Shlomo Sawilowsky | |
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Born | 1954 |
Died | 11 January 2021 (aged 66–67) [2] |
Nationality | American |
Citizenship | United States of America |
Alma mater | University of South Florida |
Known for | nonparametric statistics, Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods |
Awards | University distinguished fellow, teaching, and mentoring; American Educational Research Association distinguished paper |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Applied statistics, research design, classical test theory, program evaluation, Monte Carlo methods |
Institutions | Wayne State University |
Doctoral advisor | R. Clifford Blair [3] James Higgins [4] |
Shlomo S. Sawilowsky (1954 - 11 January 2021) was a professor of educational statistics and Distinguished Faculty Fellow at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, where he has received teaching, mentoring, and research awards. [5] [6] [7]
Sawilowsky obtained his Ph.D. in 1985 at the University of South Florida. He was inducted into the USF chapter of the Phi Kappa Phi honor society on May 17, 1981, [8] when he received his M.A. [9] In 2008 Sawilowsky served as president of the American Educational Research Association Special Interest Group/Educational Statisticians. He served as an Assistant Dean in the College of Education at WSU. Along with Miodrag Lovric (Serbia) and C. R. Rao (India), he was nominated for the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to the International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science. [10]
In 2000, the AMSTAT News, a publication of the American Statistical Association, described Professor Sawilowsky's award of Distinguished Faculty Fellow "in recognition of Sawilowsky's outstanding scholarly achievements in applied statistics, psychometrics, and experimental design in education and psychology." [11]
He is the author of a statistics textbook that presents statistical methods via Monte Carlo simulation methods, [12] editor of a volume on real data analysis published by the American Educational Research Association SIG/Educational Statisticians, [13] and author of over a hundred articles in applied statistics and social sciences journals. Sawilowsky has also authored 24 entries in statistics encyclopedias.
His presentation titled "The Rank Transform," with co-author R. Clifford Blair, was awarded the 1985 Florida Educational Research Association & 1986 American Educational Research Association State/Regions Distinguished Paper Award. [9] Many of his publications are related to rank-based nonparametric statistics. For example, an examination of the robustness and comparative power properties of the rank transform statistic [14] was called a "major Monte Carlo study". [15] [16] Hettmansperger and McKean stated that Sawilowsky provided "an excellent review of nonparametric approaches to testing for interaction" (p. 254-255). [15]
Sawilowsky's Monte Carlo work has been cited as an exemplar for designing simulation studies. [17] His work has been cited on a variety of statistical issues, such as
In psychological testing, Sawilowsky is a co-author of two self-determination assessment batteries; [25] [26] an instrument designed to assess locus of control, self-esteem, and self-concept among at-risk adolescents; [27] an instrument "which measures future orientation, knowledge of the realities of child rearing, personal intentions, and sexual self-efficacy;" [28] [29] and a college well-being instrument. [30] Sawilowsky was the initial proponent in favor of psychometric theory (reliability refers to the test) over datametric theory [31] (reliability refers to the data), a controversy with implications for test theory, role of tests in expert testimony, test validity, [32] [33] etc. The debate was discussed in Educational and Psychological Measurement [34] and elsewhere. [35] Although the issue has not been resolved, the current non-aligned opinion "lean[s] toward the Sawilowsky position." [36] In classical test theory, he developed the Sawilowsky I test, a statistical test used to help demonstrate evidence of construct validity in the multitrait-multimethod matrix. [37]
Sawilowsky's Monte Carlo [38] work on comparing randomized vs quasi-experimental design has been described as "one of the strongest examples" [39] demonstrating limitations of quasi-experimental design, and "provides possibly one of the strongest cases for the superiority of randomized designs." [40]
In 1998, the AMSTAT News reported Sawilowsky's Awards for Excellence in Teaching, and Graduate Mentorship, and noted "Professor Sawilowsky's exceptional record as an academician is reflected in the excellence with which he mentors graduate students." [41] He has mentored 109 doctoral dissertations as major professor according to the Mathematics Genealogy Project. [4]
ProQuest indicates he has chaired dissertations in many other fields, such as kinesiology, [42] nursing education, [43] and teacher education; [44] and co-chaired a dissertation on process drama. [45] He also served as 2nd advisor on many doctoral dissertations, and numerous more as a committee member. [46]
Sawilowsky is the founder and editor of the Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods. It was created to provide an outlet for research using Monte Carlo and other resampling methods, nonparametric and other robust methods, permutation and other exact or approximately exact methods, and statistical algorithms. [47] [48]
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Shlomo Sawilowsky | |
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Notable work(s) | Pirchei Shoshanim's Making the Shabbos Kitchen |
Religious life | |
Religion | Jewish |
Denomination | Chabad-Lubavitch |
School | Rabbinical College of America, Yeshivas Pirchei Shoshanim |
Ordination | Issur V'Heter, Shabbos |
Senior posting | |
Teacher | Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Rabbi Avraham Lipskier (Mashpia), Rabbi Dovid Ostroff |
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After graduating from the Rabbinical College of America in 1979, Sawilowsky was the emissary of the Grand Rabbi of Lubavitch, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, to Pinellas County, Florida. [49] He also obtained a rabbinical degree from Yeshivas Pirchei Shoshanim (Jerusalem, Israel) in 2004, after having studied with the first group of students ever to receive strictly Orthodox Rabbinical ordination curricula on the laws of the Jewish Sabbath delivered via e-mail. [50] [51]
Sawilowsky is the author of a textbook written in dialogue format for preparing food and other matters related to the kitchen for the Sabbath. [52] It is based on the Talmud, Code of Jewish Law (Shulchan Aruch), and Ashkenaz, Sephardi, and Chabad customs. He has published articles on Bible commentary and related topics in the annual journal of Pirchei Shoshanim. [46]
Psychological statistics is application of formulas, theorems, numbers and laws to psychology. Statistical methods for psychology include development and application statistical theory and methods for modeling psychological data. These methods include psychometrics, factor analysis, experimental designs, and Bayesian statistics. The article also discusses journals in the same field.
