| Sharps Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Paleogene | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Sub-units | Rockyford Member [1] |
| Underlies | Monroe Creek Formation [1] |
| Overlies | Brule Formation [1] |
| Location | |
| Region |  South Dakota |
| Country |  United States |
The Sharps Formation is a geologic formation in South Dakota. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene. [1]
The Sharps Formation is the namesake of the community of Sharps Corner, South Dakota. [2]
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Carnivorans reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Archaeocyon | A. leptodus | Shannon & Jackson counties, South Dakota. [3] | Middle & upper part of the formation. [3] | Skull elements. [3] | A borophagine dog. |  |
| A. pavidus | Southeast corner of Sheep Mountain, Shannon County, South Dakota. [3] | Lower part of the formation. [3] | 2 partial skeletons. [3] | A borophagine dog. | ||
| Cormocyon | C. haydeni | Wounded Knee area, Shannon County, South Dakota. [3] | Upper part of the formation. [3] | Left maxillary (F:AM 49436). [3] | A borophagine dog. | |
| Cynarctoides | C. lemur | Shannon County, South Dakota. [3] | Lower & upper parts of the formation. [3] | Jaw elements. [3] | A borophagine dog also known from the John Day, Brule & Browns Park formations. |  |
| C. roii | Wounded Knee Area, Shannon County, South Dakota. [1] [3] | Upper part of the formation. [3] | Skull elements. [1] [3] | A borophagine dog also known from the lower Arikaree Group | ||
| Cynodesmus | C. cooki | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Mandibles. [1] | Reassigned to the genus Otarocyon . [3] | ||
| Ekgmoiteptecela | E. olsontau | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Rockyford Member. [1] | Right ramus (SDSM 54247). [1] | Junior synonym of Hoplophoneus cerebralis. [4] | |
| Enhydrocyon | E. crassidens | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Crania. [1] | A hesperocyonine dog also known from the Harrison Formation. |  | |
| E. pahinsintewakpa | Wounded Knee Area. [1] [5] | Near the top of the formation. [5] | Right mandible. [1] [5] | A hesperocyonine dog. |  | |
| Hesperocyon | H. leptodus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | Reassigned to the genus Archaeocyon . [3] | ||
| Hoplophoneus | H. cerebralis | Wounded Knee Area, South Dakota. [1] [4] | Rockyford Member. [1] | Right ramus (SDSM 54247). [1] | A nimravid. |  |
| Leptocyon | L. douglassi | Wounded Knee Area. [6] | Maxillary fragments. [6] | A canine dog also known from the Toston & John Day formations. |  | |
| Mesocyon | M. robustus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Mandibles. [1] | A hesperocyonine dog. | ||
| "M." temnodon | Shannon County, South Dakota. [5] | Basal part and near the top of the formation. [5] | Rami. [5] | A hesperocyonine dog. | ||
| Nothocyon | N. geismarianus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements. [1] | An arctoid formerly thought to be a canid, also known from the Monroe Creek Formation. | ||
| N. lemur | Wounded Knee Area. [1] [3] | Jaw elements. [1] [3] | Reassigned to Cynarctoides . | |||
| N. roii | Wounded Knee Area. [1] [3] | Skull elements. [1] [3] | Reassigned to Cynarctoides . | |||
| Otarocyon | O. cooki | Wounded Knee Area, Shannon County, South Dakota. [3] | Upper part of the formation. [3] | Partial rami. [3] | A small borophagine dog also known from the lower Arikaree Group. |  |
| Palaeogale | P. dorothiae | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Fragment of right mandible (SDSM 53326). [1] | A palaeogalid. |  | |
| Paradaphoenus | P. tooheyi | South Dakota. [7] | Maxilla (LACM 21649). [7] | A bear-dog. | ||
| Philotrox | P. condoni | Wounded Knee area, Shannon County & Quiver Hill localities, Washabaugh County. [5] | Middle member. [5] | Skull and jaw remains. [5] | A hesperocyonine dog also found in the John Day Formation. |  |
| Sunkahetanka | S. geringensis | Wounded Knee Area, Shannon & Jackson counties. [1] [5] | Middle member. [5] | Jaw elements. [1] [5] | A hesperocyonine dog also known from the topmost part of the Brule Formation. |  |
| S. pahinsintewakpa | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Right mandible. [1] | Reassigned to Enhydrocyon . | |||
| Eulipotyphlans reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Arctoryctes | A. terrenus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Humeri. [1] | A proscalopid also found in the Rosebud Formation. | ||
| Domnina | D. dakotensis | Wounded Knee Area. [8] | Mandible. [8] | A shrew. | ||
| D. greeni | Wounded Knee Area. [1] [8] | Fragment of left mandible (SDSM 5895). [1] | A shrew. | |||
| Domninoides | D. evelynae | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Mandibles. [1] | Species reassigned to Proscalops . [8] | ||
