South Korean order of precedence

Last updated

The Republic of Korea has no officially recognized South Korean order of precedence , [1] yet the Office of the President (EOP) once officially declared order of precedence among the chiefs of 6 highest constitutional institutions in year 2006 as following: [2]

Contents

  1. the President of the Republic of Korea, as both head of state and leader of government
  2. the Speaker of the National Assembly, as leader of legislature
  3. the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the President of the Constitutional Court, as co-leader of the judiciary
  4. the Prime Minister, as deputy leader of government
  5. the Chair of the National Election Committee, as leader of constitutionally independent agency for national election administration

History

Before democratization in 1987, South Korea traditionally maintained a term Sambu-Yoin (Korean : 삼부요인; Hanja : 三府要人;lit. VIPs from three branches of the government) which depicts the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Prime Minister, as symbol for tripartite separation of powers. This term was usually used when the President of the Republic of Korea invites Sambu-Yoin to important national ceremonies, regarding the President of the Republic of Korea as a somewhat higher office distinguished from each three branches of the government, which is represented by the Sambu-Yoin.

After democratization, South Korea established the Constitutional Court of Korea as constitutional court independent from the old Supreme Court. Yet the exact position of the President of the Constitutional Court inside the order of precedence among Sambu-Yoin remained as potential question. Some of writers tried to call chiefs of highest constitutional institutions other than the President of the Republic of Korea, including the Constitutional Court and the National Election Committee (NEC), as Sabu-Yoin (Korean : 사부요인;lit. VIPs from four branches of the government) or Ohbu-Yoin (Korean : 오부요인;lit. VIPs from five branches of the government), as regarding the Constitutional Court as fourth branch and the National Election Committee as fifth branch of the government, even though the South Korea had never regarded the Constitutional Court and the National Election Committee as separated branch of government. This continued disorder got escalated when the EOP tried to demote protocol rank of the President of the Constitutional Court under the Prime Minister, when the Constitutional Court made several decisions nullifying policies of the national President around 2004-2006. The President of the Constitutional Court boycotted some of national ceremonies to oppose such demotion, and the EOP had no choice but to restore the rank of the constitutional court President over the Prime Minister.

So in 2006, EOP declared that 5 chiefs of highest constitutional institutions other than the national President as following order: the Speaker comes first as leader of legislature, and both of the supreme court Chief and the constitutional court President comes second as co-leader of judiciary. Following rank was given to the Prime Minister as deputy leader of executive branch, and the Chair of NEC got the bottom rank as head of constitutionally independent agency. An also at the same time, EOP declared that Sabu-Yoin or Ohbu-Yoin is not a legally correct term, since South Korea is a country with a tripartite system of power separation by the Constitution, not a Five-Power Constitution as Taiwan. The EOP suggested using term 'Sambu-Yoin plus the head of constitutional institution'(Korean : 삼부요인 및 헌법기관장) [2]

Current office holders of highest constitutional institutions

No.OfficeImageIncumbentIn office sincePolitical role
1st Seal of the President of the Republic of Korea.svg
President of the Republic of Korea 		South Korea President Yoon Suk Yeol portrait.jpg Yoon Suk Yeol 10 May 2022The head of state and the leader of executive branch
2nd Emblem of the National Assembly of Korea.svg
Speaker of the National Assembly 		Woo Won-shik (2023-11-01).jpg Woo Won-shik 5 June 2024Sambu-Yoin representing the leader of legislature
3rd Emblem of Korean Courts.svg
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 		Jo Heede in his 17th Chief Justice inauguration ceremony.png Jo Hee-de 8 December 2023Sambu-Yoin representing the co-leader of judiciary
Emblem of the Constitutional Court of Korea.svg
President of the Constitutional Court 		ijongseogjaepangwan(yangbog).jpg Lee Jong-seok 30 November 2023Sambu-Yoin representing the co-leader of judiciary
4th Emblem of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea.svg
Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea 		Han Duck-soo 2022.jpg Han Duck-soo 21 May 2022Sambu-Yoin representing the deputy leader of executive branch

Detailed order

Following list is not a officially recognized South Korean order of precedence, yet conventionally used by writers and reporters. [1]