Psychometrics is a field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and technique of measurement. Psychometrics generally covers specialized fields within psychology and education devoted to testing, measurement, assessment, and related activities. Psychometrics is concerned with the objective measurement of latent constructs that cannot be directly observed. Examples of latent constructs include intelligence, introversion, mental disorders, and educational achievement. The levels of individuals on nonobservable latent variables are inferred through mathematical modeling based on what is observed from individuals' responses to items on tests and scales.
Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in principle. The name comes from the Monte Carlo Casino in Monaco, where the primary developer of the method, mathematician Stanisław Ulam, was inspired by his uncle's gambling habits.
Cronbach's alpha, also known as tau-equivalent reliability or coefficient alpha, is a reliability coefficient and a measure of the internal consistency of tests and measures. It was named after the American psychologist Lee Cronbach.
Classical test theory (CTT) is a body of related psychometric theory that predicts outcomes of psychological testing such as the difficulty of items or the ability of test-takers. It is a theory of testing based on the idea that a person's observed or obtained score on a test is the sum of a true score (error-free score) and an error score. Generally speaking, the aim of classical test theory is to understand and improve the reliability of psychological tests.
In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size value. Examples of effect sizes include the correlation between two variables, the regression coefficient in a regression, the mean difference, or the risk of a particular event happening. Effect sizes are a complement tool for statistical hypothesis testing, and play an important role in power analyses to assess the sample size required for new experiments. Effect size are fundamental in meta-analyses which aim to provide the combined effect size based on data from multiple studies. The cluster of data-analysis methods concerning effect sizes is referred to as estimation statistics.
Construct validity concerns how well a set of indicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable. Construct validation is the accumulation of evidence to support the interpretation of what a measure reflects. Modern validity theory defines construct validity as the overarching concern of validity research, subsuming all other types of validity evidence such as content validity and criterion validity.
Everett Franklin Lindquist was a professor of education at the University of Iowa College of Education. He is best known as the creator of the ACT and other standardized tests. His contributions to the field of educational testing are significant and still evident today.
Quantitative psychology is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of psychological processes. It includes tests and other devices for measuring cognitive abilities. Quantitative psychologists develop and analyze a wide variety of research methods, including those of psychometrics, a field concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.
Lee Joseph Cronbach was an American educational psychologist who made contributions to psychological testing and measurement.
Nambury S. Raju was an American psychology professor known for his work in psychometrics, meta-analysis, and utility theory. He was a Fellow of the Society of Industrial Organizational Psychology.
The multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix is an approach to examining construct validity developed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). It organizes convergent and discriminant validity evidence for comparison of how a measure relates to other measures. The conceptual approach has influenced experimental design and measurement theory in psychology, including applications in structural equation models.
Anne Anastasi was an American psychologist best known for her pioneering development of psychometrics. Her generative work, Psychological Testing, remains a classic text in which she drew attention to the individual being tested and therefore to the responsibilities of the testers. She called for them to go beyond test scores, to search the assessed individual's history to help them to better understand their own results and themselves.
Psychometric software refers to specialized programs used for the psychometric analysis of data obtained from tests, questionnaires, polls or inventories that measure latent psychoeducational variables. Although some psychometric analyses can be performed using general statistical software such as SPSS, most require specialized tools designed specifically for psychometric purposes.
Abelson's paradox is an applied statistics paradox identified by Robert P. Abelson. The paradox pertains to a possible paradoxical relationship between the magnitude of the r2 effect size and its practical meaning.
The Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods is a biannual peer-reviewed open access journal. It was established in 2002 by Shlomo Sawilowsky, and is currently published by the Wayne State University Library System in Detroit, MI. The Current Index to Statistics classifies it as one of over 160 core statistics journals. The journal originally appeared as a print and electronic journal through volume 8(1) in 2009, and subsequently as an electronic journal only. It publishes peer-reviewed work pertaining to new statistical tests and the comparison of existing statistical tests; bootstrap, Jackknife, and resampling methods; nonparametric, robust, permutation, exact, and approximate randomization methods; and statistical algorithms, pseudorandom number generators, and simulation techniques. The journal is indexed in the Elsevier Bibliographic Database, EMBASE, Compendex, Geobase, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. It is also listed in the Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics and Cabells.
In statistics, one purpose for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is to analyze differences in means between groups. The test statistic, F, assumes independence of observations, homogeneous variances, and population normality. ANOVA on ranks is a statistic designed for situations when the normality assumption has been violated.
Howard Charles Wainer is an American statistician, past principal research scientist at the Educational Testing Service, adjunct professor of statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and author, known for his contributions in the fields of statistics, psychometrics, and statistical graphics.
Dorothy Christina Adkins was an American psychologist. Adkins is best known for her work in psychometrics and education testing, particularly in achievement testing. She was the first female president of the Psychometric Society and served in several roles in the American Psychological Association.
The Solomon four-group design is a research method developed by Richard Solomon in 1949. It is sometimes used in social science, psychology and medicine. It can be used if there are concerns that the treatment might be sensitized by the pre-test. In addition of the usual two groups, it has a second pair of groups who do not receive a pre-intervention evaluation.