Guyana Defence Force

Last updated
Guyana Defence Force
Guyana Defence Force Crest.svg
GDF emblem
Flag of the Guyana Defence Force.svg
Guyana Defence Force flag
Motto "SERVICE" [1]
Founded1 November 1965 (de facto)
22 May 1966 (de jure) [2]
Service branches
  • Army
  • Air Corps
  • Coast Guard
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief Mohamed Irfaan Ali
Chief of Staff Omar Khan [3]
Personnel
Military age18 years of age
Conscription No
Active personnel3,400 (2023) [4]
Reserve personnel 670 (2023) [4]
Expenditure
Percent of GDP 1.69% (2018) [5]
Industry
Foreign suppliers
Related articles
History Rupununi Uprising
Operation Uphold Democracy
2023 Guayana Esequiba crisis
Ranks Military ranks of Guyana

The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military of Guyana, established in 1965. It has military bases across the nation. [6] The Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Force is always the incumbent President of Guyana. [7] The branches include the Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard.

Contents

Although a small nation, recent petro wealth has destabilized the region, re-igniting border disputes inherited from the colonial period.

History

In late December, the United Kingdom announced its deployment of HMS Trent (P224) to Guyana amidst escalating regional tensions. Western powers have shown a willingness to act decisively in disputes in this region including Grenada and the Falkands war. HMS Trent (P224) entered Portsmouth for the first time - 1.jpg
In late December, the United Kingdom announced its deployment of HMS Trent (P224) to Guyana amidst escalating regional tensions. Western powers have shown a willingness to act decisively in disputes in this region including Grenada and the Falkands war.

The nation of Guyana became independent in the 1960s, before that defense was the responsibility of the United Kingdom. A modest defense force for small country, is back-dropped by alliances with major regional players including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Brazil. Guyanese forces participated in the multinational 1994 mission to Hati.

Twentieth century

The GDF was formed on 1 November 1965. Members of the new Defence Force were drawn from the British Guiana Volunteer Force (BGVF), Special Service Unit (SSU), British Guiana Police Force (BGPF) and civilians. Training assistance was provided by British instructors.

A survey party sent by the Surinamese government, which at the time was still under Dutch colonial rule, was sent to the Tigri Area in late 1967 as part of Suriname's "Operation Grasshopper", prompting the GDF to confiscate their weapons and expel them from the territory on December 12. [8]

On January 2, 1969, the Rupununi uprising by native Pemon and Wapishana led by Valerie Hart, with reported support from Venezuela, [4] began with an attack against Lethem, the capital of the Upper Takutu–Upper Essequibo region, resulting in the deaths of five police officers and two civilians and the destruction of Guyanese government buildings. [9] The rebels locked townsfolk in their homes, blocked airstrips in the area, and took Guyanese government officials into their custody. [10] [9] Guyanese forces mobilized from the nearest unblocked airstrip and in two days the insurrection was quelled, with many rebels fleeing into Venezuela and Brazil, with Hart fleeing to the former. [10] [11] Accusations of massacres by Guyanese forces of native Amerindians have been put forth, which the Guyanese government denied and the Guyanese government accused the rebels of being backed by Venezuela and attempting to cede themselves to Venezuela. [12] [9]

Omar Khan, Chief of Staff of the GDF Chief of Staff Omar Khan.jpg
Omar Khan, Chief of Staff of the GDF

In mid–August 1969, patrolling GDF forces discovered a Surinamese camp and partially completed airstrip in the Tigri Area. This discovery prompted the GDF to launch an operation on August 19, 1969 against the camp and airstrip, resulting in the expulsion of Surinamese forces from the area. [8]

A platoon of GDF soldiers, part of a contingent of Caribbean Community troops, were involved in the 1994 US-led intervention Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti. [13]

Twenty-first century

Guyanese Defense Force unload supplies from a helicopter with international partners, as part of the mission Continuing Promise in 2008 US Navy 081111-N-3595W-103 Lt. Cmdr. Nathan Uebelhoer and a member of the Guyana Defense Force, work together unloading medical supplies.jpg
Guyanese Defense Force unload supplies from a helicopter with international partners, as part of the mission Continuing Promise in 2008

On 28 November 2023, the U.S. Embassy in Guyana announced that the United States military (1st SFAB) and the Guyana Defence Force would strengthen their military partnership. [14] This occurred during the 2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis when its neighboring country, Venezuela, announced the annexation of the majority of Guyana's western territories via the 2023 Venezuelan referendum. [15] The GDF is multiple factors smaller than the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela and would have great difficulty defending itself from Venezuela without foreign support. [4]

