with scrapping, but a petition was launched with the aim of preserving one of the craft,[49] which led into a 3-year lease of the hovercraft to the museum in August 2016 with the intention of subsequently permanently handing over the hovercraft to the museum, The Princess Anne was the craft chosen to be kept and will be restored in a former Seaspeed livery.[50]
In March 2018, GH-2006 Princess Margaret was broken up at Lee-on-Solent by her last owners, Homes England. GH-2007 The Princess Anne remains on site leased to the Hovercraft Museum.[51]
Production
SR.N4 GH-2004 Swift, 1974
Built as Mk.I unless specified otherwise.
01 – GH-2006 Princess Margaret 1968, Seaspeed – originally the prototype, converted to Mk.III specification in 1979. Scrapped at Lee-on-Solent in March 2018
02 – GH-2004 Swift, Hoverlloyd – converted to Mk.II specification for February 1973, broken up in 2004 at the Hovercraft Museum
03 – GH-2005 Sure 1968, Hoverlloyd – converted to Mk.II specification in 1972, broken up in 1983 for spares
04 – GH-2007 Princess Anne, Seaspeed – converted to Mk.III specification in 1978, on display at the Hovercraft Museum
05 – GH-2008 Sir Christopher 1972, Hoverlloyd – converted to Mk.II specification in 1974, broken up 1998 for spares
06 – GH-2054 The Prince of Wales, Hoverlloyd – built as Mk.II, scrapped in 1993 following an electrical fire
up to 60 cars and 418 passengers (112 tonnes maximum)
Performance
Max speed: Mark 1 – 65 knots (calm water, zero wind, at gross laden weight) Mk.II – 70 knots (130km/h)
Normal operating speeds: 40 – 60 knots (110km/h)
Endurance: 4 hours (maximum power, 2,800 Imperial gallons of fuel)
Gradient: 1 in 11
In popular culture
Model kits
The plastic construction kit company Airfix produced a 1:144 scale model of the SR.N4 in the early 1970s, with a clear plastic top decking to show the detailed interior.
A hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or ACV, is an amphibious craft capable of traveling over land, water, mud, ice, and various other surfaces.
Sir Christopher Sydney Cockerell CBE RDI FRS was an English engineer, best known as the inventor of the hovercraft.
The Bristol Proteus was the Bristol Engine Company's first mass-produced gas turbine engine design, a turboprop that delivered just over 4,000 hp (3,000 kW). The Proteus was a reverse-flow gas turbine. Because the second turbine drove no compressor stages, but only the propeller, this engine was classified as a free-turbine. It powered the Bristol Britannia airliner, small naval patrol craft, hovercraft and electrical generating sets. It was also used to power a land-speed record car, the Bluebird-Proteus CN7. After the merger of Bristol with Armstrong Siddeley the engine became the Bristol Siddeley Proteus, and later the Rolls-Royce Proteus. The Proteus was to have been superseded by the Bristol Orion which would have given a Britannia a 75% increase in power for cruising faster.
The Saunders-Roe SR.45 Princess was a British flying boat aircraft developed and built by Saunders-Roe at their Cowes facility on the Isle of Wight. It has the distinction of being the largest all-metal flying boat to have ever been constructed.
Hoverspeed was a ferry company that operated on the English Channel from 1981 until 2005. It was formed in 1981 by the merger of Seaspeed and Hoverlloyd. Its last owners were Sea Containers; the company ran a small fleet of two high-speed SeaCat catamaran ferries in its final year.
Cushioncraft Ltd was a British engineering company, formed in 1960 as a division of Britten-Norman Ltd to develop/build hovercraft. Originally based at Bembridge Airport on the Isle of Wight, Cushioncraft later moved to the Duver Works at St. Helens, these works gave ready access to the sheltered water of Bembridge Harbour.
British Hovercraft Corporation (BHC) was a British hovercraft manufacturer that designed and produced multiple types of vehicles for both commercial and civil purposes.
Hovertravel is a ferry company operating from Southsea, Portsmouth to Ryde, Isle of Wight, UK. It is the largest passenger hovercraft company currently operating in the world since Hoverspeed stopped using its craft in favour of catamarans and subsequently ceased all ferry operations in 2005.
Pegwell Bay is a shallow inlet in the English Channel coast astride the estuary of the River Stour north of Sandwich Bay, between Ramsgate and Sandwich in Kent. Part of the bay is a nature reserve, with seashore habitats including mudflats and salt marsh with migrating waders and wildfowl. The public can access the nature reserve via Pegwell Bay Country Park, which is off the A256 Ramsgate to Dover road.
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The Saunders-Roe SR.N1 was the first practical hovercraft. The concept has its origins in the work of British engineer and inventor Christopher Cockerell, who succeeded in convincing figures within the services and industry, including those within British manufacturer Saunders-Roe. Research was at one point supported by the Ministry of Defence; this was later provided by the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), who had seen the potential posed by such a craft.
Seaspeed was a British hovercraft operator which ran services in the Solent and English Channel between 1965 and 1981, when it merged with a rival to form Hoverspeed.
Hoverlloyd operated a cross-Channel hovercraft service between Ramsgate, England and Calais, France.
The Saunders-Roe SR.N6 hovercraft was essentially a larger version of the earlier SR.N5 series. It incorporated several features that resulted in the type becoming one of the most produced and commercially successful hovercraft designs in the world.
The British Hovercraft Corporation AP1-88 is a medium-size hovercraft. In a civil configuration, the hovercraft can seat a maximum of 101 passengers, while as a troop carrier, it can transport up to 90 troops. When operated as a military logistics vehicle, the AP1-88 can carry a pair of Land Rovers, a Bv202 tracked vehicle and trailer unit or up to roughly 10 tons (10,000 kg) of cargo.
The SR.N2 was a hovercraft built by Westland and Saunders-Roe. It first flew in 1961. It weighed 27 tons and could carry 48 passengers. Although only one was built it is regarded as the prototype for commercial hovercraft, following on from the SR.N1 research craft. It was demonstrated on the Saint Lawrence River, Canada in 1962 and operated by P & A Campbell as a ferry crossing the Bristol Channel between Weston-super-Mare and Penarth in 1963. It was then fitted with deeper (4 ft) skirts to improve its performance in rough seas. Southdown Motor Services and Westland Aircraft ran the SR.N2 on the Solent between Eastney and Ryde in 1963/4, carrying 30,000 passengers. It was eventually broken up.
The Saunders-Roe SR.N5 was a medium-sized hovercraft which first flew in 1964. It has the distinction of being the first production-built hovercraft in the world.
The British Hovercraft Corporation BH.7 was a medium size hovercraft. It was the first quantity-production hovercraft to be specifically developed for military applications.
Maurice Joseph Brennan BSC, MIMechE, FRAes was a British aerospace engineer. His career encompassed the design and development of flying boats before the Second World War to rocket powered fighters after. He had a significant role in Britain's first indigenous rocket project and in the development of practical hovercraft (SR.N1)
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