Border Force

Not to be confused with Immigration Enforcement.

This article is about the UK government department. For the general topic, see border guards. For the Australian equivalent, see Australian Border Force. For the current Russian Service, see Border Force of Russia. For the UK TV series, see UK Border Force (TV series).

Border Force
Racing stripe
Agency overview
Formed	1 March 2012;12 years ago (2012-03-01)
Preceding agency	UK Border Agency
Employees	10,000
Jurisdictional structure
National agency (Operations jurisdiction)	United Kingdom
Operations jurisdiction	United Kingdom
Legal jurisdiction	United Kingdom
Specialist jurisdiction	National border patrol, security, and integrity.
Operational structure
Overseen by	Independent Office for Police Conduct/His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services/ Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration
Minister responsible	Angela Eagle, Minister for Border Security and Asylum
Agency executives	Phil Douglas, Director General Steve Dann, Chief Operating Officer
Parent agency	Home Office
Facilities
Cutters	HMC Active HMC Alert HMC Eagle HMC Nimrod HMC Protector HMC Searcher HMC Seeker HMC Valiant HMC Vigilant
Website
www.gov.uk/government/organisations/border-force

Border Force (BF) is a British law enforcement command within the Home Office, ^[1] responsible for frontline border control operations at air, sea and rail ports in the United Kingdom. The force was part of the now defunct UK Border Agency from its establishment in 2008 until Home Secretary Theresa May demerged it in March 2012 after severe criticism of the senior management. ^[2]

Border Force was formed on 1 March 2012, becoming accountable directly to ministers. It is responsible for immigration and customs controls and the screening of passengers, freight and port staff at 140 rail, air and sea ports in the UK and western Europe, as well as thousands of smaller airstrips, ports and marinas. ^[3] The work of the Border Force is monitored by the Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration.

Border Force officers can hold the powers of both customs officers and immigration officers. ^[4] Their duties also include counter-terrorism, part of which is to detect and deter the illicit importation of radioactive and nuclear material by terrorists or criminals.

Aside from powers listed below in relation to immigration and customs, section 2 of the Borders Act 2007 also allows designated officers of the Border Force to detain anyone for any criminal offence or arrest warrant at a port if the Border Officer thinks they would be liable to arrest by a police constable. The power allows detention for three hours pending the arrival of a police constable. The power also applies to points of entry in Belgium and France where Border Officers work, whereby the Border Officer will turn the detained person over to Belgian or French police officers as appropriate. ^[5]

In July 2024, Home Secretary Yvette Cooper announced the creation of the Border Security Command, an appendant supervisory body of the Border Force that will be tasked with tackling organised immigration crime. The new unit will report to the Home Secretary directly and will direct the National Crime Agency, intelligence agencies, and police on how to break up smuggling gangs. ^[6]

History

Background and establishment

Prior to 2007 three agencies were responsible for border control in the UK:

• Uniformed customs officers from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) (HM Customs and Excise - HMCE - until 2005) dealt with customs
• Immigration and Nationality Directorate dealt with all immigration roles within the UK and at the border,
• and UKVisas issued visas both from the UK and its offices abroad.

As early as 2003, a single "border police force" had been proposed. ^[7]

In 2005, HMCE and Inland Revenue merged to form HMRC, however HMRC was still responsible for customs control at the border until 2009. Throughout 2006 and 2007 there were suggestions for a merged border control department. ^[8]

Initially this plan was to turn the Immigration and Nationality Directorate into a uniformed body of Immigration officers at the border, the Border and Immigration Agency.

The BIA was created on 1 April 2007. It was short lived and was replaced only a year later on 1 April 2008 by the UK Border Agency (UKBA). The UK Border Agency was a merger of the BIA, UKvisas and the port customs functions of HM Revenue and Customs. It created one of the largest law enforcement bodies in the UK.

On 5 November 2011, following various failings of the UKBA, then-Home Secretary Theresa May said that an independent inquiry would be undertaken, led by the Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency John Vine. ^[9] UK Border Force became a separate organisation on 1 March 2012. ^[10]

After establishment

The first Director General of Border Force was the former Chief Constable of Wiltshire Police Brian Moore, who was appointed on secondment on an interim basis to last until 31 August 2012 and was expected to apply for the position permanently, despite criticism of his management of passport queues. ^[11] On 10 July 2012, Immigration Minister Damian Green confirmed that Moore had not applied for the post, despite Moore earlier telling the Home Affairs Select Committee that he would be applying.

