| Sambaina | |
|---|---|
Sambaina | |
  Sambaina Location in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 18°54′S47°47′E / 18.900°S 47.783°E | |
| Country |  |
| Region | Analamanga |
| District | Manjakandriana |
| Elevation [1] | 1,426 m (4,678 ft) |
| Population (2001) [2] | |
| • Total | 7,000 |
| Time zone | EAT (UTC3) |
Sambaina is the name of several towns and communes in Madagascar. Sambaina (Manjakandriana) belongs to the district of Manjakandriana, which is a part of Analamanga Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 7,000 in 2001 commune census. [2]
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately 400 kilometres off the coast of East Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
Districts are second-level administrative divisions of Madagascar below the regions. There are 114 districts in Madagascar. Districts are in their turn divided into communes; while some of the districts in urban areas and offshore islands each consist of only one commune, most of the districts are divided typically into 5–20 communes.
Manjakandriana is a town in Manjakandriana District, Analamanga Region, in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. It is located 47 km east of Antananarivo on the Route Nationale RN2 and the railway line from Antananarivo - Toamasina.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority, 85%, of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are cassava and potatoes, while other important agricultural products are beans and rice. Services provide employment for 15% of the population. [2]
Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc, yuca, macaxeira, mandioca, aipim and Brazilian arrowroot, is a woody shrub native to South America of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. Though it is often called yuca in Spanish and in the United States, it is not related to yucca, a shrub in the family Asparagaceae. Cassava, when dried to a powdery extract, is called tapioca; its fried, granular form is named garri.
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. In many contexts, potato refers to the edible tuber, but it can also refer to the plant itself. Common or slang terms include tater, tattie and spud. Potatoes were introduced to Europe in the second half of the 16th century by the Spanish. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. As of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice.
A bean is a seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used for human or animal food.
Sambaina (Antsirabe) is situated to the north of Antsirabe with geographical coordinates of 19°37′0″S, 47°8′0″E. It is notable for its reserves of hydrocarbons in the form of bituminous schist. These are reported by the USGS [3] categorised as oil shale and estimated at 32 million barrels (5,100,000 m3) of shale oil. They are currently under appraisal by Avana Petroleum, a company founded by Sam Malin and that is now a subsidiary of Vanoil Energy.
Antsirabe is the third largest city in Madagascar and the capital of the Vakinankaratra region, with a population of 238,478 in 2013. In Madagascar, Antsirabe is known for its relatively cool climate, its industry and the high concentration of pulled rickshaws or pousse-pousse, among other things.
Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced, called shale oil. Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil; however, extracting shale oil from oil shale is more costly than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its environmental impact. Deposits of oil shale occur around the world, including major deposits in the United States. A 2016 estimate of global deposits set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent of 6.05 trillion barrels of oil in place.
Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. These processes convert the organic matter within the rock (kerogen) into synthetic oil and gas. The resulting oil can be used immediately as a fuel or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen. The refined products can be used for the same purposes as those derived from crude oil.