  1. President of the Republic of Korea
  2. Speaker of the National Assembly
  3. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and President of the Constitutional Court
  4. Prime Minister
  5. Chairperson of the National Election Commission
  6. Chair of the Board of Audit and Inspection
  7. Leaders of the parties represented in the National Assembly
    1. Leader of the ruling party
    2. Leaders of the oppositions
  8. Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly (2)
  9. Cabinet ministers (17)
    1. Deputy Prime Ministers (2)
      1. Minister of Economy and Finance (Deputy Prime Minister of Economy ex officio)
      2. Minister of Education (Deputy Prime Minister of Social Affairs ex officio)
    2. Other ministers of the Cabinet (15)
      1. Minister of Foreign Affairs
      2. Minister of Reunification of Korea
      3. Minister of Justice
      4. Minister of National Defense
      5. Minister of Interior and Safety
      6. Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism
      7. Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
      8. Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy
      9. Minister of Health and Welfare
      10. Minister of Environment
      11. Minister of Employment and Labor
      12. Minister of Gender Equality and Family
      13. Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
      14. Minister of Oceans and Fisheries
      15. Minister of Small Businesses and Startups
  10. Floor leaders in the National Assembly
    1. Floor leader of the ruling party
    2. Floor leaders of the oppositions
  11. Chairs of the standing committees of the National Assembly (18)
    1. Chair of the House Steering Committee
    2. Chair of the Legislation and Judiciary Committee
    3. Chair of the National Policy Committee
    4. Chair of the National Strategy and Finance Committee
    5. Chair of the Education Committee
    6. Chair of the Science, Technology, Broadcasting and Communications Committee
    7. Chair of the Foreign Affairs and Reunification Committee
    8. Chair of the National Defense Committee
    9. Chair of the Public Administration and Security Committee
    10. Chair of the Culture, Sports and Tourism Committee
    11. Chair of the Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee
    12. Chair of the Trade, Industry, Energy, Small Businesses and Startups Committee
    13. Chair of the Health and Welfare Committee
    14. Chair of the Environment and Labor Committee
    15. Chair of the Land, Infrastructure and Transport Committee
    16. Chair of the Intelligence Committee
    17. Chair of the Gender Equality and Family Committee
    18. Chair of the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts
  12. Justices of the Supreme Court () and Justices of the Constitutional Court (8) (each In seniority of tenure)
  13. Chiefs of agencies reporting to the Presidents (5)
    1. Director of the National Intelligence Service
    2. Chief Presidential Secretary
    3. Chair of the National Security Council
    4. Commissioner of the Broadcasting and Telecommunication
    5. Chief of the Presidential Security Service
  14. Prosecutor General
  15. Chief of the National Assembly Secretariat
  16. Chiefs of agencies reporting to the Prime Minister (9)
  17. Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ()
  18. Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (3)
    1. Chief of Staff of the Army ()
    2. Chief of Staff of the Navy ()
    3. Chief of Staff of the Air Force ()
  19. Operation commanders (In seniority of tenure)
    1. Deputy Commander of ROK-US Combined Forces Command
    2. Ground Operations Commander
    3. Second Operations Commander
  20. Commander of the Marine Corps ()
  21. Members of the National Assembly (In seniority of tenure)

See also

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  14. Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Court of Appeal and the High Court of New Zealand.
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  21. Consuls-General and Consuls of countries without diplomatic representation in New Zealand.
  22. Members of New Zealand and British orders, and holders of decorations and medals in accordance with the Order of Wear in New Zealand.
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The following is the order of precedence for Australia:

  1. The King of Australia: His Majesty King Charles III
  2. The Governor-General of Australia: Her Excellency the Hon Sam Mostyn AC
  3. The Governor of the State when within their own State.
  4. The Governors of the other States in order of appointment:
    1. Governor of New South Wales: Margaret Beazley
    2. Governor of Tasmania: Barbara Baker
    3. Governor of South Australia: Frances Adamson
    4. Governor of Queensland: Jeannette Young
    5. Governor of Western Australia: Chris Dawson
    6. Governor of Victoria: Margaret Gardner
  5. When within the Northern Territory, the Administrator of the Northern Territory: Hugh Heggie
  6. The Prime Minister: Anthony Albanese
  7. When within their own State or Territory, the Premier of the State or the Chief Minister of the Territory
  8. The President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives in order of election :
    1. President of the Senate Senator: Sue Lines
    2. Speaker of the House of Representatives: Milton Dick
  9. The Chief Justice of Australia: Stephen Gageler
  10. Senior diplomatic posts:
    1. Ambassadors and High Commissioners in order of date of presentation of the Letters of Credence or Commission
    2. Chargés d'affaires en pied or en titre in order of date of presentation of the Letters of Credence or Commission
    3. Chargés d'affaires ad interim and Acting High Commissioners in order of date of assumption of duties
  11. Members of the Federal Executive Council under summons :
    1. Ministry List
  12. The Administrator of the Northern Territory: Hugh Heggie
  13. The Leader of the Opposition: Peter Dutton
  14. Former holders of high offices:
    1. Former Governors-General in order of leaving office:
      1. William Deane (1996–2001)
      2. Peter Hollingworth (2001–2003)
      3. Quentin Bryce (2008–2014)
      4. Peter Cosgrove (2014–2019)
      5. David Hurley (2019-2024)
    2. Former Prime Ministers in order of leaving office:
      1. Paul Keating (1991–1996)
      2. John Howard (1996–2007)
      3. Kevin Rudd
      4. Julia Gillard (2010–2013)
      5. Tony Abbott (2013–2015)
      6. Malcolm Turnbull (2015–2018)
      7. Scott Morrison (2018–2022)
    3. Former Chief Justices in order of leaving office:
      1. Anthony Mason (1987–1995)
      2. Murray Gleeson (1998–2008)
      3. Robert French (2008–2017)
      4. Susan Kiefel (2017–2023)
  15. Premiers of states in order of state populations, then Chief Ministers of the territories in order of territory populations:
    1. Premier of New South Wales: Chris Minns
    2. Premier of Victoria: Jacinta Allan
    3. Premier of Queensland: Annastacia Palaszczuk
    4. Premier of Western Australia: Roger Cook
    5. Premier of South Australia: Peter Malinauskas
    6. Premier of Tasmania: Jeremy Rockliff
    7. Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory: Andrew Barr
    8. Chief Minister of the Northern Territory: Natasha Fyles
  16. The Lord Mayor when within their jurisdiction
  17. Justices of the High Court in order of appointment:
    1. Michelle Gordon AC
    2. James Edelman
    3. Simon Steward
    4. Jacqueline Sarah Gleeson
    5. Jayne Jagot
    6. Robert Beech-Jones
  18. Senior judges:
    1. Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia: Debra Mortimer
    2. Chief Justice of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia : Will Alstergren
    3. Chief Judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia : Jointly held with the above by Will Alstergren
  19. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the (Australian) jurisdiction
  20. The other Chief Justices of the Supreme Courts of the States and Territories in order of appointment :
    1. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia: The Hon Chris Kourakis SC
    2. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania: The Hon Alan Blow AO
    3. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory: Michael Grant
    4. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria: Anne Ferguson
    5. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia: Peter Quinlan SC
    6. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales: The Hon Andrew Bell SC
    7. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory: Lucy McCallum
    8. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland: The Hon Helen Bowskill KC
  21. Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in order of appointment:
    1. The Rt Hon Ian Sinclair AC
    2. The Rt Hon Sir William Heseltine
  22. The Chief of the Defence Force
  23. Chief Judges of State and Territory Courts in order of their appointment to any of their respective jurisdictions' courts
  24. Members of Parliament
  25. Presidents of Federal Tribunals:
    1. The President of the Fair Work Commission: The Hon Justice Adam Hatcher SC
    2. The President of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal: The Hon Justice Emilios Kyrou AO
  26. Other Judges of Federal, State and Territory Courts in order of their appointment to any of their respective jurisdictions' courts
  27. Lord Mayors of capital cities in order of city populations:
    1. Lord Mayor of Sydney: The Rt Hon the Lord Mayor of Sydney, Councillor Clover Moore AO
    2. Lord Mayor of Melbourne: The Rt Hon the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Councillor Sally Capp AO
    3. Lord Mayor of Brisbane: The Rt Hon the Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Councillor Adrian Schrinner
    4. Lord Mayor of Perth: The Rt Hon the Lord Mayor of Perth, Mr Basil Zempilas
    5. Lord Mayor of Adelaide: The Rt Hon the Lord Mayor of Adelaide, Dr Jane Lomax-Smith AM
    6. Lord Mayor of Hobart: The Rt Hon the Lord Mayor of Hobart, Councillor Anna Reynolds
    7. Lord Mayor of Darwin: The Rt Worshipful the Lord Mayor of Darwin, the Hon Kon Vatskalis
  28. Heads of religious communities according to the date of assuming office in Australia
  29. The Presiding Officer(s) of the State Legislature when in their own jurisdiction.
  30. Presiding officers of the other State Legislatures in order of appointment, then Presiding Officer of Territory Legislatures in order of appointment:
    1. Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly: Colin Brooks
    2. Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland: Curtis Pitt
    3. President of the Victorian Legislative Council: Nazih Elasmar
    4. Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly: Jonathan O'Dea
    5. President of the Tasmanian Legislative Council: Craig Farrell
    6. President of the South Australian Legislative Council: John Dawkins)
    7. Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly: Michelle Roberts)
    8. President of the New South Wales Legislative Council: Matthew Mason-Cox
    9. President of the Western Australian Legislative Council: Alanna Clohesy
    10. Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly: Mark Shelton
    11. Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly: Dan Cregan
    12. Speaker of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly: Joy Burch
    13. Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly: Ngaree Ah Kit
  31. The members of the particular State Executive Council under summons, then the Members of the other State Executive Councils in order of state populations, and then the Ministers of the Australian Capital Territory and then Members of the Northern Territory Executive Council:
    1. Executive Council of New South Wales
    2. Executive Council of Victoria
    3. Executive Council of Queensland
    4. Executive Council of Western Australia
    5. Executive Council of South Australia
    6. Executive Council of Tasmania
    7. Ministers of the Australian Capital Territory
    8. Executive Council of the Northern Territory
  32. The Leader of the Opposition of the particular State, and then Leaders of the Opposition of State Legislatures in order of state populations, then Leaders of the Opposition in Territory Legislatures in order of territory populations:
    1. Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales: Mark Speakman
    2. Leader of the Opposition of Victoria: John Pesutto
    3. Leader of the Opposition of Queensland: David Crisafulli
    4. Leader of the Opposition of Western Australia: Shane Love
    5. Leader of the Opposition of South Australia: Peter Malinauskas
    6. Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania: Rebecca White
    7. Leader of the Opposition of the Australian Capital Territory: Elizabeth Lee
    8. Leader of the Opposition of the Northern Territory: Lia Finocchiaro
  33. Members of the Federal Executive Council not under summons
  34. Members of the particular State or Territory legislature, and then Members of State and Territory Legislatures in order of population:
    1. New South Wales Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
    2. Victorian Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
    3. Queensland Legislative Assembly
    4. Western Australian Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
    5. South Australian House of Assembly and Legislative Council
    6. Tasmanian House of Assembly and Legislative Council
    7. Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
    8. Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
  35. The Secretaries of Departments of the Australian Public Service and their peers and the Chiefs of the Air Force, Army, and Navy in order of first appointment to this group:
    1. Chief of Air Force: Air Marshal Robert Chipman
    2. Chief of Army: Lieutenant General Simon Stuart
    3. Chief of Navy: Vice Admiral Mark Hammond
  36. Consuls-General, Consuls and Vice-Consuls according to the date on which recognition was granted
  37. Recipients of Decorations or Honours from the Sovereign, specifically Decorations or Honours which are at or above the Knight Bachelor or above, and precedence being established according to the Australian honours order of wearing, and, where two people hold the same decoration or honour, according to the date on which the award was announced
  38. Citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supreme Court of Korea</span> Highest ordinary court of South Korea

