Sanga cattle

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Sanga cattle
Watusi Cattle1.jpg
Watusi cattle, a breed in the "Sanga" group.
Domesticated
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species:
B. taurus
Subspecies:
B. t. africanus
Trinomial name
Bos taurus africanus
Synonyms [1]
  • Bos africanusKerr, 1792
  • Bos sanga Fitzinger, 1860

Sanga cattle is the collective name for indigenous cattle of sub-Saharan Africa. They are sometimes identified as a subspecies with the scientific name Bos taurus africanus. [2] Their history of domestication and their origins in relation to taurine cattle, zebu cattle (indicine), and native African varieties of the ancestral aurochs are a matter of debate. "African taurine", "sanga", "zenga", "sheko", "African indicine" are all sub-groups of Sanga cattle. [3]

Contents

Genetic signatures and classification

A relatively complete survey on the many breeds of Sanga cattle is Kim et al. 2020. Admixture analysis from this paper groups Sanga cattle under the following taxonomy: [3]

In the analyses cited by Kim, African taurine (Bos taurus taurus) first split from Eurasian taurine. A group of Asian indicine cattle ("Zebu", Bos taurus indicus) split off in around 700 AD (around the time of Islamization of the East African coast) and mingled with African taurines in different ratios, producing the four groups of African humped cattle. In Kim's own analysis, African taurines gained key adaptations in 16 genes for immunity (most importantly, trypanosomosis tolerance), heat-tolerance and reproduction. Even so-called "African indicine" contains significant amounts of African taurine adaptations to the African environment. [3]

The existence of "taurine", "sanga", "zenga", and "indicine" groups among Africa cattle is generally agreed-upon by groups of researchers despite disagreements in how these groups originated. [4] Specifically, the main topic in dispute is whether African taurines were separately domesticated. [5]

Traits

Trypanotolerance

Trypanosomiasis poses a considerable constraint on livestock agricultural development in Tsetse fly infested areas of sub Saharan Africa, especially in west and central Africa. International research conducted by ILRI in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya has shown that the N'Dama is the most resistant breed. [6] [7] In Nigeria, research has shown that N'Dama is up to 2-3x (or 25%) more resistant than Nguni cattle.[ citation needed ] And F1 N'Dama × Nguni 16.5% is better than pure Nguni. [8] While in Kenya research conducted by KALRO has shown a similarity with crossbreeding N'Dama × Boran cattle. [9] [10] [11]

Origins

The timeline for their history is the subject of extensive debate. A combination of genetic studies with archaeological research, including cultural history, has clarified the question of the complex origin of Sanga cattle in recent years.

Origin of the African taurine

Archaeological evidence

Morphological features of early Sanga cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns, are depicted on murals of Ancient Egypt.[ citation needed ]

Near-eastern introduction theory

Thus Sanga cattle descend firstly from an aurochs domesticated in the Near East. After their introduction to Egypt, about eight thousand years ago, they spread all over the Sahara which was then still green, up to West Africa. The north African pastoralists interbred their domestic cattle with wild African Aurochs of various regional races, both in the paternal and maternal lines over a long time, which is reflected in the genetic distinctness of Sanga cattle from both European / near Eastern and from Indian Zebu cattle. [5] Hereby special adaptations to the African climate and conditions were introduced, that characterise Sanga cattle. [2] African taurus are distinguished by having small cervicothoracic humps, that are typical for (wild) Aurochs, [12] [13] instead of the high thoracic humps which characterize the Zebu.

Rather than the domesticating of cattle happening in the region of the Tadrart Acacus, it is considered more likely that domesticated cattle were introduced to the region. [14] Cattle are thought to not have entered Africa independently, but rather, are thought to have been brought into Africa by cattle pastoralists. [15] By the end of the 8th millennium BP, domesticated cattle are thought to have been brought into the Central Sahara. [16] The Central Sahara (e.g., Tin Hanakaten, Tin Torha, Uan Muhuggiag, Uan Tabu) was a major intermediary area for the distribution of domesticated animals from the Eastern Sahara to the Western Sahara. [17]