Tony Smith was appointed as interim Director General of Border Force on 19 September 2012. ^[12] Smith was previously Gold Commander for the London 2012 Olympic Programme and Regional Director for London and the South East in the UK Border Agency and has spent forty years in border control and enforcement work.

Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Montgomery was named as the new Director General on 25 January 2013. ^[13]

In June 2017 Montgomery left Border Force and Paul Lincoln (a civil servant from the MOD and Home office) was appointed as the new Director General. ^[14] Neither of the two had any previous experience of immigration or customs.

Responsibilities

HMCPV 'Eagle' Border Force patrol vessel off Broadstairs, Kent, England

The stated responsibilities of the Home Office's Border Force are the following: ^{[15] [16]}

• checking the immigration status of people arriving in and departing the UK
• searching baggage, vehicles and cargo for illicit goods or illegal immigrants
• patrolling the British coastline and searching vessels
• gathering intelligence
• alerting the police and security services to people of interest

Border Force is responsible for immigration and customs at 140 rail, air and sea ports in the UK and western Europe, as well as thousands of smaller airstrips, ports and marinas.

Organisation and operations

The Home Office buildings in Sheffield

Border Force has six operational regions:

• Central;
• Heathrow;
• North;
• South;
• South East;
• and Europe.

The regions have responsibility for securing the border 24 hours a day, 365 days a year at the UK’s ports, airports, postal depots and rail.

This includes the Eurostar from Brussels and Paris to St Pancras International and the Eurotunnel from Coquelles to Folkestone.

There are approximately 10,000 people who work in Border Force, according to the UK Government website. ^[17]

The regions' work includes stopping 100 percent of passengers arriving at ports or airports for immigration controls.

Officers also conduct risk-led interceptions for controlled drugs, cash, tobacco, alcohol, firearms, offensive weapons, prohibited goods, counterfeit goods and clandestine entrants.

They do this at passenger and freight controls, covering passengers travelling on foot, by car, coaches, freight vehicles, as well as air freight and sea containers.

Officers

A Border Force Mercedes Benz Sprinter van, based at an airport. Note the distinctive Home Office colour scheme. British police vehicles use blue and yellow colours.

Members of the BF are known as "Border Force officers" and are civil servants, part of HM's Civil Service.

Powers

Staff hold a mixture of powers granted to them by their status as immigration officers and designated customs officials. ^{[18] [19]}

Immigration powers

Main article: Immigration officer

Immigration officers have powers of arrest and detention conferred on them by the Immigration Act 1971 and subsequent Immigration Acts, when both at ports and inland. In practice, non-arrest trained Border Force immigration officers exercise powers under Schedule 2 of the Immigration Act 1971, while inland immigration officers work under S28A-H of the Immigration Act 1971 and paragraph 17 of Schedule 2 of the same Act, as do arrest-trained Border Force immigration officers at the frontier.

Historically, port and inland immigration officers received different training to reflect these different approaches to immigration enforcement, which is now reinforced by inland officers working for Immigration Enforcement, a separate Home Office Command.

"Designated Immigration Officers" are Border Force immigration officers who have been designated with additional detention powers, under Sections 1 to 4 of the UK Borders Act 2007, where a person at a port or airport is suspected of being liable to arrest by a police officer for non-border offences.

Customs powers

Main article: Customs officer

Border Force officers designated as customs officials under the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 have wide-ranging powers of entry, search, seizure and arrest. They hold the same customs and excise powers as officers of HM Revenue and Customs, but cannot use HMRC powers for non-border matters, such as Income Tax and VAT. Amongst their powers is the ability to arrest anyone who has committed, or whom the officer has reasonable grounds to suspect has committed, any offence under the Customs and Excise Acts. They may also seize prohibited and restricted goods, such as controlled drugs and firearms, as well as ensuring that imported goods bear the correct taxes and duties. ^[20]

Director-General

• Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Montgomery (2013-2017)
• Paul Lincoln (2017–2021)
• Phil Douglas ^[21] (Nov 2021–present)

