Gymnure

Gymnures [1]
Bornean short-tailed gymnure
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Eulipotyphla
Family:	Erinaceidae
Subfamily:	Galericinae Pomel, 1848
Genera [2]
† Apulogalerix [3] † Deinogalerix † Dzavui [4] Echinosorex † Eochenus † Eogalericius † Galerix Hylomys † Lantanotherium † Microgalericulus Neohylomys Neotetracus † Neurogymnurus † Ocajila † Oligochenus † Parasorex Podogymnura † Proterix † Protogalericius † Pseudoneurogymnurus † Riddleria [5] † Schizogalerix † Tetracus † Thaiagymnura

Gymnures, also called hairy hedgehogs or moonrats, are mammals belonging to the subfamily Galericinae, in the family Erinaceidae and the order Eulipotyphla. Gymnures may resemble rats but are not closely related; they are not rodents at all, but instead are closely related to hedgehogs, being their sister group within Erinaceidae. They are thought to have appeared in Eastern Asia before their closest relatives,^{[ vague ]} and changed little from the original ancestor, which is thought to have been also the ancestor of the shrews.^{[ citation needed ]}

Description

Although the gymnures are closest related to the hedgehogs, full-grown gymnures superficially resemble large rats, shrews, and opossums as a result of convergent evolution.

The gymnure's body plan is believed to resemble that of the earliest mammals,^{[ citation needed ]} with a large, toothy head about 1/3 the length of the total body, a naked furless tail for balance and thermoregulatory purposes, and a plantigrade stance. In direct contrast to the closely related hedgehogs, gymnures are not spiny. ^[6]

Gymnures are primarily carnivorous. They are nocturnal or crepuscular: they come out to forage at twilight or in the night to search the forest floor, using their outstanding sense of smell and tactile response in the snout region,^{[ citation needed ]} to forage for food. Gymnures eat various arthropods, mice, small reptiles and amphibians, with occasional fruit and fungi.^{[ citation needed ]}

Gymnures keep territories, and individuals are solitary except when breeding. Gymnures have a very strong scent, typically described as a rancid garlic or onion smell, which is produced by its territory marking scent glands. Several creatures similar in form and niche, such as the opossum and solenodon, have an odor similar to the gymnure's.^{[ citation needed ]}

Distribution

Gymnures inhabit moist jungle terrain in various locales of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Sumatra, China and the Malay Peninsula.^{[ citation needed ]} Fossil gymnures such as Deinogalerix have been found from Europe. ^[7]

Classification

See also: List of erinaceids

This subfamily has alternately been called Echinosoricinae, Galericinae, and Hylomyinae. Some researchers prefer Hylomyinae because the specific relationships of the extinct genus Galerix to living erinaceids are uncertain. ^[8] There are fifteen extant species in six genera: ^{[1] [9]}

• Genus Echinosorex
  • Echinosorex gymnura (moonrat)
• Genus Hylomys
  • Hylomys parvus (dwarf gymnure)
  • Hylomys suillus (Javan short-tailed gymnure or lesser moonrat)
  • Hylomys dorsalis (Bornean short-tailed gymnure)
  • Hylomys maxi (Max's short-tailed gymnure)
  • Hylomys macarong (Dalat gymnure)
  • Hylomys peguensis (Northern short-tailed gymnure)
  • Hylomys vorax (Leuser gymnure)
• Genus Neohylomys
  • Neohylomys hainanensis (Hainan gymnure or Hainan moonrat)
• Genus Neotetracus
  • Neotetracus sinensis (shrew gymnure)
• Genus Otohylomys
  • Otohylomys megalotis (Long-eared gymnure)
• Genus Podogymnura
  • Podogymnura aureospinula (Dinagat gymnure or Dinagat moonrat)
  • Podogymnura intermedia (Eastern Mindanao gymnure )
  • Podogymnura minima
  • Podogymnura truei (Mindanao gymnure or Mindanao moonrat)

References

1. Hutterer, R. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 212–217. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
2. Lopatin, A. V. (2006). "Early Paleogene insectivore mammals of Asia and establishment of the major groups of Insectivora". Paleontological Journal. 40 (S3): S205 –S405. doi:10.1134/S0031030106090012. S2CID   84144565.
3. Masini, F.; Fanfani, F. (2013). "Apulogalerix pusillus nov. gen., nov. sp., the small-sized Galericinae (Erinaceidae, Mammalia) from the "Terre Rosse" fissure filling of the Gargano (Foggia, South-Eastern Italy)". Geobios. 46 (1–2): 89–104. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.008.
4. Jiménez-Hidalgo, E.; Guerrero-Arenas, R.; Crespo, V. D. (2022). "First galericine erinaceid (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) from the early Oligocene of tropical North America". Historical Biology: 1–6. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2070018. S2CID   248467861.
5. van den Hoek Ostende, L. W. (2003). "Riddleria atecensis nov. gen. nov. sp., a peculiar erinaceid (Erinaceomorpha, Mammalia) from the Lower Miocene of Spain". Beiträge zur Paläontologie. 28: 1–11.
6. Feldhamer, George [and 4 others] (2015). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology, Edition 4. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 285. ISBN   978-1-4214-1588-8.
7. Andrea Savorelli; Federico Masini; Paul P. A. Mazza; Maria Adelaide Rossi; Silvano Agostini (2017). "New species of Deinogalerix (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) from the late Miocene of Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (1): Article number 20.1.16A. doi: 10.26879/672 .
8. Gould, G.C. (1995). "Hedgehog phylogeny (Mammalia, Erinaceidae) – the reciprocal illumination of the quick and the dead". American Museum Novitates (3131): 1–45. hdl:2246/3665.
9. Hinckley, A.; Camacho-Sanchez, M.; et al. (2023). "An integrative taxonomic revision of lesser gymnures (Eulipotyphla: Hylomys) reveals five new species and emerging patterns of local endemism in Tropical East Asia" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: zlad177. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad177 .