Based on cattle remains near the Nile dated to 9000 BP and cattle remains near Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba reliably dated to 7750 BP, domesticated cattle may have appeared earlier, near the Nile, and then expanded to the western region of the Sahara. [18] Though undomesticated aurochs are shown, via archaeological evidence and rock art, to have dwelled in Northeast Africa, aurochs are thought to have been independently domesticated in India and the Near East. [19] After aurochs were domesticated in the Near East, cattle pastoralists may have migrated, along with domesticated aurochs, through the Nile Valley and, by 8000 BP, through Wadi Howar, into the Central Sahara. [19]

The mitochondrial divergence of undomesticated Indian cattle, European cattle, and Sanga cattle (Bos primigenius) from one another in 25,000 BP is viewed as evidence supporting the conclusion that cattle may have been domesticated in Northeast Africa, [20] particularly, the eastern region of the Sahara, [20] [21] between 10,000 BP and 8000 BP. [22] Cattle (Bos) remains may date as early as 9000 BP in Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa. [22] While the mitochondrial divergence between Eurasian and Sanga cattle in 25,000 BP can be viewed as supportive evidence for cattle being independently domesticated in Africa, introgression from undomesticated Sanga cattle in Eurasian cattle may provide an alternative interpretation of this evidence. [17]

Independent domestication theory

These cattle originated in East Africa, probably the western shores of Lake Victoria, and have spread down the river Nile (i.e. northwards), with depictions on Ancient Egyptian murals. Sanga are an intermediate type, probably formed by hybridizing the indigenous humpless cattle with Zebu cattle. [23] However, archaeological evidence[ which? ] indicates this cattle type was domesticated independently in Africa, and bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundred years. [24]

The time and location for when and where cattle were domesticated in Africa remains to be resolved. [18]

Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the African continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an aurochs, a wild ancestor of domestic cattle, were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the MSA. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world. [25] Based on the cattle (Bos) remains found at Affad and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in Northeast Africa. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings." [26]

The managing of Barbary sheep may be viewed as parallel evidence for the domestication of amid the early period of the Holocene. [27] Near Nabta Playa, in the Western Desert, between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, semi-sedentary African hunter-gatherers may have independently domesticated African cattle as a form of reliable food source and as a short-term adaptation to the dry period of the Green Sahara, which resulted in a limited availability of edible flora. [27] African Bos primigenius fossils, which have been dated between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, have been found at Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa. [27]

In the Western Desert, at the E-75-6 archaeological site, amid 10th millennium cal BP and 9th millennium cal BP, African pastoralists may have managed North African cattle (Bos primigenius) and continually used the watering basin and well and as water source. [27] In the northern region of Sudan, at El Barga, cattle fossils found in a human burial serve as supportive evidence for cattle being in the area. [27]

While this does not negate that it is possible for cattle from the Near East to have migrated into Africa, a greater number of African cattle in the same area share the T1 mitochondrial haplogroup and atypical haplotypes than in other areas, which provides support for Africans independently domesticating African cattle. [27] Based on a small sample size (SNPs from sequences of whole genomes), African cattle split early from European cattle (Taurine). [27] African cattle, bearing the Y2 haplogroup, form a sub-group within the overall group of taurine cattle. [27] As a Near Eastern origin of African cattle requires a conceptual bottleneck to sustain the view, the diverseness of the Y2 haplogroup and T1 haplogroup do not support the view of a bottleneck having occurred, and thus, does not support a Near Eastern origin for African cattle. [27] Altogether, these forms of genetic evidence provide the strongest support for Africans independently domesticating African cattle. [27]

Origin of indicine contribution

Indian humped cattle (Bos indicus) and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (Bos taurus) are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring. [28] Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa. [28] Regarding possible origin scenarios for Sub-Saharan African Sanga cattle, domesticated taurine cattle were introduced into North Africa, admixed with undomesticated African cattle (Bos primigenius opisthonomous), resulting in offspring (the oldest being the Egyptian/Sudanese longhorn, some to all of which are viewed as Sanga cattle), or more likely, domesticated African cattle originated in Africa (including Egyptian longhorn), and became regionally diversified (e.g., taurine cattle in North Africa, zebu cattle in East Africa). [28]

