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Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement. It is an extreme form of police misconduct or violence and is a civil rights violation. It also refers to a situation where officers exercise undue or excessive force against a person. Police violence includes but is not limited to physical or verbal harassment, physical or mental injury, property damage, inaction of police officers, and in some cases, death. In the United States, qualified immunity is a legal doctrine used to protect officers from litigation after incidents of police violence. This law issued by the Supreme Court in 1982 is often used to undermine the civil rights act of 1871, otherwise known as 42 USC 1983.
Extrajudicial punishment is punishment for an alleged crime or offense carried out without legal process or supervision from a court or tribunal through a legal proceeding. Such actions are carried out by state actors.
Human rights in Uzbekistan have been described as "abysmal" by Human Rights Watch, and the country has received heavy criticism from the UK and the US for alleged arbitrary arrests, religious persecution and torture employed by the government on a regional and national level.
As a successor to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation remains bound by such human rights instruments as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (fully). In the late 1990s, Russia also ratified the European Convention on Human Rights and from 1998 onwards the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg became a last court of appeal for Russian citizens from their national system of justice. According to Chapter 1, Article 15 of the Constitution adopted in Russia in December 1993, these embodiments of international law take precedence over national federal legislation. However, from Vladimir Putin's second term as President (2004–2008) onward there were increasing reports of human rights violations.
Torture, the infliction of severe physical or psychological pain upon an individual to extract information or a confession, or as an illicit extrajudicial punishment, is prohibited by international law and is illegal in most countries. However, it is still used by many governments. The subject of this article is the use of torture since the adoption of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which prohibited it.
Torture in Bahrain refers to the violation of Bahrain's obligations as a state party to the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and other international treaties and disregard for the prohibition of torture enshrined in Bahraini law.
Thailand was among the first nations to sign the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and seemed committed to safeguarding Human Rights in Thailand. In practice, the reality has been that the powerful can abuse the human rights of their subjects with impunity. From 1977 to 1988, Amnesty International reported that there "...were 1,436 alleged cases of arbitrary detention, 58 forced disappearances, 148 torture [sic] and 345 extrajudicial killings in Thailand....The authorities investigated and whitewashed each case." Amnesty International's (AI) Amnesty International Report 2017/18; The State of the World's Human Rights demonstrates that not much has changed in the interim. A 2019 HRW report expands on AI's overview as it focuses specifically on the case of Thailand.
Counterterrorism Special Detachment 88, or Densus 88, is an Indonesian National Police counter-terrorism squad formed on 30 June 2003, after the 2002 Bali bombings. It is funded, equipped, and trained by the United States through the Diplomatic Security Service's Antiterrorism Assistance Program and Australia.
Morocco has made considerable improvements since the repressive Years of Lead under King Hassan II's reign (1961–99). Nevertheless, there are still complaints about abuses of power under his relatively modernizing son, Mohammed VI. There has been a greater degree of modernisation, and more rights have been granted to the population in general, and particularly women and children. Under the reign of Hassan II, Morocco had one of the worst human rights records in Africa and the world, especially during the time period of the Years Of Lead, which lasted from the early 1960s until the late 1980s, which was a time period in the country's history that was known for the repression of political dissent and opposition, that involved the arrests, detention, imprisonment, and even killings of political opponents. Currently, Morocco continues to face at least some human rights problems, such as poor prison conditions, the mistreatment of women and the LGBT community, and the use of torture by police. Despite the considerable improvements made under the leadership of King Mohamed VI, repression of political dissidence is still commonplace in Morocco today.
Human rights in Egypt are guaranteed by the Egyptian Constitution under the various articles of Chapter 3. The country is also a party to numerous international human rights treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. However, the state of human rights in the country has been criticized both in the past and the present, especially by foreign human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, although the Egyptian government has frequently rejected such criticism. According to human rights groups, as of January 2020 there are some 60,000 political prisoners in Egypt. "The worst mass killing in Egypt’s modern history" occurred during the dispersal of a sit-in on 14 August 2013, when as many as 900 protesters were killed.
Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than those in most former Soviet republics and have drawn closer to acceptable standards, especially economically. Still, there are several considerable problems.
There were widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the regime of Robert Mugabe and his party, ZANU-PF, between 1980 and 2017.
An extrajudicial killing is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process. They often target political, trade union, dissident, religious and social figures.
Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organization with its headquarters in the United Kingdom focused on human rights. The organization says it has more than seven million members and supporters around the world.
The Belarusian government is criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organisations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians. In a testimony to the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice labeled Belarus as one of the world's six "outposts of tyranny". In response, the Belarusian government called the assessment "quite far from reality". As at 2017, the Viasna Human Rights Centre lists two political prisoners, down from 11 in 2016 currently detained in Belarus.
The Caprivi treason trial is a trial in which the Government of Namibia indicted 132 people for allegedly participating in the Caprivi conflict on the side of the Caprivi Liberation Army during a period between 1992 and 2002. They were charged with high treason, murder, sedition, and many other offences, altogether 278 counts of criminal conduct.
Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir union territory are an ongoing issue in northern parts of India. The abuses range from mass killings, enforced disappearances, torture, rape and sexual abuse to political repression and suppression of freedom of speech. The Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Personnel (BSF) and various separatist militant groups have been accused and held accountable for committing severe human rights abuses against Kashmiri civilians.
Human rights abuses in Kashmir is an issue connected to the territory's disputed and divided status with respect to the conflict between India and Pakistan. The issue pertains to abuses in both the region administered by India and the region administered by Pakistan, particularly since the beginning of the dispute in 1947 after the partition of India.
Human rights in Lesotho, a nation of 2,067,000 people completely surrounded by South Africa, is a contentious issue. In its 2012 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House declared the country "Partly Free". According to the United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, which produces annual human rights reports on the country, the most pressing human rights issues are the use of torture, poor prison conditions, and the abuse of women and children.As well as government oppression
Human rights in Guinea, a nation of approximately 10,069,000 people in West Africa, are a contentious issue. In its 2012 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House named Guinea "partly free" for the second year in a row, an improvement over its former status as one of the least free countries in Africa.
References
- ↑ "Namibia - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005". U.S. Department of State. 2006-03-08. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ↑ Lamb, Guy (October 1999). "CIVIL SUPREMACY OF THE MILITARY IN NAMIBIA: A RETROSPECTIVE CASE STUDY". NamibWeb. Centre for Conflict Resolution. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ↑ "Amnesty International Report 2002 - Namibia". Amnesty International. 2002-05-28. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ↑ "Amnesty International Report 2003 - Namibia". Amnesty International. 2003-05-28. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
- ↑ "Namibia - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006". U.S. Department of State. 2007-03-06. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ↑ ""Unprovoked Police Attack" On War Vets". Independent Online . 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2021-05-28.