Dental microwear

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Dental microwear analysis is a method to infer diet and behaviour in extinct animals, especially in fossil specimens. [1] Typically, the patterns of pits and scratches on the occlusal or buccal surface of the enamel are compared with patterns observed in extant species to infer ecological information. [2] [3] Hard foods in particular can lead to distinctive patterns (although see below). Microwear can also be used for inferring behavior, especially those related to the non-masticatory use of teeth as 'tools'. Other uses include investigating weaning in past populations. [4] Methods used to collect data initially involved a microscope and manually collecting information on individual microwear features, but software to automatically collect data have improved markedly in recent years. [5]

This method has been used on a variety of taxa, including:

Potential issues and on-going debates

References

  1. ↑ Hernando, Raquel; Fernández-Marchena, Juan Luis; Willman, John C.; Ollé, Andreu; Vergès, Josep Maria; Lozano, Marina (20 December 2020). "Exploring the utility of optical microscopy versus scanning electron microscopy for the quantification of dental microwear" . Quaternary International . 569–570: 5–14. Bibcode:2020QuInt.569....5H. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.022. ISSN   1040-6182. S2CID   219761015 . Retrieved 28 December 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  2. ↑ Winkler, Daniela E.; Schulz-Kornas, Ellen; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Tütken, Thomas (2019-05-29). "Dental microwear texture reflects dietary tendencies in extant Lepidosauria despite their limited use of oral food processing". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 286 (1903): 20190544. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0544. PMC   6545078 . PMID   31113323.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  3. 1 2 Rivals, Florent; Julien, Marie-Anne; Kuitems, Margot; Van Kolfschoten, Thijs; Serangeli, Jordi; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Bocherens, Hervé; Conard, Nicholas J. (December 2015). "Investigation of equid paleodiet from Schöningen 13 II-4 through dental wear and isotopic analyses: Archaeological implications" . Journal of Human Evolution . 89: 129–137. Bibcode:2015JHumE..89..129R. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.04.002. PMID   25242064 . Retrieved 24 March 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  4. ↑ Scott, Rachel M.; Halcrow, Siân E. (2017-02-01). "Investigating weaning using dental microwear analysis: A review". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports . 11: 1–11. Bibcode:2017JArSR..11....1S. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.11.026 . ISSN   2352-409X.
  5. ↑ Strani, Flavia; Profico, Antonio; Manzi, Giorgio; Pushkina, Diana; Raia, Pasquale; Sardella, Raffaele; DeMiguel, Daniel (2018). "MicroWeaR: A new R package for dental microwear analysis". Ecology and Evolution . 8 (14): 7022–7030. Bibcode:2018EcoEv...8.7022S. doi:10.1002/ece3.4222. ISSN   2045-7758. PMC   6065344 . PMID   30073064.
  6. ↑ Scott, Robert S.; Ungar, Peter Stuart; Bergstrom, Torbjorn S.; Brown, Christopher A.; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F.; Walker, Alan (August 2005). "Dental microwear texture analysis shows within-species diet variability in fossil hominins" . Nature . 436 (7051): 693–695. Bibcode:2005Natur.436..693S. doi:10.1038/nature03822. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   16079844. S2CID   4431062.
  7. ↑ Louys, Julien; Zaim, Yahdi; Rizal, Yan; Aswan; Puspaningrum, Mika; Trihascaryo, Agus; Price, Gilbert J.; Petherick, Ansley; Scholtz, Elinor; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (8 September 2020). "Sumatran orangutan diets in the Late Pleistocene as inferred from dental microwear texture analysis". Quaternary International . 603: 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.040. hdl: 10072/399186 . ISSN   1040-6182 . Retrieved 4 August 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  8. ↑ Fehringer, Leah K.; Beck, Catherine C.; Leakey, Louise N.; Princehouse, Patricia; Rowan, John; Russo, Gabrielle A.; Teaford, Mark F.; Uno, Kevin T.; Ungar, Peter Stuart (April 2025). "Dental microwear of Neogene cercopithecoids from the Turkana Basin, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution . 201 103646. Bibcode:2025JHumE.20103646F. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103646 . PMID   39965434.