Rank insignia

Border Force Epaulette Ranks

Uniformed Border Force officers have their rank displayed on shoulder epaulettes, attached to their shirt, jumper or jacket. Warranted officers below Senior Officer rank may also have their identification number displayed. ^[22]

BF Rank	Epaulette Insignia	Personal Number Displayed
Administrative Assistant (Civil Service Grade: AA)	Plain [22]	Yes
Assistant Officer (Civil Service Grade: AO)	Single Chevron [22]	Yes
Officer (Civil Service Grade: EO)	Single Bath Star 'Pip' [22]	Yes
Higher Officer (Civil Service Grade: HEO)	2 Bath Star 'Pips' [22]	Yes
Senior Officer (Civil Service Grade: SEO)	3 Bath Star 'Pips' [22]	No
Assistant Director (Civil Service Grade: Grade 7)	St Edward's Crown [22]	No
Deputy Director (Civil Service Grade: Grade 6)	St Edward's Crown above a Single Bath Star 'Pip' [22]	No
Director (Civil Service Grade: SCS1)	Single Bath Star 'Pip' above a Laurel wrapped Wheel [22]	No
Senior Director (Civil Service Grade: SCS2)	St Edward's Crown above a Laurel wrapped Wheel [22]	No
Director General (Civil Service Grade: SCS3)	St Edward's Crown above 2 Bath Star 'Pips' above a Laurel wrapped Wheel [22]	No

Uniform and equipment

Sir Charles Montgomery in uniform as Director General of the Border Force

All BF officers wear a dark blue uniform (without headgear) and have certain equipment to help them do their jobs.

BF officers always wear their rank and personal number on an epaulette (see above).

Officers carry batons, handcuffs, radios and may wear a stab vest, or equipment vest. ^[23] BF also has a dog unit and dog handlers. ^[24]

Common travel area

A Border Force Patrol Vessel on patrol

Immigration control within the United Kingdom is managed within a wider Common Travel Area (CTA). The CTA is an intergovernmental agreement that allows freedom of movement within an area that encompasses the UK, Isle of Man, Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey, Sark and Alderney) and the Republic of Ireland. Authorised entry to any of the above essentially allows entry to all the others but it is the responsibility of the person entering to ensure that they are properly documented for entry to other parts of the CTA. Despite the CTA it is still possible to be deported from the UK to the Republic of Ireland and vice versa.

Juxtaposed controls

Main article: Juxtaposed controls

Entry to the UK via the Channel Tunnel from France, Belgium or the Netherlands, or by ferry from Calais and Dunkirk in France is controlled by juxtaposed immigration controls. Travellers clear UK passport control in France, Belgium or the Netherlands, while those travelling from the UK to France, Belgium or the Netherlands clear entry border checks to the Schengen Area while in the UK. Belgium and the Netherlands do not maintain controls in the UK as the first Schengen country entered is France. UK Border Force checkpoints in France are operated at the Port of Calais, the Port of Dunkirk, the Eurotunnel Calais Terminal, Calais-Fréthun station (suspended in 2020), Lille Europe station and Paris Gare du Nord station. For passengers arriving by the Eurostar train from Marne-la-Vallée Chessy station, UK border control takes place at the arrival stations in the UK whereas French border controls take place at Marne-la-Vallée Chessy. A checkpoint operated at Boulogne-sur-Mer until the port closed in August 2010.

UK Border Force Checkpoints in Belgium operate at Brussels-South railway station.

UK Border Force checkpoints in the Netherlands operate from Amsterdam Centraal and Rotterdam Centraal stations. These began operating on 26 October 2020. ^[25]

United States border preclearance is an equivalent system operated by that country's equivalent to the UKBF at some airports outside the US.