| Ocajila | O. makpiyahe | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Fragment of left mandible (SDSM 56105) & LACM 9491. [1] [8] | A gymnure. | ||
| Palaeoscalopus | P. pineridgensis | Wounded Knee Area. [8] | 2 dentaries. [8] | Junior synonym of Quadrodens wilsoni. [8] | ||
| Proscalops | P. evelynae | Wounded Knee Area. [8] | A proscalopid. | |||
| Quadrodens | Q. wilsoni | Wounded Knee Area. [8] | Dentaries. [8] | A talpid mole. | ||
| Talpidae | Genus indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Fragments of 2 upper molars (SDSM 5898). [1] | A talpid mole. | ||
| Trimylus | T. sp. | Wounded Knee Area. [8] | A dentary fragment (LACM 9380) formerly assigned to Ocajila . [8] | A shrew. | ||
| Lagomorphs reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Megalagus | M. primitivus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Mandibles. [1] | A leporid. | ||
| ?Palaeolaginae | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Fragment of left mandible (SDSM 5542). [1] | A leporid. | |||
| Palaeolagus | P. hypsodus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull & jaw elements. [1] | A leporid. | ||
| P. philoi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements. [1] | A leporid. | |||
| Metatherians reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Herpetotherium | H. youngi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements & teeth. [1] | A herpetotheriid originally reported as Peratherium spindleri. [9] | ||
| Peratherium | P. spindleri | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements & teeth. [1] | Junior synonym of Herpetotherium youngi. [9] | ||
| Primates reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Ekgmowechashala | E. philotau | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements. [1] | An adapiform. | ||
| Rodents reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Capacikala | C. gradatus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | A castorid also known from the John Day Formation. | ||
| Capatanka | C. cankpeopi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | A castorid. | ||
| Eumys | E. blacki | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Right ramus (SDSM 5574). [1] | A cricetid. | ||
| E. woodi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements. [1] | A cricetid. | |||
| Florentiamys | F. agnewi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Fragment of left ramus (SDSM 55120). [1] | A florentiamyid. | ||
| Grangerimus | G. dakotensis | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Crania. [1] | A geomyid. | ||
| Heliscomys | H. species indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | 4 isolated molars (SDSM 54365). [1] | A heliscomyid. | ||
| Hitonkala | H. andersontau | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | A heteromyid. | ||
| Meniscomys | M. hippodus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Left ramus (SDSM 56113). [1] | An aplodontid. | ||
| Palaeocastor | P. nebrascensis | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Numerous skull elements. [1] | A castorid. | ||
| Pleurolicus | P. clasoni | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Fragment of right ramus (SDSM 54388). [1] | A geomyid. | ||
| P. leptophrys | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Right ramus (SDSM 53380). [1] | A geomyid also known from the Rosebud Formation. | |||
| Proheteromys | P. bumpi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements & teeth. [1] | A heteromyid. | ||
| P. fedti | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Right ramus (SDSM 56121). [1] | A heteromyid. | |||
| P. gremmelsi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Left ramus (SDSM 5574). [1] | A heteromyid. | |||
| Prosciurus | P. dawsonae | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Rami. [1] | An ischyromyid. | ||
| ?P. dawsonae | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Maxillary fragment (SDSM 5598). [1] | An ischyromyid. | |||
| Scottimus | S. sp. indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | 2 isolated upper molars (SDSM 58101). [1] | A cricetid. | ||
| Tamias | Species indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | 9 isolated cheek teeth (SDSM 58100). [1] | A chipmunk. | ||
| Ungulates reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Agriochoerus | A. sp. indet. | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Maxillary fragments & lower jaws (SDSM 54161). [1] | A tylopod. |  | |
| Arretotherium | A. sp. indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Isolated molars. [1] | An anthracothere. | ||
| Cyclopidius | C. schucherti | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | |||
