Neurogranin

Last updated
NRGN
Identifiers
Aliases NRGN , RC3, hng, neurogranin
External IDs OMIM: 602350; MGI: 1927184; HomoloGene: 136802; GeneCards: NRGN; OMA:NRGN - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

4900

64011

Ensembl

ENSG00000154146

ENSMUSG00000053310

UniProt

Q92686

P60761

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_006176
NM_001126181

NM_022029

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001119653
NP_006167

NP_071312

Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 124.74 – 124.75 Mb Chr 9: 37.46 – 37.46 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse
neurogranin (protein kinase C substrate, RC3)
Identifiers
SymbolNRGN
NCBI gene 4900
HGNC 8000
OMIM 602350
RefSeq NM_006176
UniProt Q92686
Other data
Locus Chr. 11 q24
Search for
Structures Swiss-model
Domains InterPro

Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Neurogranin has recently been found in aortic endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. [5] [6] Neurogranin is the main postsynaptic protein regulating the availability of calmodulin, binding to it in the absence of calcium. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C lowers its binding ability. NRGN gene expression is controlled by thyroid hormones. [7] Human neurogranin consists of 78 amino acids.

One study tells of potential link of neurogranin gene to the heightened risk of schizophrenia in males, [8] another study gives evidence of lowered neurogranin immunoreactivity in the brains of people suffering from schizophrenia. [9]

Neurogranin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is further discussed as marker for synaptic dysfunction in age-related neurodegeneration. [10] It has also been shown to be specifically increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [11] [12] Especially, the ratio of CSF neurogranin trunc P75 and the beta-secretase BACE1 is suggested as a potential marker for cognitive deterioration in the progress of Alzheimer's disease. [13]

Prior to its identification in the bovine and rat brain in 1991, [14] neurogranin was known as a putative protein kinase C-phosphorylated protein named p17. Human neurogranin was cloned in 1997 and turned out to be 96% identical to the rat protein. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transthyretin</span> Serum protein related to amyloid diseases

Transthyretin (TTR or TBPA) is a transport protein in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid that transports the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and retinol to the liver. This is how transthyretin gained its name: transports thyroxine and retinol. The liver secretes TTR into the blood, and the choroid plexus secretes TTR into the cerebrospinal fluid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tyrosine hydroxylase</span> Enzyme found in Homo sapiens that converts l-tyrosine to l-dopa, the precursor of cathecolamines

Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). It does so using molecular oxygen (O2), as well as iron (Fe2+) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. L-DOPA is a precursor for dopamine, which, in turn, is a precursor for the important neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate limiting step in this synthesis of catecholamines. In humans, tyrosine hydroxylase is encoded by the TH gene, and the enzyme is present in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla. Tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase together make up the family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs).

Calmodulin-binding proteins are, as their name implies, proteins which bind calmodulin. Calmodulin can bind to a variety of proteins through a two-step binding mechanism, namely "conformational and mutually induced fit", where typically two domains of calmodulin wrap around an emerging helical calmodulin binding domain from the target protein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein kinase R</span> Human protein and coding gene

Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene on chromosome 2. PKR is a serine/tyrosine kinase that is 551 amino acids long.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha (CAMKIIα), a.k.a.Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha, is one subunit of CamKII, a protein kinase (i.e., an enzyme which phosphorylates proteins) that in humans is encoded by the CAMK2A gene.

snRNP70 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

snRNP70 also known as U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70 kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRNP70 gene. snRNP70 is a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein that associates with U1 spliceosomal RNA, forming the U1snRNP a core component of the spliceosome. The U1-70K protein and other components of the spliceosome complex form detergent-insoluble aggregates in both sporadic and familial human cases of Alzheimer's disease. U1-70K co-localizes with Tau in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ABCC1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CAMK2B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II beta chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK2B gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ATF1</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATF1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CAMK4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CAMK2G</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II gamma chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK2G gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CAMK1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MARK1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serine/threonine-protein kinase MARK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MARK1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PHKG1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PHKG1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPP3R1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Calcineurin subunit B type 1 also known as protein phosphatase 2B regulatory subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP3R1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visinin-like protein 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Visinin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VSNL1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EEF2K</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase, also known as calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III (CAMKIII) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EEF2K gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium-binding protein 1</span> Protein found in humans