  9. ↑ Ungar, Peter Stuart; Abella, Elicia F.; Burgman, Jenny H.E.; Lazagabaster, Ignacio A.; Scott, Jessica R.; Delezene, Lucas K.; Manthi, Fredrick K.; Plavcan, J. Michael; Ward, Carol V. (March 2020). "Dental microwear and Pliocene paleocommunity ecology of bovids, primates, rodents, and suids at Kanapoi". Journal of Human Evolution . 140 102315. Bibcode:2020JHumE.14002315U. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.005 . PMID   28499698.
  10. ↑ Ungar, Peter Stuart (October 1996). "Dental microwear of European Miocene catarrhines: evidence for diets and tooth use" . Journal of Human Evolution . 31 (4): 335–366. Bibcode:1996JHumE..31..335U. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0065 . Retrieved 10 July 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  11. ↑ Firmat, Cyril; Rodrigues, Helder Gomes; Renaud, Sabrina; Claude, Julien; Hutterer, Rainer; Garcia-Talavera, Francisco; Michaux, Jacques (24 August 2010). "Mandible morphology, dental microwear, and diet of the extinct giant rats Canariomys (Rodentia: Murinae) of the Canary Islands (Spain): THE EXTINCT CANARIAN GIANT RATS". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 101 (1): 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01488.x . Retrieved 30 August 2025– via Oxford Academic.
  12. ↑ Goillot, Cyrielle; Blondel, Cécile; Peigné, Stéphane (1 January 2009). "Relationships between dental microwear and diet in Carnivora (Mammalia) — Implications for the reconstruction of the diet of extinct taxa" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 271 (1–2): 13–23. Bibcode:2009PPP...271...13G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.004 . Retrieved 6 April 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  13. ↑ Prassack, Kari A.; DuBois, Josephine; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Germonpré, Mietje; Ungar, Peter Stuart (March 2020). "Dental microwear as a behavioral proxy for distinguishing between canids at the Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) site of Předmostí, Czech Republic" . Journal of Archaeological Science . 115 105092. Bibcode:2020JArSc.115j5092P. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105092 . Retrieved 25 February 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  14. ↑ Pappa, Spyridoula; Schreve, Danielle C.; Rivals, Florent (15 January 2019). "The bear necessities: A new dental microwear database for the interpretation of palaeodiet in fossil Ursidae" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 514: 168–188. Bibcode:2019PPP...514..168P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.10.015. ISSN   0031-0182. S2CID   134140217.
  15. ↑ DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Scott, Jessica R.; Ungar, Peter Stuart (26 December 2012). Goswami, Anjali (ed.). "Implications of Diet for the Extinction of Saber-Toothed Cats and American Lions". PLoS ONE . 7 (12): e52453. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752453D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052453 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3530457 . PMID   23300674.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  16. ↑ Stynder, Deano D.; Ungar, Peter Stuart; Scott, Jessica R.; Schubert, Blaine W. (1 September 2012). "A Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of the Mio-Pliocene Hyaenids from Langebaanweg, South Africa". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 57 (3): 485–496. doi: 10.4202/app.2011.0053 . ISSN   0567-7920.
  17. ↑ Bastl, Katharina; Semprebon, Gina; Nagel, Doris (1 September 2012). "Low-magnification microwear in Carnivora and dietary diversity in Hyaenodon (Mammalia: Hyaenodontidae) with additional information on its enamel microstructure" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 348–349: 13–20. Bibcode:2012PPP...348...13B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.026 . Retrieved 17 December 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  18. ↑ Joomun, Sarah C.; Hooker, Jerry J.; Collinson, Margaret E. (24 March 2010). "Changes in dental wear of Plagiolophus minor (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) across the Eocene–Oligocene transition". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 30 (2): 563–576. doi:10.1080/02724631003618124. ISSN   0272-4634 . Retrieved 19 August 2025– via Taylor and Francis Online.
  19. ↑ Hullot, Manon; Laurent, Yves; Merceron, Gildas; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2021). "Paleoecology of the Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Béon 1, Montréal-du-Gers (late early Miocene, SW France): Insights from dental microwear texture analysis, mesowear, and enamel hypoplasia". Palaeontologia Electronica . doi:10.26879/1163 . Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  20. ↑ DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Sharp, Alana C.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Colbert, Matthew W.; Wallace, Steven C.; Grine, Frederick E. (1 June 2020). "Clarifying relationships between cranial form and function in tapirs, with implications for the dietary ecology of early hominins". Scientific Reports . 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65586-w. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   7264299 . PMID   32483196 . Retrieved 26 August 2025– via PubMed Central.