Vessels

Main article: List of Border Force cutters (UK)

All vessels of the Border Force bear the ship prefix "HMC"—His Majesty's Cutter. Between May and October 2015 two of the vessels, HMC Protector and HMC Seeker, were deployed in the Mediterranean conducting search and rescue operations. The Border Force also has a recently chartered vessel named MV VOS Grace. ^[26]

Ship	Class	Entered service	Displacement	Type	Homeport	Note
HMC Seeker	UKBF 42m Customs Cutter	2001	257 tonnes	Cutter
HMC Searcher	UKBF 42m Customs Cutter	2002	257 tonnes	Cutter
HMC Vigilant	UKBF 42m Customs Cutter	2003	257 tonnes	Cutter
HMC Valiant	UKBF 42m Customs Cutter	2004	257 tonnes	Cutter
HMC Protector	Telkkä-class	2014	434 tonnes	Cutter	Portsmouth [27]	[28]
HMC Active	20m RIB	2016	31 tonnes	Coastal Patrol Vessel		[29] [30] [31]
HMC Alert	20m RIB	2016	31 tonnes	Coastal Patrol Vessel		[29] [30] [31]
HMC Eagle	20m RIB	2016	31 tonnes	Coastal Patrol Vessel		[29] [30] [31]
HMC Nimrod	20m RIB	2016	31 tonnes	Coastal Patrol Vessel		[29] [30] [31]
HMC Hunter	20m RIB	2018	31 tonnes	Coastal Patrol Vessel		[32]
HMC Speedwell	20m RIB	2018	31 tonnes	Coastal Patrol Vessel		[32] [33]

• 
  Seeker
• 
  Vigilant
• 
  Valiant
• 
  Protector

Attack on the Dover Immigration Centre

On 30 October 2022, the new Immigration Centre in Dover Harbour was attacked with firebombs thrown from a car. ^[34] Two members of staff were injured. A suspect was found dead in a vehicle. Responsibility for investigation was passed to the Counter Terrorism Policing South East. ^[35] Leak's online activities had included far-right content and conspiracy theories. ^[36] On 5 November 2022, the police stated that the attack "was motivated by a terrorist ideology". ^[37]

Notable operations and successes

• On 23 April 2015, HMC Valiant assisted by HMS Somerset who had NCA officers on board, Intercepted the MV Hamal, a tug, and after she was searched in Aberdeen the largest UK drug seizure of 3.2 tonnes of cocaine was found onboard, in her forward ballast tank. There was so much on board it took three days to remove and had to be placed under armed guard. ^{[38] [39] [40] [41]}
• On 31 July 2017, Border Force won a court case where a judge declared child sex dolls to be an obscene item after a seizure of one was challenged. ^{[42] [43]}
• On 31 January 2018, Border Force officers at Farnborough Airport became suspicious after a routine boarding and inspection of a private jet from Colombia, and upon a Customs search; discovered 500 kg (1,100 lb) of cocaine worth a street value of £50 million in fifteen suitcases. ^{[44] [45] [46]}
• During the 2015 European migrant crisis, Border Force rescued over 1,650 migrants and arrested 27 suspected people smugglers over one summer as part of the EU Mission in the Mediterranean Sea. ^{[47] [48] [49]}
• In February 2017, Border Force took part in Operation Thunderbird organised by INTERPOL to tackle wildlife crime and wildlife trafficking. Border Force officers made 182 seizures during the operation, which ran between 30 January and 19 February. Among the items found were 11 kilos of ivory, 600,000 live eels, 74 live orchids, eight cacti, 13 reptile skin products, around 3,500 musical instruments containing CITES wood. ^{[50] [51]}
• In December 2012, Border Force seized 1.2 tonnes of fake CDs at Manchester Airport ^{[52] [53]}
• A couple were convicted in April 2013 for trying to smuggle a Nigerian baby into the UK, claiming it was their own. They were stopped and investigated after Border Force officers became suspicious ^{[54] [55]}
• Border Force Detector dog Megan became the most successful UK drug detector dog. Over a seven-year period with Border Force, she foiled 102 smuggling attempts into the UK. She retired in March 2014. ^{[56] [57]}
• Another Border Force detector dog, Jessie found £1 million being smuggled over a five-month period. ^{[58] [59]}
• Two separate attempts to smuggle birds into the UK inside suitcases was prevented by Border Force officers at Leeds Bradford Airport in May 2013. ^[60]
• Twelve critically endangered iguanas seized from smugglers by Border Force officers at London Heathrow Airport have been returned home to their native Bahamas. The reptiles were discovered in the baggage of two Romanian nationals on 3 February 2014 by officers carrying out customs checks. ^{[61] [62] [63]}
• In September 2015, Border Force officers seized a tonne of cannabis at London Gateway port. It came after 2 tonnes were seized there in February 2015. ^{[64] [65]}