| C. simus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | ||||
| Daeodon | D. sp. | Cedar Pass, Badlands National Monument, South Dakota. [10] | Anterior portion of a skull (SDSM 675). [10] | An entelodont, originally reported as Dinohyus . |  | |
| Desmatochoerus | D. hatcheri geringensis | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | 2 specimens. [1] | An oreodont. | ||
| D. (Paradesmatochoerus) wyomingensis | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Partial cranium. [1] | An oreodont. | |||
| Diceratherium | D. armatum | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Middle & very top of the formation. [1] | Skull & tooth. [1] | A rhinoceros. | |
| D. gregorii | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | A rhinoceros. | |||
| D. cf. gregorii | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements. [1] | A rhinoceros. | |||
| Dinohyus | D. sp. | Cedar Pass, Badlands National Monument, South Dakota. [10] | Anterior portion of a skull (SDSM 675). [10] | Junior synonym of Daeodon . |  | |
| Hyracodon | H. apertus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Lower part of the formation. [1] | Partial skull (SDSM 54141). [1] | A hyracodontid. |  |
| ? H. sp. indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Rockyford Member. [1] | Partial mandible (SDSM 54183). [1] | A hyracodontid. |  | |
| Leptochoerus | L. sp. indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Fragment of ramus (SDSM 56101). [1] | A leptochoerid. | ||
| Leptomeryx | L. sp. indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Ramus fragments. [1] | A leptomerycine. | ||
| Mesoreodon | M. megalodon cf. sweeti | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Partial cranium (SDSM 54220). [1] | An oreodont. | ||
| Miohippus | M. equiceps | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | An equid. | ||
| M. near equinanus | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw elements. [1] | An equid. | |||
| Nanotragulus | N. intermedius | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Spread throughout the greater portion of the formation. [1] | Numerous jaw elements. [1] | A hypertragulid. | |
| N. cf. loomisi | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Mandibular & maxillary fragments. [1] | A hypertragulid. | |||
| Oxydactylus | O. cf. wyomingensis | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Skull elements. [1] | A camelid. |  | |
| ?O. sp. indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Mandible fragments of adults. [1] | A camelid. |  | ||
| Squamates reported from the Sharps Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Amphisbaenidae | Genus indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | 2 jaw fragments (SDSM 5897). [1] | A worm lizard. | ||
| Anguidae | Genus indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | 30 jaw fragments (SDSM 5896). [1] | An anguid lizard. | ||
| Iguanidae | Genus indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | 11 jaw fragments (SDSM 5829). [1] | An iguanid lizard. | ||
| Macrorhineura | M. skinneri | Wounded Knee, Shannon County, South Dakota. [11] | Anterior portion of skull (LACM 9249). [11] | A worm lizard. |  | |
| Peltosaurus | P. granulosus | Sharps Corner, South Dakota. [12] | Upper part of the formation. [12] | Multiple specimens. [12] | A glyptosaurine lizard also known from the Monroe Creek Formation. |  |
| ?P. sp. indeterminate | Wounded Knee Area. [1] | Jaw fragment (SDSM 5578). [1] | A glyptosaurine lizard. | |||
Aelurodon is an extinct canid genus of the subfamily Borophaginae which lived from the Barstovian land mammal age of the middle Miocene to the late Miocene epoch. Aelurodon existed for approximately 10.7 million years.
Phlaocyon is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lives from the Early Oligocene to the Early Miocene epoch 33.3–16.3 Mya, existing for approximately 17.3 million years. It is closely related to Cynarctoides.
The John Day Formation is a series of rock strata exposed in the Picture Gorge district of the John Day River basin and elsewhere in north-central Oregon in the United States. The Picture Gorge exposure lies east of the Blue Mountain uplift, which cuts southwest–northeast through the Horse Heaven mining district northeast of Madras. Aside from the Picture Gorge district, which defines the type, the formation is visible on the surface in two other areas: another exposure is in the Warm Springs district west of the uplift, between it and the Cascade Range, and the third is along the south side of the Ochoco Mountains. All three exposures, consisting mainly of tuffaceous sediments and pyroclastic rock rich in silica, lie unconformably between the older rocks of the Clarno Formation below and Columbia River basalts above.
