SS Russian (1895)

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SS Russian.jpg
History
Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svgUnited Kingdom
Name
  • 1895: Victorian
  • 1914: Russian
Owner F Leyland & Co
Operator1903: White Star Line
Port of registry Liverpool
Route
Builder Harland & Wolff, Belfast
Yard number291
Launched6 July 1895
Completed31 August 1895
Maiden voyage7 September 1895
Identification
FateSunk by torpedo, 14th December 1916
General characteristics
Type cargo liner
Tonnage8,825  GRT, 5,753  NRT, 10,500  DWT
Length512.5 ft (156.2 m)
Beam59.2 ft (18.0 m)
Depth35.0 ft (10.7 m)
Decks3
Installed power718 NHP
Propulsion
Sail planfour-masted schooner
Notes sister ships: Armenian, Cestrian

SS Russian was a British cargo liner that was launched in Ireland in 1895 as Victorian. In her first few years she carried cattle from Boston to Liverpool. From 1903 she carried cattle from New York to Liverpool. From 1908 she traded between the Gulf Coast of the United States and Liverpool. Leyland Line owned her throughout her career, but White Star Line managed her from 1903. She was renamed Russian in 1914.

Contents

In the Second Boer War she took troops and horses to and from South Africa. In the First World War she took mules from Virginia to Egypt. A U-boat sank her in the Mediterranean in 1916.

Building and registration

In 1895 Harland & Wolff in Belfast launched three cargo liners for Frederick Leyland & Co. Yard number 291 was launched on 6 July as Victorian, and completed on 31 August. [1] Yard number 292 was launched on 25 July as Armenian, and completed on 19 September. [2] Yard number 296 was launched on 21 September as Cestrian, and completed on 5 March 1896. [3]

Victorian's registered length was 512.5 ft (156.2 m), her beam was 59.2 ft (18.0 m), and her depth was 35.0 ft (10.7 m). [4] She was designed primarily to carry cattle, but she also had "about a dozen staterooms" for passengers. [5] Her tonnages were 8,765  GRT, 5,714  NRT, [4] and 10,500  DWT. [5] When new, Victorian, Armenian, and Cestrian were noted for being of "exceptionally large tonnage" among newly-built ships, second only to White Star Line's Georgic. [6] Victorian had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder triple-expansion engine that was rated at 718 NHP. [4] She also had four masts, and could be rigged as a schooner.

Leyland registered Victorian at Liverpool. Her United Kingdom official number was 105334 and her code letters were PBGC. [7]

Maiden voyage

On 7 September 1895 she left Liverpool on her maiden voyage, [8] and on 17 September she arrived in Boston. [5] In October she left for Liverpool carrying "the heaviest cargo ever taken out of Boston harbor". It included 155,000 bushels of grain, 5,300 bales of cotton, and 1,800 tons of flour, as well as 654 head of cattle and 1,591 head of sheep. [9]

Boer War

From 23 November 1899 Victorian was Transport number 66 in the Second Boer War. [10] On 3 December 1900 she left South Africa carrying 199 prisoners of war (PoWs) to Saint Helena, where she arrived on 11 December. [11]

It was reported that on 16 January 1902 Victorian arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia via Cape Verde to embark a detachment of the Canadian Mounted Rifles to take to South Africa, and that she was to leave about a week later. [12] However, it is also recorded that in January 1902 she left South Africa carrying 77 PoWs to St Helena, where she arrived on 10 February. [11] On 9 July 1902 she left South Africa carrying 27 officers, 650 men, and 506 horses to Southampton. [13] The Admiralty returned her to her owners on 1 August 1902, after 534 days of service. [10]

White Star Line

In December 1902 Victorian made her first voyage to New York. She arrived off New York Harbor on 28 December; [14] left on 3 January 1903; [15] and got back to Liverpool on 14 January. [16] From May 1903 White Star Line managed Victorian and her sister ship Armenian. [8] The pair were transferred to White Star's route between Liverpool and New York. [17] Sailings left New York for Liverpool on alternate Tuesdays. [18]

