Hyracodon

Hyracodon Temporal range: Middle Eocene–Late Oligocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skeleton in Natural History Museum of Los Angeles
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	† Hyracodontidae
Genus:	† Hyracodon Leidy, 1856 [1]
Species
†H. browni †H. leidyanus †H. medius †H. nebraskensis †H. petersoni †H. affinis †H. eximus †H. modestus †H. primus †H. princeps †H. priscidens

Skeletal reconstruction of Hyracodon

Hyracodon ('hyrax tooth') is an extinct genus of perissodactyl mammal from the White River Formation.

Description

Hyracodon was a lightly built, pony-like mammal about 1.5 m (5 ft) in length, with a large skull in comparison to the rest of the body. Hyracodon was much smaller than modern rhinocerotoides and differed very little in appearance from the primitive horses with which it was contemporaneous (32–26 million years ago). It had a short, broad snout and its long, slender limbs had three digits. ^[2] When put next to the comtemporary Mesohippus , Hyracodon had a proportionally long neck, with robust vertebrae. Compared to earlier hyracodontids from the Uinta Formation, like Triplopus , Hyracodon had a more gracile manus structure. The median toe was enlarged whilst the lateral toes were greatly reduced. The molars of Hyracodon were similar to those of the modern day Rhinoceros, with the last upper molar assuming a triangular shape. The canines and incisors, however were quite different. In form, the anterior teeth of Hyracodon were small and similar in shape, being pointed and curved. ^[3]

H. nebraskensis skull, found near Hermosa, South Dakota.

Like the primitive horses, hyracodonts inhabited open forests and wooded steppes and turned from browsing foliage to grazing grass. They died out without leaving any descendants and they mark the end of the phylogenetic branch of hornless, running rhinocerotoids.

Illustrations

1896, Charles R. Knight

1913, Robert Bruce Horsfall

1920, Heinrich Harder

Palaeoecology

Palaeoecological analysis of a specimen of cf. Hyracodon nebraskensis from Rancho Gaitán, Chihuahua found it to mainly feed on C₃ plants located near bodies of water based on its δ¹³C_VPDB and δ¹⁸O_VPDB values. Dental mesowear and microwear were also performed on the specimen but were found to be unusable. ^[4]

References

1. McKenna, M. C; Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN   0-231-11012-X.
2. Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 283–284. ISBN   1-84028-152-9.
3. Scott, William Berryman (1913). A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere. Smithsonian Libraries. New York, The MacMillan Company.
4. Pérez Crespo, Víctor Adrian; Ferrusquía-Villafranca, Ismael; Ruiz-González, José E; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J (4 July 2025). "THE DIET AN INDIVIDUAL OF CF. HYRACODON NEBRASKENSSI (PERISSODACTYLA: HYRACODONTIDAE) FROM RANCHO GAITÁN LOCAL FAUNA OF CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO" . The Southwestern Naturalist. 69 (3). doi:10.1894/0038-4909-69.3.8. ISSN   0038-4909 . Retrieved 3 October 2025– via BioOne Digital Library.

Sources

• Benes, Josef (1979). Prehistoric Animals and Plants. Prague, CZ: Artua. p. 220.