South Korean order of precedence

Last updated November 26, 2023

The Republic of Korea has no officially recognized South Korean order of precedence ,^[1] yet the Office of the President(EOP) once officially declared order of precedence among the chiefs of 6 highest constitutional institutions in year 2006 as following:^[2]

the President of the Republic of Korea, as both head of state and leader of government
the Speaker of the National Assembly, as leader of legislature
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the President of the Constitutional Court, as co-leader of the judiciary
the Prime Minister, as deputy leader of government
the Chair of the National Election Committee, as leader of constitutionally independent agency for national election administration

History

Before democratization in 1987, South Korea traditionally maintained a term Sambu-Yoin(Korean : 삼부요인; Hanja : 三府要人;lit. VIPs from three branches of the government) which depicts the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Prime Minister, as symbol for tripartite separation of powers. This term was usually used when the President of the Republic of Korea invites Sambu-Yoin to important national ceremonies, regarding the President of the Republic of Korea as a somewhat higher office distinguished from each three branches of the government, which is represented by the Sambu-Yoin.

After democratization, South Korea established the Constitutional Court of Korea as constitutional court independent from the old Supreme Court. Yet the exact position of the President of the Constitutional Court inside the order of precedence among Sambu-Yoin remained as potential question. Some of writers tried to call chiefs of highest constitutional institutions other than the President of the Republic of Korea, including the Constitutional Court and the National Election Committee(NEC), as Sabu-Yoin(Korean : 사부요인;lit. VIPs from four branches of the government) or Ohbu-Yoin(Korean : 오부요인;lit. VIPs from five branches of the government), as regarding the Constitutional Court as fourth branch and the National Election Committee as fifth branch of the government, even though the South Korea had never regarded the Constitutional Court and the National Election Committee as separated branch of government. This continued disorder got escalated when the EOP tried to demote protocol rank of the President of the Constitutional Court under the Prime Minister, when the Constitutional Court made several decisions nullifying policies of the national President around 2004-2006. The President of the Constitutional Court boycotted some of national ceremonies to oppose such demotion, and the EOP had no choice but to restore the rank of the constitutional court President over the Prime Minister.

So in 2006, EOP declared that 5 chiefs of highest constitutional institutions other than the national President as following order: the Speaker comes first as leader of legislature, and both of the supreme court Chief and the constitutional court President comes second as co-leader of judiciary. Following rank was given to the Prime Minister as deputy leader of executive branch, and the Chair of NEC got the bottom rank as head of constitutionally independent agency. An also at the same time, EOP declared that Sabu-Yoin or Ohbu-Yoin is not a legally correct term, since South Korea is a country with a tripartite system of power separation by the Constitution, not a Five-Power Constitution as Taiwan. The EOP suggested using term 'Sambu-Yoin plus the head of constitutional institution'(Korean : 삼부요인 및 헌법기관장)^[2]

Current office holders of highest constitutional institutions

No.	Office	Incumbent	In office since	Political role
1st	President of the Republic of Korea	Yoon Suk Yeol	10 May 2022	The head of state and the leader of executive branch
2nd	Speaker of the National Assembly	Kim Jin-pyo	4 July 2022	Sambu-Yoin representing the leader of legislature
3rd	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	Kim Myeong-soo	25 September 2017	Sambu-Yoin representing the co-leader of judiciary
3rd	President of the Constitutional Court	Yoo Nam-seok	21 September 2018	Sambu-Yoin representing the co-leader of judiciary
4th	Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea	Han Duck-soo	21 May 2022	Sambu-Yoin representing the deputy leader of executive branch

Detailed order

Following list is not a officially recognized South Korean order of precedence, yet conventionally used by writers and reporters.^[1]