Calcium binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CABP1 gene. Calcium-binding protein 1 is a calcium-binding protein discovered in 1999. It has two EF hand motifs and is expressed in neuronal cells in such areas as hippocampus, habenular nucleus of the epithalamus, Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and the amacrine cells and cone bipolar cells of the retina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphorylase kinase, alpha 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PHKA1 gene. It is the muscle isoform of Phosphorylase kinase (PhK).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MYLK2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Myosin light chain kinase 2 also known as MYLK2 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the MYLK2 gene.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000154146 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000053310 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Jorgensen, Ashton N.; Abdullah, Chowdhury S.; Bhuiyan, Md. Shenuarin; Watt, Megan; Dominic, Paari; Kolluru, Gopi K.; Kevil, Christopher G.; Nam, Hyung W. (August 2022). "Neurogranin regulates calcium-dependent cardiac hypertrophy". Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 127: 104815. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104815. PMC   11118017 . PMID   35870494. S2CID   250941689.
  6. ↑ Jorgensen, Ashton N.; Rashdan, Nabil A.; Rao, K.N. Shashanka; Delgadillo, Luisa F.; Kolluru, Gopi K.; Krzywanski, David M.; Pattillo, Christopher B.; Kevil, Christopher G.; Nam, Hyung W. (April 2024). "Neurogranin expression regulates mitochondrial function and redox balance in endothelial cells". Redox Biology. 70: 103085. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103085. PMC   10878108 . PMID   38359746.
  7. ↑ Martínez de Arrieta C, Morte B, Coloma A, Bernal J (January 1999). "The human RC3 gene homolog, NRGN contains a thyroid hormone-responsive element located in the first intron". Endocrinology. 140 (1): 335–43. doi: 10.1210/en.140.1.335 . hdl: 10261/24257 . PMID   9886843.
  8. ↑ Ruano D, Aulchenko YS, Macedo A, Soares MJ, Valente J, Azevedo MH, et al. (January 2008). "Association of the gene encoding neurogranin with schizophrenia in males". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 42 (2): 125–33. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.10.008. PMID   17140601.
  9. ↑ Broadbelt K, Ramprasaud A, Jones LB (October 2006). "Evidence of altered neurogranin immunoreactivity in areas 9 and 32 of schizophrenic prefrontal cortex". Schizophrenia Research. 87 (1–3): 6–14. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.028. PMID   16797925. S2CID   38984915.
  10. ↑ Casaletto KB, Elahi FM, Bettcher BM, Neuhaus J, Bendlin BB, Asthana S, et al. (October 2017). "Neurogranin, a synaptic protein, is associated with memory independent of Alzheimer biomarkers". Neurology. 89 (17): 1782–1788. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004569. PMC   5664306 . PMID   28939668.
  11. ↑ De Vos A, Jacobs D, Struyfs H, Fransen E, Andersson K, Portelius E, et al. (December 2015). "C-terminal neurogranin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma in Alzheimer's disease". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 11 (12): 1461–1469. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.012 . PMID   26092348.
  12. ↑ Willemse EA, De Vos A, Herries EM, Andreasson U, Engelborghs S, van der Flier WM, et al. (June 2018). "Neurogranin as Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker for Alzheimer Disease: An Assay Comparison Study". Clinical Chemistry. 64 (6): 927–937. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.283028 . hdl: 10067/1495100151162165141 . PMID   29523639.
  13. ↑ De Vos A, Struyfs H, Jacobs D, Fransen E, Klewansky T, De Roeck E, et al. (July 2016). "The Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin/BACE1 Ratio is a Potential Correlate of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 53 (4): 1523–38. doi:10.3233/JAD-160227. PMC   4981899 . PMID   27392859.
  14. ↑ Baudier J, Deloulme JC, Van Dorsselaer A, Black D, Matthes HW (January 1991). "Purification and characterization of a brain-specific protein kinase C substrate, neurogranin (p17). Identification of a consensus amino acid sequence between neurogranin and neuromodulin (GAP43) that corresponds to the protein kinase C phosphorylation site and the calmodulin-binding domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (1): 229–37. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52425-X . PMID   1824695.
  15. ↑ Martínez de Arrieta C, Pérez Jurado L, Bernal J, Coloma A (April 1997). "Structure, organization, and chromosomal mapping of the human neurogranin gene (NRGN)". Genomics. 41 (2): 243–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4622. PMID   9143500.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.