STK3

Last updated
STK3
Structure of the human STK3 kinase domain.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases STK3 , KRS1, MST2, serine/threonine kinase 3
External IDs OMIM: 605030; MGI: 1928487; HomoloGene: 48420; GeneCards: STK3; OMA:STK3 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001256312
NM_001256313
NM_006281

NM_019635
NM_001357821

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001243241
NP_001243242
NP_006272

NP_062609
NP_001344750

Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 98.37 – 98.94 Mb Chr 15: 34.88 – 35.18 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK3 gene. [5] [6]

Contents

Background

Protein kinase activation is a frequent response of cells to treatment with growth factors, chemicals, heat shock, or apoptosis-inducing agents. This protein kinase activation presumably allows cells to resist unfavorable environmental conditions. The yeast 'sterile 20' (Ste20) kinase acts upstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that is activated under a variety of stress conditions. MST2 was first identified as a kinase that resembles budding yeast Ste20 (Creasy and Chernoff, 1996) and later as a kinase that is activated by the proapoptotic agents straurosporine and FAS ligand (MIM 134638) (Taylor et al., 1996; Lee et al., 2001).[supplied by OMIM] [6]

Structure

Human serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (STK3, or MST2) is a 56,301 Da [7] monomer with three domains: a SARAH domain, composed of a long α-helix at the C-terminus that when dimerized, forms an antiparallel dimeric coiled-coil, an inhibitory domain, and a catalytic kinase domain at the N-terminus. [8] The SARAH (Salvador/RASSF/Hpo) domain has been found to mediate dimeric interactions between MST2 and RASSF enzymes, a class of tumor suppressors that serve an important role in activating apoptosis, as well as between MST2 and SAV1, a non-catalytic polypeptide responsible for bringing MST2 to an apoptotic pathway. [9] [10] When the MST2 kinase domain is in its active state, a threonine residue residing on an alpha helix at the 180th position (T180) is autophosphorylated. [11]

Dimerized MST2 SARAH domains with labeled hydrophobic residues MST2 SARAH domain.png
Dimerized MST2 SARAH domains with labeled hydrophobic residues

Mechanism

Activation

STK3 is activated through autophosphorylation by dimerizing with itself or heterodimerizing with its homolog, MST1 (STK4). [12] Heterodimerization has been shown to exhibit a roughly six-fold weaker binding affinity than homodimerization with MST2, as well as lower kinase activity compared to both MST2/MST2 and MST1/MST1 homodimers. [10] In addition to activation by straurosporine and FAS ligand, STK3 has been found to be activated through dissociation of GLRX and Thioredoxin (Trx1) from STK3 under oxidative stress. [12] Recent studies have shown that when caspase 3 is activated during apoptosis, MST2 is cleaved, resulting in removal of the regulatory SARAH and inhibitory domains and thus regulation of MST2's kinase activity. Because cleavage by caspase 3 also cleaves off MST2's nuclear export signal, the MST2 kinase fragment can diffuse into the nucleus and phosphorylate Ser14 of histone H2B, promoting apoptosis. [10]

Inactivation

Inactivation of MST2 can be accomplished through inhibition of MST2 homodimerization and autophosphorylation by c-Raf, which binds to the MST2 SARAH domain. [10]

MST2 substrates

In the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway, MST2, along with its homolog MST1, serves as an upstream kinase whose catalytic activity is responsible for downstream events leading to downregulation of proliferation-associated genes and increased transcription of proapoptotic genes. [12] When MST2 binds to SAV1 through its SARAH domain, MST2 phosphorylates LATS1/LATS2 with the help of SAV1, MOB1A/MOB1B, and Merlin (protein). In turn, LATS1/LATS2 phosphorylates and inhibits YAP1, preventing its movement into the nucleus and activation of transcription of pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic and migration-associated genes. In the cytoplasm, YAP1 is marked for degradation by the SCF complex. [13] Additionally, MST2 phosphorylates transcription factors in the FOXO (Forkhead box O) family, which diffuse into the nucleus and activate transcription of pro-apoptotic genes. [12]

Disease Relevance

In many types of cancers, the proto-oncogene c-Raf binds to the SARAH domain of MST2 and prevents RASSF1A-mediated MST2 dimerization and subsequent downstream pro-apoptotic signaling. [14] Research has shown that in cells with loss of PTEN (gene), a tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in cancers, Akt activity is upregulated, resulting in increased MST2 inactivation and undesirable cell proliferation. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apoptosis</span> Type of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay. The average adult human loses 50 to 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. For the average human child between 8 and 14 years old, each day the approximate loss is 20 to 30 billion cells.

c-Raf Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, also known as proto-oncogene c-RAF or simply c-Raf or even Raf-1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RAF1 gene. The c-Raf protein is part of the ERK1/2 pathway as a MAP kinase (MAP3K) that functions downstream of the Ras subfamily of membrane associated GTPases. C-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases, from the TKL (Tyrosine-kinase-like) group of kinases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein kinase R</span> Human protein and coding gene

Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene on chromosome 2. PKR is a serine/tyrosine kinase that is 551 amino acids long.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PAK2</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAK2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIPK2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HIPK2 gene. HIPK2 can be categorized as a Serine/Threonine Protein kinase, specifically one that interacts with homeodomain transcription factors. It belongs to a family of protein kinases known as the DYRK kinases. Within this family HIPK2 belongs to a group of homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (HIPKs), including HIPK1 and HIPK3. HIPK2 can be found in a wide variety of species and its functions in gene expression and apoptosis are regulated by several different mechanisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DAPK1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Death-associated protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DAPK1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ARAF</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf or simply A-Raf is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARAF gene. A-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STK4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PYCARD</span> Human protein and coding gene

