Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida. When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush. Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat. Other symptoms may include soreness and problems swallowing. When it affects the vagina, it may be referred to as a yeast infection or thrush. Signs and symptoms include genital itching, burning, and sometimes a white "cottage cheese-like" discharge from the vagina. Yeast infections of the penis are less common and typically present with an itchy rash. Very rarely, yeast infections may become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body. This may result in fevers along with other symptoms depending on the parts involved.
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora. It can also survive outside the human body. It is detected in the gastrointestinal tract and mouth in 40–60% of healthy adults. It is usually a commensal organism, but it can become pathogenic in immunocompromised individuals under a variety of conditions. It is one of the few species of the genus Candida that causes the human infection candidiasis, which results from an overgrowth of the fungus. Candidiasis is, for example, often observed in HIV-infected patients. C. albicans is the most common fungal species isolated from biofilms either formed on (permanent) implanted medical devices or on human tissue. C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata are together responsible for 50–90% of all cases of candidiasis in humans. A mortality rate of 40% has been reported for patients with systemic candidiasis due to C. albicans. By one estimate, invasive candidiasis contracted in a hospital causes 2,800 to 11,200 deaths yearly in the US. Nevertheless, these numbers may not truly reflect the true extent of damage this organism causes, given new studies indicating that C. albicans can cross the blood brain barrier.
Candida is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of hosts including humans; however, when mucosal barriers are disrupted or the immune system is compromised they can invade and cause disease, known as an opportunistic infection. Candida is located on most of mucosal surfaces and mainly the gastrointestinal tract, along with the skin. Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated species and can cause infections in humans and other animals. In winemaking, some species of Candida can potentially spoil wines.
Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. That is, oral candidiasis is a mycosis of Candida species on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
Saperda punctata is a beetle species of flat-faced longhorns belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae.
Saperda carcharias is a species of longhorn beetle.
Saperda is a genus of flat-faced longhorn beetles belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae. The genus was erected by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775.
Saperdini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.
The Poplar Borer is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomas Say in 1824. It is known from Canada and the United States. It contains the varietas Saperda calcarata var. adspersa.
Saperda inornata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomas Say in 1824. It is known from Canada and the United States. It feeds on Populus tremuloides.
Saperda alberti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Nikolay Nikolaevich Plavilstshchikov in 1916. It is known from Japan, North Korea, China, Mongolia, and Russia.
Saperda fayi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bland in 1863. It is known from Canada and the United States.
Saperda florissantensis is an extinct species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, that existed in what is now the United States during the Miocene. It was described by Wickham in 1916.
Saperda interrupta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gebler in 1825. It is known from China, Russia, Siberia, Korea and Japan. It is associated with coniferous plantations, and infests species of fir, pine, spruce and other conifers.
Saperda lateralis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. It is known from Canada and the United States.
Saperda perforata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pallas in 1773, originally under the genus Cerambyx. It has a wide distribution in Europe. It feeds on Populus nigra, Populus alba, and Populus tremula. It is preyed upon by the parasitoid wasp Xorides indicatorius.
Saperda populnea, the small poplar borer, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae which forms woody galls on twigs of poplars and willows. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.
Saperda scalaris is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, originally under the genus Cerambyx. It has a wide distribution in Europe and Asia. It is preyed upon by parasitoid wasp species including Xorides praecatorius and Helcon angustator.
Saperda subobliterata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1910. It is known from China, Japan and Russia.
The elm borer is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Olivier in 1795. It is known from Canada and the United States. It feeds on Ulmus rubra and Ulmus americana. It acts as a vector for the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi, and as a host for the parasitoid wasp Cenocoelius saperdae.