President of the Republic of Korea
Speaker of the National Assembly
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and President of the Constitutional Court
Prime Minister
Chairperson of the National Election Commission
Chair of the Board of Audit and Inspection
Leaders of the parties represented in the National Assembly
1. Leader of the ruling party
2. Leaders of the oppositions
Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly (2)
Cabinet ministers (17)
1. Deputy Prime Ministers (2)
  1. Minister of Economy and Finance (Deputy Prime Minister of Economy ex officio)
  2. Minister of Education (Deputy Prime Minister of Social Affairs ex officio)
2. Other ministers of the Cabinet (15)
  1. Minister of Foreign Affairs
  2. Minister of Reunification of Korea
  3. Minister of Justice
  4. Minister of National Defense
  5. Minister of Interior and Safety
  6. Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism
  7. Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
  8. Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy
  9. Minister of Health and Welfare
  10. Minister of Environment
  11. Minister of Employment and Labor
  12. Minister of Gender Equality and Family
  13. Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
  14. Minister of Oceans and Fisheries
  15. Minister of Small Businesses and Startups
Floor leaders in the National Assembly
1. Floor leader of the ruling party
2. Floor leaders of the oppositions
Chairs of the standing committees of the National Assembly (18)
1. Chair of the House Steering Committee
2. Chair of the Legislation and Judiciary Committee
3. Chair of the National Policy Committee
4. Chair of the National Strategy and Finance Committee
5. Chair of the Education Committee
6. Chair of the Science, Technology, Broadcasting and Communications Committee
7. Chair of the Foreign Affairs and Reunification Committee
8. Chair of the National Defense Committee
9. Chair of the Public Administration and Security Committee
10. Chair of the Culture, Sports and Tourism Committee
11. Chair of the Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee
12. Chair of the Trade, Industry, Energy, Small Businesses and Startups Committee
13. Chair of the Health and Welfare Committee
14. Chair of the Environment and Labor Committee
15. Chair of the Land, Infrastructure and Transport Committee
16. Chair of the Intelligence Committee
17. Chair of the Gender Equality and Family Committee
18. Chair of the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts
Justices of the Supreme Court () and Justices of the Constitutional Court (8) (each In seniority of tenure)
Chiefs of agencies reporting to the Presidents (5)
1. Director of the National Intelligence Service
2. Chief Presidential Secretary
3. Chair of the National Security Council
4. Commissioner of the Broadcasting and Telecommunication
5. Chief of the Presidential Security Service
Prosecutor General
Chief of the National Assembly Secretariat
Chiefs of agencies reporting to the Prime Minister (9)
Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ()
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (3)
1. Chief of Staff of the Army ()
2. Chief of Staff of the Navy ()
3. Chief of Staff of the Air Force ()
Operation commanders (In seniority of tenure)
1. Deputy Commander of ROK-US Combined Forces Command
2. Ground Operations Commander
3. Second Operations Commander
Commander of the Marine Corps ()
Members of the National Assembly (In seniority of tenure)

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The Governor-General or, while acting in the place of the Governor-General, the officer administering the Government
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Leaders, including co-leaders and joint leaders, of political parties represented in the House of Representatives, other than Ministers of the Crown.
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Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Court of Appeal and the High Court of New Zealand.
Former Prime Ministers, former Speakers of the House of Representatives, former Chief Justices, and members of the Privy Council.
Mayors of territorial authorities and chairpersons of regional councils, while in their own cities, districts and regions. In 1989, boroughs and counties were amalgamated into district councils. District mayors, and the Chatham Islands mayor could expect to be accorded this same precedence.
The Public Service Commissioner, Chief of Defence Force, Commissioner of Police, and Officers of Parliament .
The Solicitor-General, Clerk of the House of Representatives, and Clerk of the Executive Council when attending a function involving the exercise of the position’s specific responsibilities.
Chief executives of public service and non-public service departments.
The Vice Chief of Defence Force, and Chiefs of Navy, Army and Air Force, and other statutory office holders.
Consuls-General and Consuls of countries without diplomatic representation in New Zealand.
Members of New Zealand and British orders, and holders of decorations and medals in accordance with the Order of Wear in New Zealand.