  21. ↑ Schulz, Ellen; Fahlke, Julia M.; Merceron, Gildas; Kaiser, Thomas M. (2007). "Feeding ecology of the Chalicotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Ancylopoda). Results from dental micro- and mesowear analyses" (PDF). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg. 43: 5–31. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  22. 1 2 3 Xafis, Alexandros; Saarinen, Juha; Bastl, Katharina; Nagel, Doris; Grímsson, Friðgeir (11 June 2020). "Palaeodietary traits of large mammals from the middle Miocene of Gračanica (Bugojno Basin, Bosnia-Herzegovina)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 100 (2): 457–477. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00435-2. ISSN   1867-1594. PMC   7320953 . PMID   32647552 . Retrieved 22 February 2025– via Springer Nature Link.
  23. ↑ Semprebon, Gina M.; Rivals, Florent (1 September 2010). "Trends in the paleodietary habits of fossil camels from the Tertiary and Quaternary of North America" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 295 (1–2): 131–145. Bibcode:2010PPP...295..131S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.033 . Retrieved 10 July 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  24. ↑ Hunter, John P.; Fortelius, Mikael (31 March 1994). "Comparative dental occlusal morphology, facet development, and microwear in two sympatric species of Listriodon (Mammalia: Suidae) from the middle Miocene of western Anatolia (Turkey)" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 14 (1): 105–126. Bibcode:1994JVPal..14..105H. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011541. ISSN   0272-4634 . Retrieved 14 November 2024– via Taylor and Francis Online.
  25. ↑ Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Zazzo, Antoine; Merceron, Gildas; Blondel, Cécile; Vignaud, Patrick; Likius, Andossa; Mackaye, Hassane Taïsso; Brunet, Michel (27 May 2005). "Diets of modern and late Miocene hippopotamids: Evidence from carbon isotope composition and micro-wear of tooth enamel". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 221 (1–2): 153–174. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.02.010 . Retrieved 11 August 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  26. ↑ Fahlke, Julia M.; Bastl, Katharina A.; Semprebon, Gina M.; Gingerich, Philip D. (15 September 2013). "Paleoecology of archaeocete whales throughout the Eocene: Dietary adaptations revealed by microwear analysis" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 386: 690–701. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.032 . Retrieved 11 January 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  27. ↑ Semprebon, Gina; Janis, Christine; Solounias, Nikos (11 June 2004). "The diets of the Dromomerycidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) and their response to Miocene vegetational change". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 24 (2): 427–444. doi:10.1671/2431. ISSN   0272-4634 . Retrieved 1 September 2025– via Taylor and Francis Online.
  28. ↑ Curran, Sabrina; Terhune, Claire; Croitor, Roman; Drăgușin, Virgil; Fox, David L.; Garrett, Niki; Ironside, Lydia B.; Petculescu, Alexandru; Pobiner, Briana; Robinson, Chris; Robu, Marius; Tanţău, Ioan; Ungar, Peter Stuart (July 15, 2021). "Multiproxy paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Early Pleistocene sites from the Olteţ River Valley of Romania" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 574 110445. Bibcode:2021PPP...57410445C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110445 . Retrieved February 15, 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  29. ↑ Ungar, Peter Stuart; Merceron, Gildas; Scott, Robert S. (June 28, 2007). "Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of Varswater Bovids and Early Pliocene Paleoenvironments of Langebaanweg, Western Cape Province, South Africa" . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 14 (3): 163–181. doi:10.1007/s10914-007-9050-x. ISSN   1064-7554 . Retrieved February 8, 2025– via Springer Nature Link.
  30. ↑ Merceron, Gildas (January 2009). "The early Vallesian vertebrates of Atzelsdorf (Late Miocene, Austria) 13. Dental wear patterns of herbivorous ungulates as ecological indicators". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 111A: 647–660. Retrieved 14 August 2025.
