Neurogranin

NRGN
Identifiers
Aliases	NRGN , RC3, hng, neurogranin
External IDs	OMIM: 602350; MGI: 1927184; HomoloGene: 136802; GeneCards: NRGN; OMA:NRGN - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human) [1] Band 11q24.2 Start 124,739,942 bp [1] End 124,747,210 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 9 (mouse) [2] Band 9 A4|9 20.78 cM Start 37,455,788 bp [2] End 37,464,200 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Brodmann area 10 frontal pole Brodmann area 46 cingulate gyrus anterior cingulate cortex caudate nucleus putamen dorsolateral prefrontal cortex parietal lobe orbitofrontal cortex Top expressed in superior frontal gyrus primary visual cortex dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell primary motor cortex piriform cortex prefrontal cortex CA3 field entorhinal cortex inferior colliculi subiculum More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function phosphatidic acid binding phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate binding calmodulin binding Cellular component cytoplasm axon trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane soma dendrite synapse dendritic spine head mitochondrial membranes nucleus postsynaptic density postsynaptic membrane postsynapse glutamatergic synapse cytosol Biological process telencephalon development associative learning positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation signal transduction nervous system development postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4900 64011 Ensembl ENSG00000154146 ENSMUSG00000053310 UniProt Q92686 P60761 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_006176 NM_001126181 NM_022029 RefSeq (protein) NP_001119653 NP_006167 NP_071312 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 124.74 – 124.75 Mb Chr 9: 37.46 – 37.46 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

neurogranin (protein kinase C substrate, RC3)
Identifiers
Symbol	NRGN
NCBI gene	4900
HGNC	8000
OMIM	602350
RefSeq	NM_006176
UniProt	Q92686
Other data
Locus	Chr. 11 q24
Search for Structures Swiss-model Domains InterPro

Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Neurogranin has recently been found in aortic endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. ^{[5] [6]} Neurogranin is the main postsynaptic protein regulating the availability of calmodulin, binding to it in the absence of calcium. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C lowers its binding ability. NRGN gene expression is controlled by thyroid hormones. ^[7] Human neurogranin consists of 78 amino acids.

One study tells of potential link of neurogranin gene to the heightened risk of schizophrenia in males, ^[8] another study gives evidence of lowered neurogranin immunoreactivity in the brains of people suffering from schizophrenia. ^[9]

Neurogranin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is further discussed as marker for synaptic dysfunction in age-related neurodegeneration. ^[10] It has also been shown to be specifically increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. ^{[11] [12]} Especially, the ratio of CSF neurogranin trunc P75 and the beta-secretase BACE1 is suggested as a potential marker for cognitive deterioration in the progress of Alzheimer's disease. ^[13]

Prior to its identification in the bovine and rat brain in 1991, ^[14] neurogranin was known as a putative protein kinase C-phosphorylated protein named p17. Human neurogranin was cloned in 1997 and turned out to be 96% identical to the rat protein. ^[15]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000154146 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000053310 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Jorgensen, Ashton N.; Abdullah, Chowdhury S.; Bhuiyan, Md. Shenuarin; Watt, Megan; Dominic, Paari; Kolluru, Gopi K.; Kevil, Christopher G.; Nam, Hyung W. (August 2022). "Neurogranin regulates calcium-dependent cardiac hypertrophy". Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 127 104815. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104815. PMC   11118017 . PMID   35870494. S2CID   250941689.
6. Jorgensen, Ashton N.; Rashdan, Nabil A.; Rao, K.N. Shashanka; Delgadillo, Luisa F.; Kolluru, Gopi K.; Krzywanski, David M.; Pattillo, Christopher B.; Kevil, Christopher G.; Nam, Hyung W. (April 2024). "Neurogranin expression regulates mitochondrial function and redox balance in endothelial cells". Redox Biology. 70 103085. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103085. PMC   10878108 . PMID   38359746.
7. Martínez de Arrieta C, Morte B, Coloma A, Bernal J (January 1999). "The human RC3 gene homolog, NRGN contains a thyroid hormone-responsive element located in the first intron". Endocrinology. 140 (1): 335–43. doi: 10.1210/en.140.1.335 . hdl: 10261/24257 . PMID   9886843.
8. Ruano D, Aulchenko YS, Macedo A, Soares MJ, Valente J, Azevedo MH, et al. (January 2008). "Association of the gene encoding neurogranin with schizophrenia in males". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 42 (2): 125–33. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.10.008. PMID   17140601.
9. Broadbelt K, Ramprasaud A, Jones LB (October 2006). "Evidence of altered neurogranin immunoreactivity in areas 9 and 32 of schizophrenic prefrontal cortex". Schizophrenia Research. 87 (1–3): 6–14. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.028. PMID   16797925. S2CID   38984915.
10. Casaletto KB, Elahi FM, Bettcher BM, Neuhaus J, Bendlin BB, Asthana S, et al. (October 2017). "Neurogranin, a synaptic protein, is associated with memory independent of Alzheimer biomarkers". Neurology. 89 (17): 1782–1788. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004569. PMC   5664306 . PMID   28939668.
11. De Vos A, Jacobs D, Struyfs H, Fransen E, Andersson K, Portelius E, et al. (December 2015). "C-terminal neurogranin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma in Alzheimer's disease". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 11 (12): 1461–1469. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.012 . PMID   26092348.
12. Willemse EA, De Vos A, Herries EM, Andreasson U, Engelborghs S, van der Flier WM, et al. (June 2018). "Neurogranin as Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker for Alzheimer Disease: An Assay Comparison Study". Clinical Chemistry. 64 (6): 927–937. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.283028 . hdl: 10067/1495100151162165141 . PMID   29523639.
13. De Vos A, Struyfs H, Jacobs D, Fransen E, Klewansky T, De Roeck E, et al. (July 2016). "The Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin/BACE1 Ratio is a Potential Correlate of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 53 (4): 1523–38. doi:10.3233/JAD-160227. PMC   4981899 . PMID   27392859.
14. Baudier J, Deloulme JC, Van Dorsselaer A, Black D, Matthes HW (January 1991). "Purification and characterization of a brain-specific protein kinase C substrate, neurogranin (p17). Identification of a consensus amino acid sequence between neurogranin and neuromodulin (GAP43) that corresponds to the protein kinase C phosphorylation site and the calmodulin-binding domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (1): 229–37. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52425-X . PMID   1824695.
15. Martínez de Arrieta C, Pérez Jurado L, Bernal J, Coloma A (April 1997). "Structure, organization, and chromosomal mapping of the human neurogranin gene (NRGN)". Genomics. 41 (2): 243–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4622. PMID   9143500.

External links

• Neurogranin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)