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The King of Australia: Charles III
The Governor-General of Australia: David Hurley
Governors of states in order of appointment:
1. Governor of New South Wales: Margaret Beazley
2. Governor of Tasmania: Barbara Baker
3. Governor of South Australia: Frances Adamson
4. Governor of Queensland: Jeannette Young
5. Governor of Western Australia: Chris Dawson
6. Governor of Victoria: Margaret Gardner
The Prime Minister: Anthony Albanese
The President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives in order of election:
1. President of the Senate Senator: Sue Lines
2. Speaker of the House of Representatives: Milton Dick
The Chief Justice of Australia: Stephen Gageler
Senior diplomatic posts:
1. Ambassadors and High Commissioners in order of date of presentation of the Letters of Credence or Commission
2. Chargés d'affaires en pied or en titre in order of date of presentation of the Letters of Credence or Commission
3. Chargés d'affaires and Acting High Commissioners in order of date of assumption of duties
Members of the Federal Executive Council:
1. Ministry List
Administrators of Territories in order of appointment:
1. Administrator of Norfolk Island: Eric Hutchinson
2. Administrator of the Northern Territory: Hugh Heggie
3. Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories: Farzian Zainal
The Leader of the Opposition: Peter Dutton
Former holders of high offices:
1. Former Governors-General in order of leaving office:
  1. William Deane (1996–2001)
  2. Peter Hollingworth (2001–2003)
  3. Quentin Bryce (2008–2014)
  4. Peter Cosgrove (2014–2019)
2. Former Prime Ministers in order of leaving office:
  1. Paul Keating (1991–1996)
  2. John Howard (1996–2007)
  3. Kevin Rudd
  4. Julia Gillard (2010–2013)
  5. Tony Abbott (2013–2015)
  6. Malcolm Turnbull (2015–2018)
  7. Scott Morrison (2018–2022)
3. Former Chief Justices in order of leaving office:
  1. Anthony Mason (1987–1995)
  2. Murray Gleeson (1998–2008)
  3. Robert French (2008–2017)
  4. Susan Kiefel (2017–2023)
Premiers of states in order of state populations, then Chief Ministers of the territories in order of territory populations:
1. Premier of New South Wales: Chris Minns
2. Premier of Victoria: Jacinta Allan
3. Premier of Queensland: Annastacia Palaszczuk
4. Premier of Western Australia: Roger Cook
5. Premier of South Australia: Peter Malinauskas
6. Premier of Tasmania: Jeremy Rockliff
7. Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory: Andrew Barr
8. Chief Minister of the Northern Territory: Natasha Fyles
Justices of the High Court in order of appointment:
1. Michelle Gordon AC
2. James Edelman
3. Simon Steward
4. Jacqueline Sarah Gleeson
5. Jayne Jagot
6. Robert Beech-Jones
Senior judges:
1. Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia: Debra Mortimer
2. President of the Fair Work Commission: Adam Hatcher
Chief Justices of States in order of appointment:
1. Chief Justice of South Australia
2. Chief Justice of Tasmania
3. Chief Justice of Victoria
4. Chief Justice of Western Australia
5. Chief Justice of New South Wales:
6. Chief Justice of Queensland

Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in order of appointment:
1. Ian Sinclair
2. The Rt Hon Sir William Heseltine
The Chief of the Defence Force
Chief Judges of Federal and Territory Courts in order of appointment
1. Chief Justice of the Northern Territory
2. Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia
3. Chief Justice of the Australian Capital Territory
Members of Parliament
Judges of the Federal Court of Australia and Family Court of Australia, and Deputy presidents of the Fair Work Commission in order of appointment
Lord Mayors of capital cities in order of city populations:
1. Lord Mayor of Sydney: Clover Moore
2. Lord Mayor of Melbourne: Sally Capp
3. Lord Mayor of Brisbane: Adrian Schrinner
4. Lord Mayor of Perth: Basil Zempilas
5. Lord Mayor of Adelaide: Jane Lomax-Smith
6. Lord Mayor of Hobart: Anna Reynolds
7. Lord Mayor of Darwin: Kon Vatskalis
Heads of religious communities according to the date of assuming office in Australia
Presiding officers of State Legislatures in order of appointment, then Presiding Officer of Territory Legislatures in order of appointment:
1. Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly: Colin Brooks
2. Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland: Curtis Pitt
3. President of the Victorian Legislative Council: Nazih Elasmar
4. Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly: Jonathan O'Dea
5. President of the Tasmanian Legislative Council: Craig Farrell
6. President of the South Australian Legislative Council: John Dawkins)
7. Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly: Michelle Roberts)
8. President of the New South Wales Legislative Council: Matthew Mason-Cox
9. President of the Western Australian Legislative Council: Alanna Clohesy
10. Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly: Mark Shelton
11. Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly: Dan Cregan
12. Speaker of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly: Joy Burch
13. Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly: Ngaree Ah Kit
Members of State Executive Councils in order of state populations, and then members of the Northern Territory Executive Council:
1. Executive Council of New South Wales
2. Executive Council of Victoria
3. Executive Council of Queensland
4. Executive Council of Western Australia
5. Executive Council of South Australia
6. Executive Council of Tasmania
7. Executive Council of the Northern Territory
Leaders of the Opposition of State Legislatures in order of state populations, then Leaders of the Opposition in Territory Legislatures in order of territory populations:
1. Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales: Mark Speakman
2. Leader of the Opposition of Victoria: John Pesutto
3. Leader of the Opposition of Queensland: David Crisafulli
4. Leader of the Opposition of Western Australia: Shane Love
5. Leader of the Opposition of South Australia: Peter Malinauskas
6. Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania: Rebecca White
7. Leader of the Opposition of the Australian Capital Territory: Elizabeth Lee
8. Leader of the Opposition of the Northern Territory: Lia Finocchiaro
Judges of State and Territory Supreme Courts in order of appointment:
1. Supreme Court of New South Wales
2. Supreme Court of Victoria
3. Supreme Court of Queensland
4. Supreme Court of Western Australia
5. Supreme Court of South Australia
6. Supreme Court of Tasmania
7. Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Members of State and Territory Legislatures in order of population:
1. New South Wales Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
2. Victorian Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
3. Queensland Legislative Assembly
4. Western Australian Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
5. South Australian House of Assembly and Legislative Council
6. Tasmanian House of Assembly and Legislative Council
7. Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
8. Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
The Secretaries of Departments of the Australian Public Service and their peers and the Chiefs of the Air Force, Army, and Navy and Vice Chief of the Defence Force in order of first appointment to this group:
1. Vice Chief of the Defence Force: Vice Admiral David Johnston
2. Chief of Air Force: Air Marshal Robert Chipman
3. Chief of Army: Lieutenant General Simon Stuart
4. Chief of Navy: Vice Admiral Mark Hammond
Consuls-General, Consuls and Vice-Consuls according to the date on which recognition was granted
Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Recipients of Decorations or Honours from the Sovereign
Citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia

The Spanish order of precedence is currently prescribed by Royal Decree 2099/1983. The decree establishes the order of precedence of national official activities as well as common regulations to activities organised by municipalities, autonomous communities and other public institutions. The general order established by the decree is modified if the event takes place in the capital, Madrid, instead of elsewhere in Spain.

The order of precedence in Brazil is a symbolic hierarchy of officials used to direct protocol. It is regulated by Presidential Decree number 70.274 of March 9, 1972, signed by former President Emilio Medici. The following order applies to ceremonies hosted by the federal government.

The Order of Precedence in Sri Lanka the protocol list at which Sri Lankan government officials are seated according to their rank. This is not the list of succession.

The Turkish order of precedence, the following is the list of Turkish order of precedence approved by the President of Turkey and administered by the Directorate of Protocols of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Saskatchewan order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol at events of a provincial nature.

The present Portuguese order of precedence is defined by the Law of the Precedences of Protocol of the Portuguese State of 25th August 2006. This defines the following precedence:

