Granin

This article is about the protein family. For other uses of Granin, see Granin (disambiguation).

Granin (chromogranin or secretogranin)
Structure of SS-cyclized catestatin fragment from chromogranin A. [1]
Identifiers
Symbol	Granin
Pfam	PF01271
InterPro	IPR001990
PROSITE	PDOC00365
SCOP2	1cfk / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily	282
OPM protein	1lv4
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Granin (chromogranin and secretogranin) is a protein family of regulated secretory proteins ubiquitously found in the cores of amine and peptide hormone and neurotransmitter dense-core secretory vesicles. ^[2]

Function

Granins (chromogranins or secretogranins) are acidic proteins and are present in the secretory granules of a wide variety of endocrine and neuro-endocrine cells. The exact function(s) of these proteins is not yet settled but there is evidence that granins function as pro-hormones, giving rise to an array of peptide fragments for which autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine activities have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. The intracellular biochemistry of granins includes binding of Ca²⁺, ATP and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) within the hormone storage vesicle core. There is also evidence that CgA, and perhaps other granins, regulate the biogenesis of dense-core secretory vesicles and hormone sequestration in neuroendocrine cells.

Structure

Apart from their subcellular location and the abundance of acidic residues (Asp and Glu), these proteins do not share many structural similarities. Only one short region, located in the C-terminal section, is conserved in all these proteins. Chromogranins and secretogranins together share a C-terminal motif, whereas chromogranins A and B share a region of high similarity in their N-terminal section; this region includes two cysteine residues involved in a disulfide bond.

There are considerable differences in the amino acid composition between different animals. Commercial assays for measuring human CGA can usually not be used for measuring CGA in samples from other species. Some specific parts of the molecule have a higher degree of amino acid homology and methods where the antibodies are directed against specific epitopes can be used to measure samples from different animals. ^[3] Region-specific assays measuring defined parts of CGA, CGB and SG2 can be used for measurements in samples from cats and dogs. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}

Members

Chromogranins

• chromogranin A (CgA)
• chromogranin B (CgB)

chromogranin A (parathyroid secretory protein 1) Identifiers Symbol CHGA Alt. symbols CGA NCBI gene 1113 HGNC 1929 OMIM 118910 RefSeq NM_001275 UniProt P10645 Other data Locus Chr. 14 q32 Search for Structures Swiss-model Domains InterPro

chromogranin B (secretogranin 1) Identifiers Symbol CHGB Alt. symbols SCG1 NCBI gene 1114 HGNC 1930 OMIM 118920 RefSeq NM_001819 UniProt P05060 Other data Locus Chr. 20 pter-p12 Search for Structures Swiss-model Domains InterPro

Secretogranins

• secretogranin II (SgII) (see also secretoneurin)
• secretogranin III (SgIII)
• secretogranin V (SgV)

secretogranin II (chromogranin C) Identifiers Symbol SCG2 Alt. symbols CHGC, SgII NCBI gene 7857 HGNC 10575 OMIM 118930 RefSeq NM_003469 UniProt P13521 Other data Locus Chr. 2 q35-q36 Search for Structures Swiss-model Domains InterPro

secretogranin III (FLJ90833) Identifiers Symbol SCG3 Alt. symbols SGIII NCBI gene 29106 HGNC 13707 OMIM 611796 RefSeq NM_013243 UniProt Q8WXD2 Other data Locus Chr. 15 q21.3 Search for Structures Swiss-model Domains InterPro

secretogranin V (7B2 protein) Identifiers Symbol SCG5 Alt. symbols SGNE1 NCBI gene 6447 HGNC 10816 OMIM 173120 RefSeq NM_003020 UniProt P05408 Other data Locus Chr. 15 q13-q14 Search for Structures Swiss-model Domains InterPro

Extended group

Some other proteins are also proposed to belong to the granins based on their physico-chemical properties. These include NESP55 (SgVI), VGF (SgVII), and ProSAAS (SgVIII). ^[8]

References

1. Preece NE, Nguyen M, Mahata M, Mahata SK, Mahapatra NR, Tsigelny I, O'Connor DT (April 2004). "Conformational preferences and activities of peptides from the catecholamine release-inhibitory (catestatin) region of chromogranin A". Regulatory Peptides. 118 (1–2): 75–87. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2003.10.035. PMID   14759560. S2CID   43517955.
2. Huttner WB, Gerdes HH, Rosa P (January 1991). "The granin (chromogranin/secretogranin) family". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 16 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(91)90012-K. PMID   2053134.
3. Stridsberg M, Angeletti RH, Helle KB (June 2000). "Characterisation of N-terminal chromogranin A and chromogranin B in mammals by region-specific radioimmunoassays and chromatographic separation methods". The Journal of Endocrinology. 165 (3): 703–14. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1650703 . PMID   10828855.
4. Stridsberg M, Pettersson A, Hagman R, Westin C, Höglund O (June 2014). "Chromogranins can be measured in samples from cats and dogs". BMC Research Notes. 7 (1) 336. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-336 . PMC   4055239 . PMID   24899097.
5. Höglund OV, Hagman R, Stridsberg M (27 March 2015). "Chromogranin A and cortisol at intraoperative repeated noxious stimuli: Surgical stress in a dog model". SAGE Open Medicine. 3 2050312115576432. doi:10.1177/2050312115576432. PMC   4679230 . PMID   26770773.
6. Srithunyarat T, Höglund OV, Hagman R, Olsson U, Stridsberg M, Lagerstedt AS, Pettersson A (August 2016). "Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale and visual analog scale for stress and pain behavior in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy". BMC Research Notes. 9 (1) 381. doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-2193-1 . PMC   4969733 . PMID   27484122.
7. Srithunyarat T, Hagman R, Höglund OV, Olsson U, Stridsberg M, Jitpean S, Lagerstedt AS, Pettersson A (January 2017). "Catestatin and vasostatin concentrations in healthy dogs". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 59 (1) 1. doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0274-8 . PMC   5210291 . PMID   28049540.
8. Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SR (December 2011). "The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications". Endocrine Reviews. 32 (6): 755–97. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0027. PMC   3591675 . PMID   21862681.

External links

• Chromogranins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR001990