SS Russian SS Russian (1895).jpg
SS Russian

In June 1908 White Star Line withdrew its New York cargo and livestock service from New York, in response to transcontinental railroads setting freight rates that disadvantaged that port. [19] On 2 May 1910 Victorian arrived in Pensacola, Florida, to load part of a cargo for Liverpool. She was to continue to New Orleans or Galveston to load the remainder. [20] At the time, she was reported to be also trading with Cuba. [21] In January 1911 Victorian sailed from Liverpool via the Azores to Chalmette, Louisiana. She left Liverpool on 4 January and reached Chalmette on 19 January, which at that time was a record-breaking passage between the two ports. [22] In January 1912 Victorian left Galveston with cargo worth $1,277,325. It included 23,804 bales of cotton, plus quantities of spelter, cottonseed cake, cottonseed, and staves. The staves were destined for Leith in Scotland. [23]

By 1912 Victorian was equipped with wireless telegraphy, supplied and operated by the Marconi Company. [24] By 1914 her wireless call sign was MYY. [25]

First World War

In August 1914 Victorian was renamed Russian, [8] presumably to avoid confusion with Allan Line's RMS Victorian.

On 16 November 1916 Russian left Newport News, Virginia for Alexandria in Egypt. She carried livestock, plus US stockmen to look after them. [26] That December she left Salonica (now Thessaloniki) in Greece in ballast. On 14 December 1916 UB-43 torpedoed her 210 nautical miles (390 km) east of Malta, sinking her at position 35°20′N18°52′E / 35.333°N 18.867°E / 35.333; 18.867 . [27]

The sinking killed a total of 28 people, [27] including her Chief Officer and Second Officer. 91 or 92 Americans were aboard when Russian was sunk, including 68 white cattlemen or hostlers, 22 African Americans, and a veterinary surgeon. [26] 17 Americans were killed in the sinking, including 15 of the African Americans. [28]

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References

  1. ↑ "Victorian". Harland & Wolff The Yard. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  2. ↑ "Armenian". Harland & Wolff The Yard. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  3. ↑ "Cestrian". Harland & Wolff The Yard. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 Lloyd's Register 1896, VIC–VIG.
  5. 1 2 3 "A giant freighter". The Providence News. Providence, RI. 18 September 1895. p. 7. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  6. ↑ "Wharf and wave". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser . Honolulu. 17 April 1896. p. 8. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  7. ↑ Mercantile Navy List 1896, p. 332.
  8. 1 2 3 Haws 1979, p. 121.
  9. ↑ "What an Ocean Steamship Carries". News and Citizen. Morrisville, VT. 24 October 1895. Supplement, p. 2. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  10. 1 2 C, Neville (August 2023). "Transport Ships - complete list with forum links". AngloBoerWar.com. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  11. 1 2 "Transportation of Boer POWs from South Africa". AngloBoerWar.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  12. ↑ "News nuggets". Daily Kennebec Journal . Augusta, ME. 17 January 1902. p. 2. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  13. ↑ Report on Demobilization 1903, Appendix 6.
  14. ↑ "Shipping news". New-York Tribune . 29 December 1902. p. 12. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  15. ↑ "Outgoing steamers". New-York Tribune. 2 January 1904. p. 12. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  16. ↑ "The movements of steamers". New-York Tribune. 15 January 1904. p. 14. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  17. ↑ "Incoming steamers". New-York Tribune. 21 June 1903. p. 14. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  18. ↑ "May cut ocean rates". New-York Tribune. 21 June 1903. p. 1. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  19. ↑ "Discrimination In Freight Rates Said to Have Caused Withdrawal". Daily Kennebec Journal. Augusta, ME. 15 June 1902. p. 1. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  20. ↑ "Big steamer now in port". The Pensacola Journal . 3 May 1910. p. 4. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  21. ↑ "Harbor, river and marine news". The Pensacola Journal. 3 May 1910. p. 6. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  22. ↑ "Made Record Passage". The Pensacola Journal. 22 January 1911. Section Two, p. 15. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  23. ↑ "Texas and Texans". The Caucasian . Shreveport, LA. 23 January 1912. p. 2. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  24. ↑ Lloyd's Register 1912, VIC–VID.
  25. ↑ The Marconi Press Agency Ltd 1914, p. 411.
  26. 1 2 "17 Americans Killed by Sub". The Montgomery Advertiser . Montgomery, AL. 19 December 1916. p. 1. Retrieved 4 April 2024– via Library of Congress.
  27. 1 2 Helgason, Guðmundur. "Russian". uboat.net. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  28. ↑ "Germany's acts of war against people of U. S." The Washington Times . Washington, D.C. 7 April 1917. p. 2 – via Library of Congress.

Bibliography

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