The Caninae, known as canines, are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. The Caninae includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. Their fossils were first found in North America and dated to the Oligocene era, then spreading to Asia at the end of the Miocene era, some 7 million to 8 million years ago.
Parictis is an extinct arctoid belonging to the family Subparictidae.
Nothocyon is an extinct genus of carnivoran in the family Subparictidae which inhabited North America during the late Oligocene. At one time, many species of the dog family Canidae were placed in Nothocyon, but new fossils showed that the type species of Nothocyon, N. geismarianus, is more closely related to bears. The other species have been reassigned to other genera such as Cormocyon.
The Orellan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), 34-32 million years ago. It is usually considered to fall within the Early Oligocene. The Orellan precedes the Whitneyan and follows the Chadronian NALMA stages.
Borophagini is a clade or tribe of the subfamily Borophaginae. This is an extinct group of terrestrial canids that were endemic and widespread throughout North America and Central America which lived during the Geringian stage of the Oligocene epoch to the Zanclean age of the Early Pliocene living 30.8—3.6 Mya existing approximately 27.2 million years.
Phlaocyon achoros is an extinct species of the genus Phlaocyon, belonging to the subfamily Borophaginae and tribe Phlaocyonini, a canid which inhabited the southeastern North America from the Late Oligocene to Miocene living 24.6—20.8 mya and existed for approximately 4.2 million years.
Phlaocyon annectens is an extinct species of the genus Phlaocyon, belonging to the subfamily Borophaginae and tribe Phlaocyonini, a canid endemic to central and western North America from the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene living 24.6—20.8 mya and existed for approximately 4.2 million years.
Phlaocyon latidens is an extinct species of the genus Phlaocyon, belonging to the subfamily Borophaginae and tribe Phlaocyonini, a canid which inhabited northwestern North America from the Late Oligocene to Miocene living 33.3–20.6 mya and existed for approximately 12.7 million years.
The Ash Hollow Formation of the Ogallala Group is a geological formation found in Nebraska and South Dakota. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period. It was named after Ash Hollow, Nebraska and can be seen in Ash Hollow State Historical Park. Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park is within this formation.
The Valentine Formation is a geologic unit formation or member within the Ogallala unit in northcentral Nebraska near the South Dakota border. It preserves fossils dating to the Neogene period and is particularly noted for Canid fossils. A particular feature of the Valentine is lenticular beds of green-gray opaline sandstone that can be identified in other states, including South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado. Even though three mammalian fauna stages can be mapped throughout the range of the Ogallala, no beddings of the Ogallala are mappable and all attempts of formally applying the Valentine to any mappable lithology beyond the type location have been abandoned. Even so, opaline sandstone has been used to refer to the green-gray opalized conglomerate sandstone that is a particular feature of the lower Ogallala.
The Monroe Creek Formation is a geologic formation in South Dakota. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
The Chamita Formation is a geologic formation in north-central New Mexico. It preserves unique fossils dating back to the Neogene period. The presence of volcanic ash beds in the formation, which can be radiometrically dated, gives the absolute age of the fossils, which is valuable for establishing the geologic time scale of the Neogene.
The Dove Spring Formation is a geologic formation in the western Mojave Desert of California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Miocene epoch of the Neogene period.
The Chanac Formation is a Cenozoic Era sandstone geologic formation in the southeastern San Joaquin Valley, within Kern County, California.
Phlaocyon minor is an extinct species of canid mammal known from the Miocene-Oligocene of the United States
Hyaenodonta is an extinct order of hypercarnivorous placental mammals of clade Pan-Carnivora from mirorder Ferae. Hyaenodonts were important mammalian predators that arose during the early Paleocene in Europe and persisted well into the late Miocene.
Amphicticeps is an extinct genus of small, weasel-like carnivoran mammal. It lived in Mongolia during the Oligocene. The genus was erected in 1924 for the species A. shackelfordi on the basis of a well-preserved skull. Historically, the systematic position of this genus has been problematic until more specimens were described decades later.
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