  31. ↑ Ungar, Peter Stuart; Scott, J. R.; Curran, S. C.; Dunsworth, H. M.; Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H.; Lehmann, T.; Manthi, F. K.; McNulty, K. P. (15 July 2012). "Early Neogene environments in East Africa: Evidence from dental microwear of tragulids" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 342–343: 84–96. Bibcode:2012PPP...342...84U. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.005 . Retrieved 24 February 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  32. ↑ Merceron, Gildas; Colyn, Marc; Geraads, Denis (15 September 2018). "Browsing and non-browsing extant and extinct giraffids: Evidence from dental microwear textural analysis". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 505: 128–139. Bibcode:2018PPP...505..128M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.05.036 . Retrieved 13 August 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  33. ↑ Schwartz, Andrew; DeSantis, Larisa R.G.; Scott, Rob S. (1 October 2025). "Dietary change across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in the mesonychid Dissacus praenuntius" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 675 113089. Bibcode:2025PPP...67513089S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113089 . Retrieved 29 June 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  34. ↑ Green, Jeremy L.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Smith, Gregory James (1 December 2017). "Regional variation in the browsing diet of Pleistocene Mammut americanum (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as recorded by dental microwear textures". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 487: 59–70. Bibcode:2017PPP...487...59G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.019 . Retrieved 11 August 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  35. ↑ Zhang, Hanwen; Wang, Yuan; Janis, Christine M.; Goodall, Robert H.; Purnell, Mark A. (25 July 2017). "An examination of feeding ecology in Pleistocene proboscideans from southern China ( Sinomastodon , Stegodon , Elephas ), by means of dental microwear texture analysis". Quaternary International . 445: 60–70. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.011 . Retrieved 10 September 2024– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  36. ↑ Pardi, Melissa I.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (24 November 2022). "Interpreting spatially explicit variation in dietary proxies through species distribution modeling reveals foraging preferences of mammoth (Mammuthus) and American mastodon (Mammut americanum)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution . 10 1064299. Bibcode:2022FrEEv..1064299P. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1064299 . ISSN   2296-701X.
  37. ↑ Solounias, Nikos; Rivals, Florent; Semprebon, Gina M. (1 January 2010). "Dietary interpretation and paleoecology of herbivores from Pikermi and Samos (late Miocene of Greece)". Paleobiology . 36 (1): 113–136. doi:10.1666/0094-8373-36.1.113. ISSN   0094-8373 . Retrieved 14 August 2025– via BioOne Digital Library.
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  46. ↑ Varriale, Frank J. (6 July 2016). "Dental microwear reveals mammal-like chewing in the neoceratopsian dinosaur Leptoceratops gracilis". PeerJ . 4 e2132. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2132 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   4941762 . PMID   27441111.
  47. 1 2 Mallon, Jordan C.; Anderson, Jason S. (11 June 2014). Farke, Andrew A. (ed.). "The Functional and Palaeoecological Implications of Tooth Morphology and Wear for the Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". PLoS ONE . 9 (6): e98605. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998605M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098605 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4053334 . PMID   24918431.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
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  51. ↑ Itano, Wayne M. (July 2019). "Oriented microwear on a tooth of Edestus minor (Chondrichthyes, Eugeneodontiformes): Implications for dental function". Palaeontologia Electronica . 22 (2). doi:10.26879/831 . Retrieved 25 September 2024– via Palaeontologica Electronica.
  52. ↑ Winkler, Daniela E.; Tütken, Thomas; Schulz-Kornas, Ellen; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Müller, Jacqueline; Leichliter, Jennifer; Weber, Katrin; Hatt, Jean-Michel; Clauss, Marcus (8 September 2020). "Shape, size, and quantity of ingested external abrasives influence dental microwear texture formation in guinea pigs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 117 (36): 22264–22273. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11722264W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2008149117 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   7486718 . PMID   32839331.
  53. ↑ van Casteren, Adam; Strait, David S.; Swain, Michael V.; Michael, Shaji; Thai, Lidia A.; Philip, Swapna M.; Saji, Sreeja; Al-Fadhalah, Khaled; Almusallam, Abdulwahab S.; Shekeban, Ali; McGraw, W. Scott (17 January 2020). "Hard plant tissues do not contribute meaningfully to dental microwear: evolutionary implications". Scientific Reports . 10 (1): 582. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..582V. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57403-w . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6969033 . PMID   31953510.
  54. ↑ Puech, Pierre-François; Pinilla, Beatriz (January 2014). "Dental Microwear and Diet As Indicators of Geographic and Cultural Contexts in Human Evolution". Human Evolution: 103–123.
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