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A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration. Such neuronal damage may ultimately involve cell death. Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration can be found in the brain at many different levels of neuronal circuitry, ranging from molecular to systemic. Because there is no known way to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered to be incurable; however research has shown that the two major contributing factors to neurodegeneration are oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assemblies and induced cell death. These similarities suggest that therapeutic advances against one neurodegenerative disease might ameliorate other diseases as well.
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Proteasome subunit alpha type-3 also known as macropain subunit C8 and proteasome component C8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMA3 gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits that contributes to the complete assembly of 20S proteasome complex.
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Proteasome subunit alpha type-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMA1 gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits that contributes to the complete assembly of 20S proteasome complex.
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The history of Parkinson's disease expands from 1817, when British apothecary James Parkinson published An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, to modern times. Before Parkinson's descriptions, others had already described features of the disease that would bear his name, while the 20th century greatly improved knowledge of the disease and its treatments. PD was then known as paralysis agitans. The term "Parkinson's disease" was coined in 1865 by William Sanders and later popularized by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Paralysis
Alice M. Lazzarini is a scientist, author and researcher on neurogenetic disorders, including Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. She is an assistant professor of Neurology at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, where her work helped establish the genetic basis of Parkinson's. Later in life, she was diagnosed with Parkinson's—the very disease she had spent decades researching.
Neurodegenerative diseases can disrupt the normal human homeostasis and result in abnormal estrogen levels. For example, neurodegenerative diseases can cause different physiological effects in males and females. In particular, estrogen studies have revealed complex interactions with neurodegenerative diseases. Estrogen was initially proposed to be a possible treatment for certain types of neurodegenerative diseases but a plethora of harmful side effects such as increased susceptibility to breast cancer and coronary heart disease overshadowed any beneficial outcomes. On the other hand, Estrogen Replacement Therapy has shown some positive effects with postmenopausal women. Estrogen and estrogen-like molecules form a large family of potentially beneficial alternatives that can have dramatic effects on human homeostasis and disease. Subsequently, large-scale efforts were initiated to screen for useful estrogen family molecules. Furthermore, scientists discovered new ways to synthesize estrogen-like compounds that can avoid many side effects.
References
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- ↑ SYNUCLEIN | Definition of SYNUCLEIN by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com
- ↑ Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, Ide SE, Dehejia A, Dutra A, et al. (1997). "Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease". Science. 276 (5321): 2045–7. doi:10.1126/science.276.5321.2045. PMID 9197268.
- ↑ Kara E (2021). "An integrated genomic approach to dissect the genetic landscape regulating the cell-to-cell transfer of α-synuclein". Cell Reports. 35 (10): 109189. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109189. PMC 8207177 . PMID 34107263.
- ↑ Mezey E, Dehejia A, Harta G, Papp MI, Polymeropoulos MH, Brownstein MJ (1998). "Alpha synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders: murderer or accomplice?". Nat Med. 4 (7): 755–7. doi:10.1038/nm0798-755. PMID 9662355. S2CID 46196799.
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- ↑ Ji H, Liu YE, Jia T, Wang M, Liu J, Xiao G, et al. (1997). "Identification of a breast cancer-specific gene, BCSG1, by direct differential cDNA sequencing". Cancer Res. 57 (4): 759–64. PMID 9044857.
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