In the 2020s a major shift took place, the percent of GDP of defense decreased but there was a big increase in overall budget due to changes GDP. [16] From 1990 to 2020, non-inflation adjusted currency the defense increased went from 142 thousand to 16 billion. [17]

In early 2024, a plan was announced to procure more helicopters, a maritime defense vessel, and a drone. [18]

Roles and functions

Guyanese soldier at the Colombian National Training Center A member of the Guyana special operations forces team competes in the rifle qualification event for Fuerzas Comando 2012 June 7, 2012, at the Colombian National Training Center in Tolomaida, Colombia 120607-A-WK843-286.jpg
Guyanese soldier at the Colombian National Training Center

Three main roles exist for the GDF:

The GDF is an integral part of the Guyanese nation. Resources and equipment of the GDF are used to help other Guyanese; examples include medical mercy flights and the construction of roads and airstrips by the Engineering Corps.

Enlistment into the force is voluntary for officers and soldiers. Basic training is done within GDF training schools, which has also trained officers and soldiers from Commonwealth Caribbean territories. However, officers are trained at one of two British officer training schools: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (Infantry Training) and Britannia Royal Naval College (Coast Guard Training).

The training and skills gained by the members of the GDF have been used when they move either into civilian life or into the sister military organizations, the Guyana National Reserve (now the Second Infantry Battalion Group Reserve) and formerly the Guyana National Service (disbanded in 2000) and the Guyana People's Militia.

Organization

GDF Coast Guard flag GDF Coast Guard flag (variant).svg
GDF Coast Guard flag
GDF Air Corps flag GDF Air Corps.svg
GDF Air Corps flag

1st Infantry Battalion Group

In the 1980s, the Guyana Defence Force manned the Amawai, Roraima, Ireng, and Takutu sectors, while the Kutari Sector was manned by the then Guyana National Service. In 1988, these GDF battalions were merged to create the 1st Infantry Battalion, later known as the 1st Infantry Battalion Group. At that time, the Force had more resources, including human, financial, and materiel, compared to its current state. However, today, the amalgamated battalion faces significant challenges as it is now required to carry out the tasks previously handled by multiple units. This poses a considerable challenge, especially given the changing dynamics in the global environment, which are impacting the nation's security. [19]

31 Special Forces Squadron

The 31 Special Forces Squadron is a special forces group that is specialized in airborne, jungle and river warfare operations. [4]

GDF Band Corps

The Guyana Defence Force Band Corps is the official musical unit of the GDF whose role is to provide musical accompaniment for ceremonial functions of the GDF. [20] The members were drawn from the Rifle Companies and the defunct Volunteer Force and were brought out during regimental military parades. The Guyana Defence Force Steel Band would soon follow the main band's lead after its own establishment in 1970, three years after the original band was founded. [21]

Medical Corps

The Medical Corps provides medical and dental care to all the members of the GDF and their immediate families. It often liaises with the Health ministry for medical procedures and protocol to be carried out effectively. The corps is situated in Base Camp Ayanganna which includes facilities such as a medical laboratory and a dental lab. [22]

Chief of Defence Staff

Equipment

Much of the equipment belonging to Guyana are Cold War era weapons, with some World War II armaments still supplied. [4] Guyana is a member of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative. It maintains strong military relations with Brazil, with which it collaborates on border security through yearly regional military exchange gatherings. Moreover, the nation has bilateral pacts with China, France, and the USA. The GDF engages in regular training and participates in bilateral activities. Equipment is mostly composed of ex-Soviet and British weapons and vehicles. The air force has enhanced its limited air-transport capabilities with second-hand aircraft primarily from Brazilian and North American origins. With the exception of maintenance facilities, a defence-industrial sector does not exist. [23]

Armoured fighting vehicles

ModelImageOriginQuantityDetails
Reconnaissance
EE-9 Cascavel EE-9 Cascavel at Musee des Blindes, Saumur, France (53352496987).jpg Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil ~6only reported. [23]
EE-11 Urutu EE-11 Urutu (7810225614).jpg Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 24 [4] MkIII variant, unknown if functional [4]

Armoured transport vehicles

ModelImageOriginQuantityDetails
Shorland S52 Land rover shorland S51.jpg Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 5 [24] [4]

Artillery

ModelImageOriginCalibreQuantityDetails
Towed
M-46 M-46 Lutsk.jpg Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union 130mm~6 [23]
Multiple rocket systems
Type 63 H12 Type 63 multiple rocket launcher.JPG Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 107mm6 [4]
Mortars
L16A1 81mmMORT L16.png Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 81mm~12 [23]
M-43 Zagan 82 mm mozdzierz wz 37.jpg Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union 82mm~18 [23]
120mm~18 [23]