20th century authors date the first Sanga cattle, which originated through by crossing in of Zebu bulls in northeast and east Africa, from 1600 BCE onward. [2] Kim et al. (2020) reports a consensus date of 700 AD among contemporary researchers and their own estimate date of 950–1250 AD. [3] Kim et al. (2023) does not report a different date, but finds that the indicine import is mostly similar to North Indian breeds, with a small South Indian contribution. [29]

List of breeds

The list of breeds below follow the framework of Kim et al. 2020. It includes contributions from Rege 1999, which has a very similar grouping (albeit the evolutionary theory is different). [30] [4]

African taurine

Sanga cattle

Sanga are crosses between African taurine and Zebu. [3]

Zenga cattle

Zenga is a word coined to refer to crosses between Zebu and Sanga. [3]

  • Afar cattle
  • Arado (of Ethiopia)
  • Fogera (of Ethiopia)
  • Horro (of Ethiopia)
  • Jiddu (southern Somalia)
  • Alur, also called Nioka (Nyoka) or Blukwa cattle (Democratic Republic of Congo);
  • Nganda (Uganda)
  • Sukuma (Tanzania)
  • Tete (Mozambique)

Composite breeds

In addition to the traditional breeds outlined, African cattle have been bred with outside cattle.

  • Ankole-Watusi of the United States. Mostly Ankole, some populations have Canadian contribution.
  • Bonsmara of South Africa. 5⁄8 Afrikaner, 3⁄16 Hereford, 3⁄16 Shorthurn.)
  • Rana of Madagascar
  • Renitelo of Madagascar
  • Mpwapwa of Tanzania

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aurochs</span> Extinct species of large cattle that inhabited Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa

The aurochs is an extinct cattle species, considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic cattle. With a shoulder height of up to 180 cm (71 in) in bulls and 155 cm (61 in) in cows, it was one of the largest herbivores in the Holocene; it had massive elongated and broad horns that reached 80 cm (31 in) in length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zebu</span> South Asian domestic cattle

The zebu, sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle, Camel cow or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differs from taurine cattle by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are farmed throughout the tropics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bovinae</span> Subfamily of mammals

Bovines comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is still debated, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hooves and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns. The largest extant bovine is the gaur.

<i>Bos</i> Genus of wild and domestic cattle

Bos is a genus of wild and domestic cattle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yak</span> Long-haired domesticated bovid

The yak, also known as the Tartary ox, grunting ox, or hairy cattle, is a species of long-haired domesticated cattle found throughout the Himalayan region of South Asia, the Tibetan Plateau, Gilgit-Baltistan (Kashmir), Tajikistan and as far north as Mongolia and Siberia. It is descended from the wild yak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nguni cattle</span> Breed of cattle

The Nguni is a cattle breed indigenous to Southern Africa. A hybrid of different Indian and later European cattle breeds, they were introduced by pastoralist tribes ancestral to modern Nguni people to Southern Africa during their migration from the North of the continent. Nguni cattle are dairy and beef cattle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afrikaner cattle</span> Breed of cattle

The Afrikaner or Africander is an African breed of taurine-indicine cattle in the Sanga group of African cattle. It is derived from the cattle of the Khoikhoi (Hottentot) people which were already present in the area of modern South Africa when the Dutch East India Company established the Cape Colony in 1652.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senepol</span> Cattle breed

The Senepol breed of beef cattle was developed on the Caribbean Island of St. Croix. It has long been thought that Senepol originated from just crosses between N'Dama cattle, imported in the late 19th century, and Red Poll cattle, but it is actually an admixed breed that consists of Red Poll, N'Dama, Criola and a trace amount of Zebu. The Senepol breed combines characteristics of heat tolerance and insect resistance with the docile nature, good meat, and high milk production of the Red Poll. They are polled, short haired, and colored red, black or brown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Gertrudis cattle</span> American breed of cattle

