Nimravidae is an extinctfamily of carnivorans, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, whose fossils are found in North America, Africa, and Eurasia. Not considered to belong to the true cats (family Felidae), the nimravids are generally considered closely related and classified as a distinct family in the suborderFeliformia. Fossils have been dated from the Middle Eocene through the Late Miocene epochs (Bartonian through Messinian stages, 41.03–7 million years ago), spanning about 34.03 million years.[1]
The barbourofelids, were once classified as a subfamily of the Nimravidae, reassigned to their own distinct family Barbourofelidae in 2004.[3] However, since 2020, the majority of experts consider barbourofelids as nimravids.[4][1][5][6][7]
Taxonomy
The family Nimravidae was named by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1880,[8] with the type genus as Nimravus. The family was assigned to Fissipedia by Cope (1889); to Caniformia by Flynn and Galiano (1982); to Aeluroidea by Carroll (1988); to Feliformia by Bryant (1991); and to Carnivoramorpha, by Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin (2005).[9]
Nimravids are placed in tribes by some authors to reflect closer relationships between genera within the family. Some nimravids evolved into large, toothed, cat-like forms with massive flattened upper canines and accompanying mandibular flanges. Some had dentition similar to felids, or modern cats, with smaller canines. Others had moderately increased canines in a more intermediate relationship between the saber-toothed cats and felids. The upper canines were not only shorter, but also more conical, than those of the true saber-toothed cats (Machairodontinae). These nimravids are referred to as "false saber-tooths".
Not only did nimravids exhibit diverse dentition, but they also showed the same diversity in size and morphology as cats. Some were leopard-sized, while some like as E. adelos the size of small lions.[1] One had the short face, rounded skull, and smaller canines of the modern cheetah, and one, Nanosmilus, was only the size of a small bobcat.
The Barbourofelids were for a while no longer included in Nimravidae, following elevation to family as sister clade to the true cats (family Felidae).[10][11] However, majority of recent studies have returned them to Nimravidae, with one study suggesting they are part of Nimravinae.[1][5][12][6][7]
The ancestors of nimravids and cats diverged from a common ancestor soon after the Caniformia–Feliformia split, in the middle Eocene about 50 million years ago (Mya), with a minimum constraint of 43Mya.
Nimravids appeared in the middle of the Eocene epoch, about 40 Mya, in North America and Asia. The global climate at this time was warm and wet, but was trending cooler and drier toward the late Eocene. The lush forests of the Eocene were transforming to scrub and open woodland. This climatic trend continued in the Oligocene, and nimravids evidently flourished in this environment. North America and Asia were connected and shared much related fauna.[16] Europe in the Oligocene was more of an archipelago than a continent, though some land bridges must have existed, for nimravids also spread there. If considered members of the family, Barbourofelins likely from Nimravinae migrated into Africa during the Oligocene. The presence of large hyaenodonts prevented them from reaching a large size but were able to carve a niche due to their dental morphology. Eventually, they dispersed from Africa into Eurasia and later into North America.[1]
Extinction
Both Hoplophoneini and Nimravinae died out during the Oligocene epoch, with the last taxa going extinct 28 and 23.03 million years ago respectively.[17][18] Their extinction probably coincides with the expansion of grasslands, and led to the infamous cat gap, a 7 million year period where no cat-like predators were present in North America.[19]
Barbourfelids, if valid members of the family, went extinct around 7 million years ago, during the Late Miocene, for unknown reasons.[1] Antón Mauricio suggested competition with machairodonts such as Machairodus and Nimravides, may have contributed to their extinction, as barbourofelids were widely successful despite the wider expansion of grasslands.[19] However, Paul Barret has contested this hypothesis because of the limited temporal overlap between both clades.[1] In addition, Albanosmilus, the last genus to go extinct in Eurasia, was also able to coexist and compete with machairodonts Amphimachairodous and Machairodus in some localities, in some cases over a million years.[20][21][22] Other experts suggested it was more likely they went extinct because of the faunal overturn during the Late Miocene due to the wider expansion of grasslands.[1][23][21]
Morphology
Most nimravids had muscular, low-slung, cat-like bodies, with shorter legs and tails than are typical of cats. Unlike extant Feliformia, the nimravids had a different bone structure in the small bones of the ear. The middle ear of true cats is housed in an external structure called an auditory bulla, which is separated by a septum into two chambers. Nimravid remains show ossified bullae with no septum, or no trace at all of the entire bulla. They are assumed to have had a cartilaginous housing of the ear mechanism.[24] Nimravid feet were short, indicating they walked in a plantigrade or semiplantigrade posture, i.e., on the flat of the feet rather than the toes, like modern cats.[19]
1 2 3 Barrett, P. Z.; Hopkins, W. S. B.; Price, S. A. (2021). "How many sabertooths? Reevaluating the number of carnivoran sabertooth lineages with total-evidence Bayesian techniques and a novel origin of the Miocene Nimravidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (1): e1923523. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1923523. S2CID236221655.
↑ Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). "Phylogeny of early Tertiary Carnivora, with a description of a new species of Protictis from the middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming". American Museum Novitates. hdl:2246/5338.
↑ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp.59–82. ISBN978-0-19-923445-5.
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