Syngnathoidei

Syngnathoidei Temporal range: Santonian–present [1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Hippocampus reidi (Syngnathidae)
Macroramphosus scolopax (Centriscidae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Syngnathiformes
Suborder:	Syngnathoidei
Families
Aulostomidae Fistulariidae Centriscidae Solenostomidae Syngnathidae

Syngnathoidei is a large, diverse suborder of syngnathiform fish. It contains the "long-snouted" members of the order, and its monophyly has been affirmed by phylogenetic studies. The order contains pipefish, seahorses, trumpetfish, cornetfish, shrimpfish, and snipefish. ^{[2] [3]} They are found in tropical, subtropical and temperate seas, especially in coastal waters around rock and coral reefs and among sea weed and sea grass beds. However, there are also pelagic species of pipefish and even freshwater species.

This appears to be an ancient suborder, with fossil remains known as early as the Late Cretaceous period. ^[1]

Taxonomy

The suborder is classified as follows, with familial divisions based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes : ^{[2] [3]}

• Suborder Syngnathoidei
  • Superfamily Aulostomoidea
    • Family Aulostomidae Rafinesque, 1815 (trumpetfishes)
    • Family Fistularidae Blainville, 1818 (cornetfishes)
  • Superfamily Centriscoidea
    • Family Centriscidae Bonaparte, 1831 (shrimpfishes and snipefishes)
  • Superfamily Syngnathoidea
    • Family Solenostomidae Lacépède, 1803 (ghost pipefishes)
    • Family Syngnathidae Rafinesque, 1810 (pipefishes and seahorses)

Fossil taxa

The following fossil taxa are placed in this order: ^{[4] [5]}

• Suborder Syngnathoidei
  • Genus † Gasterorhamphosus Sorbini, 1981 - Late Cretaceous of Italy (potentially an aulostomoid) ^[1]
  • Family †Eekaulostomidae Cantalice & Alvarado-Ortega, 2016 - Early Paleocene of Mexico (potentially an aulostomoid) ^[1]
  • Superfamily Aulostomoidea
    • Genus † Aulostomoides Blot, 1980
    • Family †Fistularioididae Blot, 1981 - Early Eocene of Italy (likely synonymous with Fistulariidae)
    • Family †Parasynarcualidae Blot, 1981 (likely synonymous with Fistulariidae)
    • Family †Urosphenidae Gill, 1884 - Early Eocene of Italy
  • Superfamily Centriscoidea
    • Family †Gerpegezhidae Bannikov & Carnevale, 2012 - Early Eocene of North Caucasus, Russia ^[6]
  • Superfamily Syngnathoidea
    • Family †Protosyngnathidae Boulenger, 1902 - Early-mid Eocene of Sumatra, Indonesia ^[5]

References

1. Brownstein, C D (2023-01-10). "Syngnathoid Evolutionary History and the Conundrum of Fossil Misplacement". Integrative Organismal Biology. 5 (1). doi:10.1093/iob/obad011. ISSN   2517-4843. PMC   10210065 . PMID   37251781.
2. Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2025-02-10.
3. S.J. Longo; B.C. Faircloth; A. Meyer; M.W. Westneat; M.E. Alfaroe & P.C. Wainwright (2017). "Phylogenomic analysis of a rapid radiation of misfit fishes (Syngnathiformes) using ultraconserved elements". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 113 (August 2017): 33–48. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.002 . PMID   28487262. S2CID   13929577. Abstract.
4. Laan, Richard van der (2018-10-11). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy (466). doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.466. ISSN   2118-9773.
5. Murray, Alison M. (2022-12-31). "Re-description and phylogenetic relationships of † Protosyngnathus sumatrensis (Teleostei: Syngnathoidei), a freshwater pipefish from the Eocene of Sumatra, Indonesia" . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2113832. ISSN   1477-2019.
6. Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Carnevale, Giorgio (2012-05-01). "A long-bodied centriscoid fish from the basal Eocene of Kabardino-Balkaria, northern Caucasus, Russia". Naturwissenschaften. 99 (5): 379–389. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0912-6. ISSN   1432-1904.