Streptomyces lavendulae

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Streptomyces lavendulae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Streptomycetales
Family: Streptomycetaceae
Genus: Streptomyces
Species:
S. lavendulae
Binomial name
Streptomyces lavendulae
(Waksman and Curtis 1916) Waksman and Henrici 1948 (Approved Lists 1980)
Subspecies
  • subsp. lavendulae(Waksman and Curtis 1916) Pridham 1970 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • subsp. grasserius(Kuchaeva et al. 1961) Pridham 1970 (Approved Lists 1980)
Synonyms
  • "Actinomyces lavendulae" Waksman and Curtis 1916
  • "Actinomyces lavendulae subsp. grasserius" Kuchaeva et al. 1961

Streptomyces lavendulae is a species of bacteria from the genus Streptomyces. It is isolated from soils globally and is known for its production of medically useful biologically active metabolites. To see a photo of this organism click here.

Contents

Description and significance

Streptomyces lavendulae was first isolated from soil in 1916, [1] and has since been isolated from many soils throughout the world. It is characterized by colorless growth with lavender colored aerial mycelium, though white mutants have been observed . The order Actinomycetales is composed of organisms well known for their ability to make a wide range of biologically active metabolites. [2] S. lavendulae produces many medically useful antibiotics including streptothricin [3] and lavendamycin, [4] although some mutant strains exist without aerial mycelium, which are unable to produce antibiotics. [5]

Cell morphology and physiology

Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria that resemble fungi in structure with a complex branched network of cells called a mycelium. Isolates of Streptomyces lavendulae from different soils around the world vary morphologically and physiologically, with some strains producing straight aerial mycelium, while other isolates form spiral mycelium. [6] The coloration of the mycelia can range from white to lavender to a deep red. These mycelia later give rise to spores that are oval with a smooth surface. All strains of S. lavendulae produce dark pigments on organic media, which can range in color from brown to greenish-black. [7] S. lavendulae growth occurs between 20 °C and 43 °C and its optimum temperature is 37 °C and growth and sporulation occur at pH ranging from 5.0-8.0 and its optimum pH is 7.0. [8]

Metabolism

Streptomyces have the ability to utilize many different compounds as part of their metabolism including sugars, amino acids, and alcohols through the production of extracellular enzymes. Carbon utilization studies on S. lavendulae have shown good or moderate growth with glucose, fructose, and arabinose as the substrate. [9]

Genome structure

While most bacteria have circular chromosomes, all actinomycetes chromosomes are linear and fairly large, 8-9Mb. [10] [11] In addition, actinomycete genomes contain extrachromosomal genetic elements such as rolling circle replication plasmids. [12] These extrachromosomal genetic elements have been shown to transport their own genes as well as chromosomal genes to other actinomycete hosts. [13] This provides a pathway for genetic information to be exchanged between cells, and could provide a mechanism for the transfer of antibiotic resistance between organisms. One study found genes for streptothricin resistance, an antibiotic produced by Actinomycete bacteria, on plasmids within gram-negative bacteria. [14]

Pathology

Streptomyces lavendulae has not been identified as a pathogen and is not known to be the cause of any human diseases.

Medical importance

Production of antibiotics

Filamentous soil bacteria from the genus Streptomyces are important sources of biologically active compounds used in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In fact, bacteria from the genus Streptomyces produce 75% of commercially and medically useful antibiotics. [15] In 1942, Streptothricin, an antibiotic made by Actinomycetes, was found to be produced by a strain of S. lavendulae. [16]

Many natural compounds have led to the discovery of drugs used to treat human disease. Out of the 22,500 biologically active compounds that have been extracted from microbes, 45% are from Actinomycetota. [17] In 1956, Streptomyces lavendulae was found to produce an antibiotic called Mitomycin C, which has been studied for its cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. [18]

Antibiotic resistance

It has been observed that cultures of S. lavendulae that produce streptothricin are resistant to the effects of this antibiotic. [19] Many studies show the presence of multiple pathways for resistance toward a single antibiotic with the resistance genes located next to the antibiotic biosynthetic genes. [20] Mytomycin C (MC), an antibiotic produced by S. lavendulae, exhibits cytotoxicity when the activated drug covalently binds complementary strands of DNA. [21] Streptomycetes contain an average G+C content of 70% making them very susceptible to the harmful effects of MC. S. lavendulae has three known genetic loci for resistance to MC. The first genetic locus (mcr) codes for two genes which inactivate MC in vivo through an oxidation process. [22] The second locus (mrd) binds with MC as a complex which prevents drug activation. [23] The third locus (mct) encodes a membrane-associated protein involved in the excretion of MC from the cell. [24] These antibiotic resistance genes are tightly linked within the MC biosynthetic gene cluster. This coordinated gene regulation along with the multiple resistance loci effectively confer MC antibiotic resistance to S. lavendulae.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta-lactamase</span> Class of enzymes