Patrol and coastal combatants

ModelImageOriginVariantQuantityAcquiredDetails
PCO
GDFS Essequibo Image unavailable.png Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom River-class minesweeper [23] ~12001 [25] Ship in poor condition [4] [26] [27]
Patrol boats
Barracuda Djibouti-PatrolBoat.jpg Flag of the United States.svg  United States 44-foot motor lifeboat ~42001 [28] ex-US Type-44. [23]
GDFS 1033 (GDFS Peregrine) & GDFS 1034 Image unavailable.png Flag of the United States.svg  United States 38 Defiant-class patrol vessels 22017Commissioned in March, 2017. [29] [30] [31]
GDFS Shahoud Image unavailable.png Flag of the United States.svg  United States 115 Defiant-class patrol vessels 12024Commissioned in June, 2024. [32]

Small arms

NameImageCaliberTypeOriginNotes
Pistols
Walther PPK [33] 1972 Walther PP.jpg .32 ACP Semi-automatic pistol Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Submachine guns
Sten [33] STEN MK II submachinegun.png 9×19mm Submachine gun Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Sterling [33] Sterling SMG2.JPG 9×19mm Submachine gun Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Rifles
SKS [33] Simonov-SKS-45.JPG 7.62×39mm Semi-automatic rifle Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg  Soviet Union
AKM [33] AKM automatkarbin Ryssland - 7,62x39mm - Armemuseum rightside noBG.png 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Type 63 [33] Rifle Type 63 noBG.png 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Type 56 [33] Type 56 mod02 noBG.png 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
M16 [33] M16A2 rightside noBG.jpg 5.56×45mm Assault rifle Flag of the United States.svg  United States
FAMAS [34] Rifles FAMAS.jpg 5.56×45mm Assault rifle Flag of France.svg  France
Heckler & Koch G36 [33] Gewehr G36 noBG.png 5.56×45mm Assault rifle Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
FN FAL [33] FN-FAL belgian noBG.png 7.62×51mm Battle rifle Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Heckler & Koch G3 [33] H&K G3FS.jpg 7.62×51mm Battle rifle Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
Machine guns
Bren [33] Bren LMG.jpg 7.62×51mm Light machine gun Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
FN Minimi [34] FN MINIMI Standard Right.jpg 5.56×45mm Light machine gun Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
FN MAG [33] IDF-FN-MAG.png 7.62×51mm General-purpose machine gun Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
AA-52 [33] Mitrailleuse-IMG 1728.jpg 7.62×51mm General-purpose machine gun Flag of France.svg  France
Surface-to-air missiles
9K32 Strela-2 SA-7.jpg 72mm Surface-to-air missile Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union 18 [4]
Rocket propelled grenade launchers
RPG-7 [33] Rpg-7.jpg 40mm Rocket-propelled grenade Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union

Aircraft inventory

Two new Hal Do 228 were delivered in 2024 from India (type of aircraft pictured) Do228NG - RIAT 2012 (18649688613).jpg
Two new Hal Do 228 were delivered in 2024 from India (type of aircraft pictured)

The Defence force air wing was formed in 1968 and was then renamed the Guyana Defence force air command in 1973. Seven Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander were delivered over a five-year period in the 1970s and then were supplemented by Short Skyvans series 3Ms in 1979. In 1986 3 Mil Mi-8 were delivered. The GDF currently operates 8 fixed-wing aircraft and 2 helicopters. Recently, the GDF had ordered two Dornier Do-228 aircraft from Indian Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, which were delivered on 1 April 2024. [35] [36]

In early 2024, a plan was announced to among other things to buy some new helicopters. [37] One crashed in 2023, which, because only a few helicopters are operated represented a significant loss.

Current inventory

AircraftOriginTypeVariantIn serviceNotes
Transport
BN-2 Islander Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom utility1 [38]
Cessna 206 Flag of the United States.svg  United States utility1 [4]
HAL 228 Flag of India.svg  India utilityHAL 2282 [39] [40] Delivery aboard IAF C-17 aircraft.
Short Skyvan Flag of the United States.svg  United States utility2 [38]
Super King Air Flag of the United States.svg  United States VIP transport 350 1 [41]
Harbin Y-12 Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China utility1 [4]
Helicopters
Bell 206 Flag of the United States.svg  United States utility1 [38]
Bell 412 Flag of the United States.svg  United States utility21 unit crashed on 6 December 2023 in the Esequibo region

Retired aircraft

Previous notable aircraft operated by the Air Wing were the Cessna 182, Cessna 206, Embraer EMB 110, Helio Courier, Aérospatiale Alouette III, Bell 212, and the Mil Mi-8. [42]

Coast Guard

The Peregrine, a Metal Shark small patrol boat of the Guyana Coast Guard Guyana Coast Guard - Peregrine.jpg
The Peregrine, a Metal Shark small patrol boat of the Guyana Coast Guard