PYCARD, often referred to as ASC, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PYCARD gene. It is localized mainly in the nucleus of monocytes and macrophages. In case of pathogen infection, however, it relocalizes rapidly to the cytoplasm, perinuclear space, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and it is a key adaptor protein in activation of the inflammasome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RIPK2</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RIPK2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAP2K7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7, also known as MAP kinase kinase 7 or MKK7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP2K7 gene. This protein is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family. The MKK7 protein exists as six different isoforms with three possible N-termini and two possible C-termini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">YAP1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

YAP1, also known as YAP or YAP65, is a protein that acts as a transcription coregulator that promotes transcription of genes involved in cellular proliferation and suppressing apoptotic genes. YAP1 is a component in the hippo signaling pathway which regulates organ size, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. YAP1 was first identified by virtue of its ability to associate with the SH3 domain of Yes and Src protein tyrosine kinases. YAP1 is a potent oncogene, which is amplified in various human cancers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STRAP</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STRAP gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAP4K4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) – also known as hepatocyte progenitor kinase-like/germinal center kinase-like kinase (HGK) and Nck-interacting kinase (NIK) – is an enzyme, specifically a serine/threonine (S/T) kinase encoded by the MAP4K4 gene in humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SIVA1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIVA1 gene. This gene encodes a protein with an important role in the apoptotic pathway induced by the CD27 antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TFNR) superfamily. The CD27 antigen cytoplasmic tail binds to the N-terminus of this protein. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct proteins have been described.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LATS2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LATS2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MST4</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Serine/threonine protein kinase MST4, also known as mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 4 (MST-4), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MST4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MOAP1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Modulator of apoptosis 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MOAP1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STK24</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK24 gene located in the chromosome 13, band q32.2. It is also known as Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 3 (MST-3). The protein is 443 amino acids long and its mass is 49 kDa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hippo signaling pathway</span> Signaling pathway that controls organ size

The Hippo signaling pathway, also known as the Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) pathway, is a signaling pathway that controls organ size in animals through the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The pathway takes its name from one of its key signaling components—the protein kinase Hippo (Hpo). Mutations in this gene lead to tissue overgrowth, or a "hippopotamus"-like phenotype.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000104375 Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022329 Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Taylor LK, Wang HC, Erikson RL (September 1996). "Newly identified stress-responsive protein kinases, Krs-1 and Krs-2". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (19): 10099–104. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9310099T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10099 . PMC   38343 . PMID   8816758.
  6. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: STK3 serine/threonine kinase 3 (STE20 homolog, yeast)".
  7. "PhosphoSitePlus: Serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 - Protein Information".
  8. Liu G, Shi Z, Jiao S, Zhang Z, Wang W, Chen C, Hao Q, Hao Q, Zhang M, Feng M, Xu L, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Zhang M (March 2014). "Structure of MST2 SARAH domain provides insights into its interaction with RAPL". Journal of Structural Biology. 185 (3): 366–74. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2014.01.008. PMID   24468289.
  9. Sánchez-Sanz G, Tywoniuk B, Matallanas D, Romano D, Nguyen LK, Kholodenko BN, Rosta E, Kolch W, Buchete NV (October 2016). "SARAH Domain-Mediated MST2-RASSF Dimeric Interactions". PLOS Computational Biology. 12 (10): e1005051. Bibcode:2016PLSCB..12E5051S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005051 . PMC   5055338 . PMID   27716844.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Galan JA, Avruch J (Sep 2016). "MST1/MST2 Protein Kinases: Regulation and Physiologic Roles". Biochemistry. 55 (39): 5507–5519. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00763. PMC   5479320 . PMID   27618557.
  11. Ni L, et al. (Oct 2013). "Structural Basis for Autoactivation of Human Mst2 Kinase and Its Regulation by RASSF5". Structure. 21 (10): 1757–1768. doi:10.1016/j.str.2013.07.008. PMC   3797246 . PMID   23972470.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Lessard-Beaudoin M, Laroche M, Loudghi A, Demers MJ, Denault JB, Grenier G, Riechers SP, Wanker EE, Graham RK (November 2016). "Organ-specific alteration in caspase expression and STK3 proteolysis during the aging process" (PDF). Neurobiology of Aging. 47: 50–62. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.003. PMID   27552481. S2CID   3930860.
  13. Meng Z, Moroishi T, Guan K (Jan 2016). "Mechanisms of Hippo pathway regulation". Genes Dev. 30 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1101/gad.274027.115. PMC   4701972 . PMID   26728553.
  14. Nguyen LK, Matallanas DG, Romano D, Kholodenko BN, Kolch W (Jan 2015). "Competing to coordinate cell fate decisions: the MST2-Raf-1 signaling device". Cell Cycle. 14 (2): 189–199. doi:10.4161/15384101.2014.973743. PMC   4353221 . PMID   25607644.
  15. Romano D, Matallanas D, Weitsman G, Preisinger C, Ng T, Kolch W (Feb 2010). "Proapoptotic kinase MST2 coordinates signaling crosstalk between RASSF1A, Raf-1, and Akt". Cancer Res. 70 (3): 1195–1203. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3147. PMC   2880716 . PMID   20086174.

Further reading