Beta-lactamases (β-lactamases) are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide multi-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins, monobactams and carbapenems (ertapenem), although carbapenems are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase provides antibiotic resistance by breaking the antibiotics' structure. These antibiotics all have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam (β-lactam) ring. Through hydrolysis, the enzyme lactamase breaks the β-lactam ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasmid</span> Small DNA molecule within a cell

A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the internet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horizontal gene transfer</span> Type of nonhereditary genetic change

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms. HGT is influencing scientific understanding of higher order evolution while more significantly shifting perspectives on bacterial evolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neomycin</span> Type of antibiotic

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that displays bactericidal activity against gram-negative aerobic bacilli and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen. It is generally not effective against gram-positive bacilli and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. Neomycin comes in oral and topical formulations, including creams, ointments, and eyedrops. Neomycin belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics that contain two or more amino sugars connected by glycosidic bonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transformation (genetics)</span> Genetic alteration of a cell by uptake of genetic material from the environment

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<i>Streptomyces</i> Genus of bacteria

Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinomycetota, and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 700 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinomycetota, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have very large genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin. Different strains of the same species may colonize very diverse environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Actinomycetales</span> Order of Actinomycota

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albert Schatz (scientist)</span> American microbiologist and antibiotic discoverer (1920–2005)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aminocoumarin</span> Class of antibiotic chemical compounds

Aminocoumarin is a class of antibiotics that act by an inhibition of the DNA gyrase enzyme involved in the cell division in bacteria. They are derived from Streptomyces species, whose best-known representative – Streptomyces coelicolor – was completely sequenced in 2002. The aminocoumarin antibiotics include:

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<i>Streptomyces griseus</i> Species of bacterium

Streptomyces griseus is a species of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces commonly found in soil. A few strains have been also reported from deep-sea sediments. It is a Gram-positive bacterium with high GC content. Along with most other streptomycetes, S. griseus strains are well known producers of antibiotics and other such commercially significant secondary metabolites. These strains are known to be producers of 32 different structural types of bioactive compounds. Streptomycin, the first antibiotic ever reported from a bacterium, comes from strains of S. griseus. Recently, the whole genome sequence of one of its strains had been completed.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasmid-mediated resistance</span> Antibiotic resistance caused by a plasmid

Plasmid-mediated resistance is the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes which are carried on plasmids. Plasmids possess mechanisms that ensure their independent replication as well as those that regulate their replication number and guarantee stable inheritance during cell division. By the conjugation process, they can stimulate lateral transfer between bacteria from various genera and kingdoms. Numerous plasmids contain addiction-inducing systems that are typically based on toxin-antitoxin factors and capable of killing daughter cells that don't inherit the plasmid during cell division. Plasmids often carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes, contributing to the spread of multidrug-resistance (MDR). Antibiotic resistance mediated by MDR plasmids severely limits the treatment options for the infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, especially family Enterobacteriaceae. The global spread of MDR plasmids has been enhanced by selective pressure from antimicrobial medications used in medical facilities and when raising animals for food.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nourseothricin</span> Chemical compound

Nourseothricin (NTC) is a member of the streptothricin-class of aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species. Chemically, NTC is a mixture of the related compounds streptothricin C, D, E, and F. NTC inhibits protein synthesis by inducing miscoding. It is used as a selection marker for a wide range of organisms including bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi, and plant cells. It is not known to have adverse side-effects on positively selected cells, a property cardinal to a selection drug.

<i>Streptomyces antibioticus</i> Species of bacterium

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Streptomyces azureus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has isolated from soil. Streptomyces azureus produces the antibiotic thiostrepton.