The Supreme Court of Korea is the highest ordinary court in the judicial branch of South Korea, seated in Seocho, Seoul. Established under Chapter 5 of the Constitution of South Korea, the Court has ultimate and comprehensive jurisdiction over all cases except those cases falling under the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of Korea. It consists of fourteen Justices, including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea. The Supreme Court is at the top of the hierarchy of all ordinary courts in South Korea, and traditionally represented the conventional judiciary of South Korea. The Supreme Court has equivalent status as one of the two highest courts in South Korea. The other is the Constitutional Court of Korea.

The Spanish order of precedence is currently prescribed by Royal Decree 2099/1983. The decree establishes the order of precedence of national official activities as well as common regulations to activities organised by municipalities, autonomous communities and other public institutions. The general order established by the decree is modified if the event takes place in the capital, Madrid, instead of elsewhere in Spain.

The order of precedence in Brazil is a symbolic hierarchy of officials used to direct protocol. It is regulated by Presidential Decree number 70.274 of March 9, 1972, signed by former President Emilio Medici. The following order applies to ceremonies hosted by the federal government.

The Order of Precedence in Sri Lanka the protocol list at which Sri Lankan government officials are seated according to their rank. This is not the list of succession.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish order of precedence</span> Relative preeminence of officials for ceremonial purposes

The Turkish order of precedence, the following is the list of Turkish order of precedence approved by the President of Turkey and administered by the Directorate of Protocols of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Saskatchewan order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol at events of a provincial nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judicial Commission of Pakistan</span> Appointment commission for the superior judiciary in Pakistan

The Judicial Commission of Pakistan is a national commission for appointment of the superior judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court and the High Courts, of Pakistan. The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chairman of the commission.

The Honourable or The Honorable is an honorific style that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people, usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions.