The maritime branch was founded January 9, 1967, with the Guyanese Coast Guard founded in 1990, before this they were called the Buccaneers. Various light vessels were built or used through the 1970s and 80s, especially for customs, maritime, fisheries, and river patrol. [43]

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References

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  3. ↑ "GDF".
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Roblin, Sébastien (15 December 2023). "Can the Guyana Defense Force Resist a Venezuelan Invasion?". Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "South America: Guyana". The World Factbook. CIA. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  6. ↑ "3 soldiers killed in explosion at Guyana military base – CityNews Toronto". toronto.citynews.ca. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  7. ↑ "Guyana Defence Force". Global Security.
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  9. 1 2 3 Ishmael, Odeen (2013). The Trail of Diplomacy: The Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue. Odeen Ishmael. ISBN   9781493126552.
  10. 1 2 Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne (2019). "SECOND PERIOD 1966-1970". The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America. Routledge. ISBN   9781000306897.
  11. ↑ GONZÁLEZ, Pedro. La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas: Miguel A. García e hijo S.R.L. 1991.
  12. ↑ "Guyana: De Rupununi a La Haya". En El Tapete (in Spanish). 4 July 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  13. ↑ Kretchik, Walter E.; Baumann, Robert F.; Fishel, John T. (1998). Invasion, Intervention, "Intervasion": A Concise History of the U.S. Army in Operation Uphold Democracy (PDF). United States Army Command and General Staff College.
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  15. ↑ Hernández, Osmary; Almánzar, Fernando; Alberti, Mia (December 2023). "Venezuela's president orders creation of new state and map including land from Guyana" . Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  16. ↑ "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  17. ↑ "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  18. ↑ Saballa, Joe (2024-02-13). "Guyana Wants New Choppers, Drones as Venezuela Tensions Soar". The Defense Post. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
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  20. ↑ "About Band Corps". GDF. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  21. ↑ "History of Band Corps". GDF. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  22. ↑ "About Medical Corps". GDF. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
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  26. 1 2 Belgrave, Shervin (2021-06-15), "Govt. paying US company US$11.5M for boat to protect Guyana from invasion, piracy", Kaieteur News , archived from the original on 2022-05-01, retrieved 2022-05-01
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  31. ↑ Editor, Staff (2024-04-21). "New patrol vessel arrives for GDF". Stabroek News. Retrieved 2024-07-15.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  32. ↑ seepaul, Priya (2024-06-11). "President Ali Commissions GDFS Shahoud to Enhance Guyana's Maritime Security - Ministry of Home Affairs" . Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Jones, Richard D., ed. (2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN   978-0-7106-2869-5.
  34. 1 2 "Gallery – GDF" . Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  35. ↑ "India delivers two Dorniers to Guyana; New partnership begins". Financialexpress. 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  36. ↑ Herk, Hans van (29 January 2023). "Indian Do228s for Guyana". www.scramble.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  37. ↑ Saballa, Joe (2024-02-13). "Guyana Wants New Choppers, Drones as Venezuela Tensions Soar". The Defense Post. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  38. 1 2 3 "World Air Forces 2024" . Flightglobal Insight. 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  39. ↑ "HAL delivers two Dornier 228 planes to Guyana Defence Force: President Ali". The Times of India. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  40. ↑ "Dornier 228 planes: HAL delivers two Dornier 228 planes to Guyana Defence Force: Prez Ali". The Economic Times . Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  41. ↑ "New aircraft for the Guyana Defence Force". Scramble – Dutch Aviation Society. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  42. ↑ "All-Time Aircraft Used List Guyana Defence Force". Aeroflight. 27 February 2017.
  43. ↑ "Coast Guard History – GDF" . Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  44. 1 2 Henry, Zena (2017-03-30), "GDF gets new patrol boats", Guyana Chronicle, archived from the original on 2017-03-30, retrieved 2022-05-01
  45. ↑ "GDF gets three patrol boats from U.S valued $340M", Guyana Chronicle , 2014-03-21, archived from the original on 2019-10-08, retrieved 2021-10-15
  46. ↑ "US 'Shark' boats to aid drug fight", Stabroek News, 2014-03-22, retrieved 2022-05-01
  47. ↑ Khatoon, Bibi (2017-03-29), "GDF boosted with approximately $300M boat purchases", News Room Guyana , archived from the original on 2017-04-01, retrieved 2022-05-01
  48. ↑ Chabrol, Denis (2021-06-14), "Guyana purchases US$11.5 million "purpose-built" Coast Guard vessel", Demerara Waves , archived from the original on 2021-06-14, retrieved 2022-05-01
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