References

  1. ↑ Waksman SA, Curtis RE. 1916. The actinomyces of the soil. Soil Sci. 1:99-134.
  2. ↑ Ikea H, Ishikawa J, Hanamoto A, Shinose M, Kikuchi H, Shiba T, Sakaki Y, Hattori M, Omura S. 2003. Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis. Nat Biotechnol. 21:526-531.
  3. ↑ Waksman SA, Bugie E, Schatz A. 1944. Isolation of Antibiotic Substances from Soil Micro-Organisms, with special reference to Streptothricin and Streptomycin. Proceedings of Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 19(23):537-548.
  4. ↑ Balitz DM, Bush JA, Bradner WT, Doyle TW, O'Herron FA, Nettleton DE. 1982. Isolation of lavendamycin, a new antibiotic from Streptomyces lavendulae. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 35(3):259-65.
  5. ↑ Waksman SA, Schatz A. 1945. Strain specificity and production of antibiotic substances. VI Strain variation and production of streptothricin by Actinomyces lavendulae. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 31:208-214.
  6. ↑ Waksman SA, Harris D, Lechevalier M. 1951. Studies on Streptomyces Lavendulae. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. 62:149-161.
  7. ↑ Mencher JR, Heim AH. 1962. Melanin Biosynthesis by Streptomyces lavendulae. Microbiology. 28:665-670.
  8. ↑ Shibata M, Uyeda M, Kido Y, Toya N, Nakashima R, Terazumi R. 1980. A New Antibiotic K-82 A and Minor Components Produced by Streptomyces lavendulae, Strain No. K-82. The Journal of Antibiotics. 33:11 1231-1235.
  9. ↑ Nishimura M, Inouye S. 2000. Inhibitory Effects of Carbohydrates on Cholesterol Esterase Biosynthesis in Streptomyces lavendulae H646-SY2. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 90:5 564-566.
  10. ↑ Lin YS, Kieser HM, Hopwood DA, Chen CW. 1994. The chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces lividans 66 is linear. Mol Microbial. 14(5):1103.
  11. ↑ Redenbach M, Kieser HM, Denapaite D, Eichner A, Cullum J, Kinashi H, Hogwood DA. 1996. A set of ordered cosmids and a detailed genetic and physical map for the 8 Mb Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chromosome. Mol Microbial. 21:77-96.
  12. ↑ Kieser T, Hopwood DA, Wright HM, Thompson CJ. 1982. pIJ101, a multi-copy broad host-range Streptomyces plasmid: functional analysis and development of DNA cloning vectors. Mol Gen Genet. 185(2):223-228.
  13. ↑ Hosted TJ, Wang T, Horan AC. 2004. Characterization of the Streptomyces lavendulae IMRU 3455 linear plasmid pSLV45. Microbiology. 150:1819-1827.
  14. ↑ Tschäpe H, Tietze E, Prager R, Voigt W, Wolter E, Seltmann G. 1984. Plasmid-borne streptothricin resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Plasmid. 12:3 189-196.
  15. ↑ Miyadoh S. 1993. Research on Antibiotic Screening in Japan over the Last Decade: A Producing Microorganisms Approach. Actinomycetologica. 9:100-106.
  16. ↑ Waksman SA, Woodruff HB. 1942. Streptothricin, a new selective bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent, particularly active against gram-negative bacteria. Proc Soc Exptl Biol Med. 49:207-210.
  17. ↑ Demain AL, Sanchez S. 2009. Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress. J Antibiot. 62:5-16.
  18. ↑ Lown JW, Begetter A, Johnson D, Morgan AR. 1976. Studies related to antitumor antibiotics. Part V. Reactions of mitomycin C with DNA examined by ethidium fluorescence assay. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry. 54:2 110-119.
  19. ↑ Cundliffe E. 1989. How Antibiotic-Producing Organisms Avoid Suicide. Annual Review of Microbiology. 43:207-233.
  20. ↑ Cundliffe E. 1992. Self-protection mechanisms in antibiotic producers. Ciba Found Symp. 171:199-214.
  21. ↑ Iyer VN, Szybalski W. 1964. Mitomycins and porfiromycin: chemical mechanism of activation and cross-linking of DNA. Science. 145:55-56.
  22. ↑ August PR, Rahn JA, Flickinger MC, Sherman DH. 1996. Inducible synthesis of Mitomycin C resistance gene product (MCRA) from Streptomyces lavendulae. Gene: An International Journal on Genes and Genomes. 175:261-267.
  23. ↑ Sheldon PJ, Johnson DA, August PR, Liu HW, Sherman DH. 1996. Characterization of a Mitomycin-Binding Drug Resistance Mechanism from the Producing Organism, Streptomyces lavendulae. Journal of Bacteriology. 179:5 1796-1804.
  24. ↑ Sheldon PJ, Mao Y, He M, Sherman DH. 1999. Mitomycin Resistance in Streptomyces lavendulae Includes a Novel Drug-Binding-Protein-Dependent Export System. Journal of Bacteriology. 181:8 2507-2512.
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