The President of the Republic
The President of the Assembly of the Republic
The Prime Minister
The President of the Supreme Court and the President of the Constitutional Court
The President of the Supreme Administrative Court and the President of the Court of Auditors
Former Presidents of the Republic
Ministers of the Government of Portugal
The Leader of the Opposition
Vice-presidents of the Assembly of the Republic and Presidents of the parliamentary groups
The Attorney-general of the Republic
The Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces
The Ombudsman
Representatives of the Republic to the Autonomous Regions
Presidents of the Legislative Assemblies of the Autonomous Regions
Presidents of the Regional Governments
Leaders of other parties with seats in the Assembly of the Republic
Former Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic and former Prime Ministers
Councilors of State
Presidents of Permanent Commissions of the Assembly of the Republic
Secretaries and under-secretaries of State of the Government of Portugal
Chiefs of Staff of the Army, Navy, and Air Force
Members of the Assembly of the Republic
Members of the European Parliament
Marshals and Admirals of the fleet
Chiefs of the Civilian House and Military House of the President of the Republic
Presidents of the Economic and Social Council, of the National Association of Portuguese Municipalities and of the National Association of Freguesias
The Governor of the Bank of Portugal
Chancellors of Honorific Orders of Portugal
Vice-presidents of the Supreme Judges Council
Judges of the Constitutional Court
Judges of the Supreme Court, Supreme Administrative Court, and Court of Audits
Regional secretaries and under-secretaries of the Governments of the Autonomous Regions
Members of the Legislative Assemblies of Autonomous Regions
The Commandant-general of the National Republican Guard and the National Director of the Public Security Police
Secretaries-general of the Presidency of the Republic, of the Assembly of the Republic, of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The Chief of Protocol
Presidents of intermediate level courts (Relação), Presidents of the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities and of the Coordinator Council of the Polytechnics, leaders of the Bar Associations and Presidents of professional associations of public law
Presidents of the Portuguese Academy of History and the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Rectors of universities and Presidents of Polytechnics
Members of the councils of the Honorific Orders of Portugal
Judges of intermediate level courts and deputies attorneys-general, vice-rectors of universities and vice-presidents of polytechnics
Presidents of the municipal councils (Mayors)
Presidents of the municipal assemblies
Civil governors of districts
Chiefs of Staff of the President of the Republic, President of the Assembly of the Republic, and Prime Minister
Presidents, members and secretaries-general of councils, national councils, superior councils, oversight councils, national commissions, high authorities, high commissioners, oversight committees, by order of seniority of the respective institution, directors-general and presidents of public institutions, by order of their respective ministries, the head of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, and the President of the Portuguese Red Cross
Admirals and general officers with command functions, by order of military rank, operational commanders and commanders of military zone, maritime zone, and air zone, of the Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira
Directors of the National Defense Institute and the Joint Command and Staff College, commanders of the Military Academy, Naval School, and Air Force Academy, admirals and general officers of 3 and 2 stars
Chiefs of staff of members of government
Deputies directors-general and regional directors
Judges and attorneys-general
Aldermans (vereadores) of municipal councils
Aides of the President of the Republic, of the President of the Assembly of the Republic, and of the Prime Minister
Presidents of Civil Parishes
Members of municipal assemblies
Presidents of parish assemblies and members of civil parishes and parish assemblies
Directors of service
Chiefs of division
Aides of members of government

The Lithuanian order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the Government of Lithuania. Administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the hierarchy does not determine the order of succession for the office of President of the Republic of Lithuania, which is instead specified by the Constitution of Lithuania.

References

1 2 고, 한석 (2020-01-08). "국회의장 아래 총리?...있는 듯 없는 '의전 서열'" [Is the Prime Minister ranked under the Speaker of the National Assembly? ... 'order of precedence' is barely noticeable in South Korea]. YTN (in Korean). Seoul. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
1 2 성, 기홍 (2006-03-29). "'3부요인 및 헌법기관장' 명칭과 의전서열" [the term 'Sambuyoin and the heads of constitutional institutions' and order of precedence in South Korea]. YonhapNews (in Korean). Seoul. Retrieved 2023-06-19.

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[ko20-1] 1 2 고, 한석 (2020-01-08). "국회의장 아래 총리?...있는 듯 없는 '의전 서열'" [Is the Prime Minister ranked under the Speaker of the National Assembly? ... 'order of precedence' is barely noticeable in South Korea]. YTN (in Korean). Seoul. Retrieved 2023-06-19.

[seong06-2] 1 2 성, 기홍 (2006-03-29). "'3부요인 및 헌법기관장' 명칭과 의전서열" [the term 'Sambuyoin and the heads of constitutional institutions' and order of precedence in South Korea]. YonhapNews (in Korean). Seoul. Retrieved 2023-06-19.

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