The present Portuguese order of precedence is defined by the Law of the Precedences of Protocol of the Portuguese State of 25th August 2006. This defines the following precedence:

  1. The President of the Republic
  2. The President of the Assembly of the Republic
  3. The Prime Minister
  4. The President of the Supreme Court and the President of the Constitutional Court
  5. The President of the Supreme Administrative Court and the President of the Court of Auditors
  6. Former Presidents of the Republic
  7. Ministers of the Government of Portugal
  8. The Leader of the Opposition
  9. Vice-presidents of the Assembly of the Republic and Presidents of the parliamentary groups
  10. The Attorney-general of the Republic
  11. The Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces
  12. The Ombudsman
  13. Representatives of the Republic to the Autonomous Regions
  14. Presidents of the Legislative Assemblies of the Autonomous Regions
  15. Presidents of the Regional Governments
  16. Leaders of other parties with seats in the Assembly of the Republic
  17. Former Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic and former Prime Ministers
  18. Councilors of State
  19. Presidents of Permanent Commissions of the Assembly of the Republic
  20. Secretaries and under-secretaries of State of the Government of Portugal
  21. Chiefs of Staff of the Army, Navy, and Air Force
  22. Members of the Assembly of the Republic
  23. Members of the European Parliament
  24. Marshals and Admirals of the fleet
  25. Chiefs of the Civilian House and Military House of the President of the Republic
  26. Presidents of the Economic and Social Council, of the National Association of Portuguese Municipalities and of the National Association of Freguesias
  27. The Governor of the Bank of Portugal
  28. Chancellors of Honorific Orders of Portugal
  29. Vice-presidents of the Supreme Judges Council
  30. Judges of the Constitutional Court
  31. Judges of the Supreme Court, Supreme Administrative Court, and Court of Audits
  32. Regional secretaries and under-secretaries of the Governments of the Autonomous Regions
  33. Members of the Legislative Assemblies of Autonomous Regions
  34. The Commandant-general of the National Republican Guard and the National Director of the Public Security Police
  35. Secretaries-general of the Presidency of the Republic, of the Assembly of the Republic, of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  36. The Chief of Protocol
  37. Presidents of intermediate level courts (Relação), Presidents of the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities and of the Coordinator Council of the Polytechnics, leaders of the Bar Associations and Presidents of professional associations of public law
  38. Presidents of the Portuguese Academy of History and the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Rectors of universities and Presidents of Polytechnics
  39. Members of the councils of the Honorific Orders of Portugal
  40. Judges of intermediate level courts and deputies attorneys-general, vice-rectors of universities and vice-presidents of polytechnics
  41. Presidents of the municipal councils (Mayors)
  42. Presidents of the municipal assemblies
  43. Civil governors of districts
  44. Chiefs of Staff of the President of the Republic, President of the Assembly of the Republic, and Prime Minister
  45. Presidents, members and secretaries-general of councils, national councils, superior councils, oversight councils, national commissions, high authorities, high commissioners, oversight committees, by order of seniority of the respective institution, directors-general and presidents of public institutions, by order of their respective ministries, the head of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, and the President of the Portuguese Red Cross
  46. Admirals and general officers with command functions, by order of military rank, operational commanders and commanders of military zone, maritime zone, and air zone, of the Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira
  47. Directors of the National Defense Institute and the Joint Command and Staff College, commanders of the Military Academy, Naval School, and Air Force Academy, admirals and general officers of 3 and 2 stars
  48. Chiefs of staff of members of government
  49. Deputies directors-general and regional directors
  50. Judges and attorneys-general
  51. Aldermans (vereadores) of municipal councils
  52. Aides of the President of the Republic, of the President of the Assembly of the Republic, and of the Prime Minister
  53. Presidents of Civil Parishes
  54. Members of municipal assemblies
  55. Presidents of parish assemblies and members of civil parishes and parish assemblies
  56. Directors of service
  57. Chiefs of division
  58. Aides of members of government

The Lithuanian order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the Government of Lithuania. Administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the hierarchy does not determine the order of succession for the office of President of the Republic of Lithuania, which is instead specified by the Constitution of Lithuania.

References

  1. 1 2 고, 한석 (2020-01-08). "국회의장 아래 총리?...있는 듯 없는 '의전 서열'" [Is the Prime Minister ranked under the Speaker of the National Assembly? ... 'order of precedence' is barely noticeable in South Korea]. YTN (in Korean). Seoul. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  2. 1 2 성, 기홍 (2006-03-29). "'3부요인 및 헌법기관장' 명칭과 의전서열" [the term 'Sambuyoin and the heads of constitutional institutions' and order of precedence in South Korea]. YonhapNews (in Korean). Seoul. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
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