Salmo farioides | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Salmoniformes |
Family: | Salmonidae |
Genus: | Salmo |
Species: | S. farioides |
Binomial name | |
Salmo farioides Karaman, 1938 | |
Synonyms | |
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Salmo farioides, commonly known as the West Balkan trout, the Adriatic brown trout, or the Balkan brook trout, is a species of ray-finned fish found in the Balkans, including Albania, Croatia, North Macedonia, among others. [2] [3] It is an important fish in numerous rivers and lakes throughout the region. Identification of Salmo farioides is difficult due to the high degree of endemism in the western Adriatic and Mediterranean area, particularly among salmonid species, and because of high phenotypic diversity among trout populations specifically.
Salmo farioides is characterized by large red spots, which are sometimes surrounded by whiteish areas, along the flanks and faint vertical bands that are residuals of parr marks.
Among mature individuals, females and males are roughly the same length and weight (36 mm and 458 g, respectively), based on measurements from a population sampled from the Morača River in Montenegro. [4] Sexual maturity is reached after the second summer of life, with spawning occurring between October and through January. Spawning begins when the water temperature is greater than 10 °C (50 °F). [5]
Salmo farioides was originally described by Stanko Karaman in 1938; because the entire Karaman fish collection was lost, Salmo farioides is a neotype. [6] The species like originates from stock that entered the mountainous area of the western Po drainage in the Pleistocene era. It is hypothesized that Salmo farioides colonized the upper part of the Apennine slopes into the Po drainage and eventually reached the lower part of the river, moving towards the Adriatic during the Würm glaciation, where it would have entered the Neretva River.
Salmo farioides feeds on mainly bottom-dwelling invertebrates and is found in small, flow-flowing streams. [7] However the microhabitat of Salmo farioides varies by size of the individual: large fish select deeper microhabitats with slower water speeds, whereas small and medium fish prefer medium-depth microhabitats with slightly faster speeds.
Salmo farioides serves as a bioindicator of the quality in upland rivers where it dominates cold-water streams and is at the top of the trophic pyramid. [8] [9] It is considered as a vulnerable species based on a state-wide threat assessment as a result of climate change and increasing water temperatures in their habitats, as well as overfishing due to recreational fishing. [10] [lower-alpha 1] Hydrological modeling suggests that, based on pessimistic projections about the CO2 concentrations by the end of the century, suitable habitat for Salmo farioides will substantially decrease.
Salmo farioides is found in Mavrovo National Park in North Macedonia where part of its habitat would have been damaged by the Boškov Most Hydro Power Plant; as a result of the habitat destruction, international funding was pulled from the project. [11]
The Neretva, also known as Narenta, is one of the largest rivers of the eastern part of the Adriatic basin. Four hydroelectric power plants with large dams provide flood protection, electicity and water storage. The Neretva is recognized for its natural environment and diverse landscapes.
Salmo is a genus of ray-finned fish from the subfamily Salmoninae of family Salmonidae, and is part of the tribe Salmonini along with the sister genera Salvelinus and Salvethymus. Almost all Salmo species are native only in the Old World, the only exception being the Atlantic salmon, which is also naturally found across the North Atlantic in eastern North America.
The Californiagolden trout (Oncorhynchus aguabonita or Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita), is a species of trout native to California. The golden trout is normally found in the Golden Trout Creek, Volcano Creek, and the South Fork Kern River. The Golden trout is the official freshwater state fish of California since 1947.
The Cem, also known as the Cijevna, is a river that rises in Kelmend, Albania and after nearly half of its length crosses into Montenegro, where it flows into the River Morača near the capital Podgorica.
The Bojana river, also known as Buna, is a 41-kilometre-long (25 mi) river in Albania and Montenegro which flows into the Adriatic Sea. An outflow of Lake Skadar measured from the source of the lake's longest tributary, the Morača, the Morača-Shkodra Lake-Bojana system is 183 km (114 mi) long.
Salmo obtusirostris, also known as the Adriatic trout, Adriatic salmon, and softmouth trout, is a species of salmonid fish endemic to the rivers of Western Balkans in southeastern Europe. The scientific name has changed several times through history; synonyms include Thymallus microlepis, Salmothymus obtusirostris and Salar obtusirostris.
Ohrid trout or the Lake Ohrid brown trout is an endemic species of trout in Lake Ohrid and in its tributaries and outlet, the Black Drin river, in North Macedonia and Albania. Locally, the fish is known as охридска пастрмка in Macedonian and Koran or Korani in Albanian.
Lake Skadar – also called Lake Scutari, Lake Shkodër and Lake Shkodra – lies on the border of Albania and Montenegro, and is the largest lake in Southern Europe. It is named after the city of Shkodër which lies at its southeastern coast. It is a karst lake.
Salmo aphelios is a species of trout, a salmonid fish endemic to Lake Ohrid in North Macedonia and Albania in the Balkans.
Salmo balcanicus is a type of trout, a fish in the family Salmonidae. It is endemic to Lake Ohrid and its outlet in North Macedonia and Albania in the Balkans.
Salmo dentex is a variety of trout, a freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae, found in the western Balkans. Until recently the identity, biological distinctness and species status of the dentex trout were not properly clarified, but genetic data now suggest it is not a monophyletic unit that could be distinguished from other salmonids as a separate species.
Salmo macrostigma is a species of freshwater trout endemic to Algeria in northwest Africa. It can reach a length of 60 centimetres (24 in) TL.
Salmo marmoratus, the marble trout, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae. It is characterized by a distinctive marbled color pattern and high growth capacity. The marble trout is found in only a handful of drainages and rivers of the Adriatic basin in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro, while in Albania, the species is considered most likely extirpated.
The Morača is a major river in Montenegro that originates in the northern region in Kolašin Municipality under Mount Rzača. It meanders southwards for 99.5 km (61.8 mi) before emptying into Lake Skadar. Its drainage basin covers 3,257 km2 (1,258 sq mi).
Barbatula zetensis, also known as the Zeta stone loach, is a species of Cypriniformes fish in the genus Barbatula it is found in the drainage of the River Morača in the Lake Skadar basin in Montenegro. It is common in streams and rivers with stone bottom.
The fish fauna of the Neretva river basin in the western Balkans is representative of the Dinaric karst region and characterized by several endemic and endangered species.
For a small country, Albania is characterised by a considerable wealth of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and habitats with contrasting floral, faunal, and fungal species, defined in an area of 28,748 square kilometres. Most of the country is predominantly of Mediterranean character, comprehending the country's center and south, while the alpine affinity is more visible in the northeast.
The Vrljika is short sinking river in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, belonging to Neretva River basin. Its source is located on the outskirts of village Proložac near town of Imotski, Croatia. The Vrljika River is home of endangered endemic Softmouth trout, also known as Adriatic trout.
Montenegro is the smallest Balkan nation in population and second smallest in land mass. The land mass is 13,812 square kilometres with 360 square kilometres of water. Montenegro's geography ranges from mountainous forested regions in the north where larger mammals are most common. Mediterranean coastline makes up the south end of the country, forested area makes up 40.4% of the nation's landmass. The most densely populated area of the country is the south coast and the most sparsely populated is the north east section of the country. The fauna of Montenegro is predominantly shared with surrounding Balkan nations.
Salmo taleri, also known as the Zeta trout, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is found in the Upper Zeta river and Moraca drainage in Montenegro.
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