The Santa Gertrudis is an American breed of beef cattle. It is a taurine-indicine hybrid breed, descended from both zebu and European cattle. It was bred in the early twentieth century in Texas, and received official recognition in 1940. It has been exported to many countries including Australia, Brazil and South Africa, and has contributed to the development of a number of modern breeds, among them the Barzona and the Droughtmaster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boran cattle</span> Breed of cattle

Boran cattle are a popular Zebu beef breed in eastern Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian aurochs</span>

The Indian aurochs is an extinct subspecies of aurochs that inhabited West Asia and the Indian subcontinent from the Late Pleistocene until its eventual extinction during the South Asian Stone Age. With no remains younger than 3,800 YBP ever recovered, the Indian aurochs was the first of the three aurochs subspecies to become extinct; the Eurasian aurochs and the North African aurochs persevered longer, with the latter bring known by the Roman Empire, and the former surviving until the mid-17th century in Central Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cattle</span> Large, domesticated, cloven-hooved herbivores

Cattle are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls. Young female cattle are called heifers, young male cattle are oxen or bullocks, and castrated male cattle are known as steers.

Turano-Mongolian cattle are a group of taurine cattle that are found in Northern and Eastern Asia. They are morphologically and genetically distinct from the Near-Eastern group of taurine cattle, from which European cattle are descended; they may have been domesticated independently.

Bir Kiseiba is a Neolithic archaeological site in Egypt, dating from approximately 11,000-5,000 BP, that lies approximately 250 km west of the Nile in Lower Nubia. Excavated by Fred Wendorf, Romauld Schild, and Angela Close, Bir Kiseiba, along with Nabta Playa, has some of the earliest evidence for food production, permanent settlement, and more diverse technologies as compared to sites from the Late Pleistocene. Wendorf and associates argue that cattle and pottery were here as early as any other place in Africa, although this assertion has been challenged.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arado cattle</span> Type of cattle

The red and black coated Arado cattle are small and hardy. They are the most common cattle variety in the north Ethiopian highlands. The Arado breed is part of the Zenga breed group. It is essentially reared for draught power, particularly tillage. The breed feeds mainly on crop residues; it is adapted to seasonal feed shortages. This breed is often cross-bred through bull and artificial insemination services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raya cattle</span> Type of cattle

The long-horned Raya cattle are a breed of cattle common in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The Raya cattle have red and black coat colours. Bulls and oxen have thick and long horns and a cervicothoracic hump; cows have medium, thin horns. Raya cattle are closely related to the Afar cattle; this is a result of historical cattle raiding by the Raya people. The Raya cattle are however adapted to draught animals for tillage in the croplands of the highlands.

The Afar cattle are mainly found on the western margins of the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia. The Afar cattle have thick and long horns and a cervicothoracic hump; they are essentially reared for milk production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abergele cattle</span> Type of cattle

The Abergele cattle are the smallest breed of cattle in north Ethiopia. They are reared in the Abergele lowlands and at the southwestern lower slopes of Dogu'a Tembien district. Abergele cattle are part of the Zenga breed group. The Abergele breed is known for its adaptation to the hotter and drier lowlands. It is also very tolerant to diseases and parasites and can cope with feed shortages during long dry periods.

Begayt is an Ethiopian breed of cattle. Currently there are ongoing cross-breeding programmes with Arado cattle, in an attempt to increase the milk production of the latter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pastoral period</span> Most Common Type of Central Saharan rock art

Pastoral rock art is the most common form of Central Saharan rock art, created in painted and engraved styles depicting pastoralists and bow-wielding hunters in scenes of animal husbandry, along with various animals, spanning from 6300 BCE to 700 BCE. The Pastoral Period is preceded by the Round Head Period and followed by the Caballine Period. The Early Pastoral Period spanned from 6300 BCE to 5400 BCE. Domesticated cattle were brought to the Central Sahara, and given the opportunity for becoming socially distinguished, to develop food surplus, as well as to acquire and aggregate wealth, led to the adoption of a cattle pastoral economy by some Central Saharan hunter-gatherers of the Late Acacus. In exchange, cultural information regarding utilization of vegetation in the Central Sahara was shared by Late Acacus hunter-gatherers with incoming Early Pastoral peoples.

References

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