See also

• ePassport gates
• List of customs cutters of UK Border Force
• Visa policy of the United Kingdom
• France–UK border
• Waterguard
• Lord Warden of the Marches
• Riding officer

References

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4. "New Customs officers Oath - a Freedom of Information request to Home Office". WhatDoTheyKnow. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
5. "UK Borders Act 2007". www.legislation.gov.uk. Expert Participation. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
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11. David Millward (22 May 2012). "Border Force chief faces battle to keep job over threat of four-hour immigration queues during Olympics". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
12. Home Affairs Select Committee, 18 September 2012
13. "New Director General of Border Force announced". Home Office. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
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20. "Section 138, Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2)". Office of Public Sector Information. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
21. "Phil Douglas".
22. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/328443/Annex_A_-_FOI_30960_Mrs_Hair.pdf Border Force Epaulette Ranks
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24. Force, Border. "Job: Border Force - South East & Europe - Heathrow - South Region - Dog Handler" . Retrieved 7 September 2022.
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30. "New Border Force patrol boats will tackle people traffickers in the English Channel". Kent Live. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2017.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
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33. "CPV SPEEDWELL (SAR) Registered in United Kingdom - Vessel details, Current position and Voyage information - IMO 0, MMSI 235118134, Call Sign 2JQQ5". www.marinetraffic.com.
34. Weaver, Matthew (30 October 2022). "Petrol bombs thrown at immigration centre in Dover". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
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37. "ATTACK AT DOVER INVESTIGATION UPDATE FROM COUNTER TERRORISM POLICING SOUTH EAST". counterterrorism.police.uk. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
38. Clarke, Aileen; Sleight, Christopher (11 July 2016). "How the UK's biggest drugs bust was made". BBC News. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
39. Williams, Greg. "Cocaine, tug boats and tip offs: the inside story of the largest drug bust in UK history" . Retrieved 1 March 2018.
40. "Two jailed over record cocaine seizure". BBC News. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
41. "Two guilty of smuggling £512m of cocaine". BBC News. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
42. "Child sex doll an obscene item, judge rules". BBC News. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
43. Shaw, Danny (31 July 2017). "The 'new phenomenon' of child sex dolls". BBC News. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
44. "Cocaine 'worth £50m' found on private jet". BBC News. 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
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46. "Huge UK Cocaine Seizure on Private Jet Signals Traffickers' Growing Boldness". InSight Crime. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
47. "Border Force cutters return from Mediterranean search and rescue operations". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
48. "Border Force cutter in Mediterranean migrant rescue mission". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
49. "Migrant rescue ships return to UK". BBC News. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
50. "Border Force's role in Operation Thunderbird - Home Office in the media". homeofficemedia.blog.gov.uk. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
51. Dawson, Simon; Reuters (20 December 2017). "Bear bile and snakeskin boots: illegal goods seized at Heathrow – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
52. "Rolling Stones and Taylor Swift CDs among one tonne of fakes found by Border Force". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
53. "Massive haul of fake CDs seized at Manchester Airport". ITV News. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
54. "Oxford Pair Convicted For Baby Smuggling". Heart Thames Valley. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
55. "Couple convicted over baby smuggling attempt". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
56. "Border Force dog prevents more than 100 drug smuggling attempts". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
57. "Megan's got a nose for trouble" . Retrieved 1 March 2018.
58. "Hero spaniel sniffs out £1m cash smuggled through Heathrow in 5 months". Evening Standard. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
59. "Super spaniel sniffs out £1 million in 5 months". ITV News. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
60. "Birds smuggled in suitcases found at Leeds Bradford Airport". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
61. "Smuggled iguanas returned home by Border Force". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
62. Perry, Keith (3 April 2014). "Stuffed in socks: 13 iguanas smuggled into UK in a suitcase". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 1 March 2018.
63. "Smuggled Iguanas Returned to Bahamas by Border Force". www.nwcu.police.uk. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
64. "Tonne of cannabis seized by Border Force at London Gateway". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
65. "Cannabis worth over £5m seized at London Gateway". Echo. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2018.

External links

• Official website