Tang Fei-fan

Tang Fei-fan
Tang Fei-fan
	Tang Fei-fan in 1944 in Kunming, Yunnan.
Native name	湯飛凡 (Tāng Fēifán)
Born	July 23, 1897; Liling, Hunan, Qing Empire
Died	September 30, 1958 (aged 61); Beijing, People's Republic of China
Cause of death	Suicide
Nationality	Chinese
Other names	Tang Ruizhao (湯瑞昭)
Education	Chengnan School
Alma mater	Xiangya College of Medicine ; Yale University ; Peking Union Medical College ; Harvard University
Known for	Chlamydia trachomatis
Spouse(s)	He Lian (何璉)(m. 1925–1958) (Tang Fei-fan died in 1958.)
	Scientific career
Fields	Medical microbiology
Institutions	Central Epidemic Prevention Laboratory
Doctoral advisor	Hans Zinsser
Influences	Hans Zinsser

Last updated February 26, 2019

Tang Fei-fan (simplified Chinese :汤飞凡; traditional Chinese :湯飛凡; pinyin :Tāng Fēifán; July 23, 1897 - September 30, 1958) was a Chinese medical microbiologist best known for culturing the Chlamydia trachomatis agent in the yolk sacs of eggs.^[1]^[2]

Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, they are one of the two standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the People's Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s to encourage literacy. They are officially used in the People's Republic of China and Singapore.

Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the standardized character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong and Macau, and in the Kangxi Dictionary. The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han Dynasty, and have been more or less stable since the 5th century.

Hanyu Pinyin, often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.

The Communist Party of China (CPC), also referred to as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China. The Communist Party is the sole governing party within mainland China, permitting only eight other, subordinated parties to co-exist, those making up the United Front. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. The party grew quickly, and by 1949 it had driven the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government from mainland China after the Chinese Civil War, leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It also controls the world's largest armed forces, the People's Liberation Army.

Biography

Early life

Tang was born Tang Ruizhao (湯瑞昭) in Tangjiaping Village of Liling, Hunan, on July 23, 1897, to a relatively poor gentry family, during the Qing Empire.^[3] He was the second of three children. He had a younger brother, Tang Qiufan (湯秋凡).^[3] His father Tang Luquan (湯麓泉) taught at a family friend He Zhongshan's (何忠善) old-style private school, in which Tang Fei-fan studied poetry, history, philosophy, mathematics, and natural science. His son, He Jian, became Tang Fei-fan's close friend.^[3] "Learning from the West with its advanced science and technology；Invigorating the Chinese nation", Tang Fei-fan had often heard the hometown folks talk about reform and revolution in his childhood. When China was often called the "sick man of Asia", Tang Fei-fan determined to study medicine science.^[3]

Liling is a county-level city and the 12th most populous county-level division in Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhuzhou. Located on the middle eastern margin of the province, the city is bordered to the north by Liuyang City, to the west by Lusong District and Zhuzhou County, to the south by You County, to the east by Xiangdong District of Yichun, Shangli County of Jiangxi. Liling City covers 2,157 km² (833 sq mi) with registered population of 978,900 and resident population of 1,060,000.

Hunan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed in South Central China; it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, Guizhou to the west, and Chongqing to the northwest. With a population of just over 67 million as of 2014 residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km² (81,000 sq mi), it is China's 7th most populous and the 10th most extensive province-level by area.

He Jian was a Chinese Nationalist (KMT) general and politician in the Republic of China. He was governor of Hunan province between 1929 and 1937, and Interior Minister from 1937 to 1939. He was best known for fighting the Communists, and he once ordered his subordinates to execute Yang Kaihui and Wu Ruolan.

Education

At the age of twelve, he attended Chengnan School in Changsha, capital of Hunan province.^[3] After graduating from the Xiangya College of Medicine (now Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University) in 1921, he earned his doctoral degree in medical science from Yale University.^[3] He went back to China in 1921 and that year studied, then taught at Peking Union Medical College.^[3] In 1925 he went to the United States again to study bacteriology under Professor Hans Zinsser at Harvard University.^[4] He returned to China in 1929 and in the meantime became professor at Medical School of National Central University.^[4] In 1935 he was recruited as a researcher at the British National Institute for Medical Research, a position in which he remained until 1937.^[3]^[4] One day, a Japanese visitor want to shake hands with Tang Fei-fan, he refused and sternly said: "My motherland is being invaded by your country. It's a pity that I can't shake hands with you, please ask your country to stop the invasion of my motherland!"^[3]

Central South University (CSU), is a national university of China located in Changsha, Hunan province, central south of People's Republic of China. CSU was established in April 2000 on the basis of the amalgamation of the three former individual universities, and is now a Chinese Ministry of Education Class A Double First Class University.

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution.

Peking Union Medical College, founded in 1906, is one of the most selective medical colleges in China. It was ranked 1st in China by CUCAS in 2015. It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines. It is a relatively independent institution affiliated with Tsinghua University. Peking Union Medical College graduates receive Peking Union Medical College diploma signed by both the Peking Union Medical College and Tsinghua presidents. It is the only medical school in China to be affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the first medical school in China to introduce the 8 year M.D. program.

Sino-Japanese War

After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938, he founded the Central Epidemic Prevention Laboratory in Kunming, capital of southwest China's Yunnan province, and served as its director.^[3]^[4] He made China's first batch of penicillin vaccines and serum with his team for the soldiers at the front.^[4] After war he established China's first antibiotic research and penicillin production workshop, as well as normal BCG vaccine laboratory.^[4]

The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7, 1937, to September 2, 1945. It began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 in which a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops escalated into a battle.

Kunming is the capital and largest city of Yunnan province in southwest China. Known as Yunnan-Fu until the 1920s, today it is a prefecture-level city and the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of the province as well as the seat of the provincial government. Kunming is also called the Spring city due to its weather. The headquarters of many of Yunnan's large businesses are in Kunming. It was important during World War II as a Chinese military center, American air base, and transport terminus for the Burma Road. Located in the middle of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, Kunming is located at an altitude of 1,900 metres above sea level and at a latitude just north of the Tropic of Cancer. Kunming has as of 2014 a population of 6,626,000 with an urban population of 4,575,000, and is located at the northern edge of the large Lake Dian, surrounded by temples and lake-and-limestone hill landscapes.

Southwest China is a region of the People's Republic of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes the municipality of Chongqing, the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, and the Tibet Autonomous Region.

In 1947 he paid a fact-finding visit to the United Kingdom, attended the 4th World Conference of International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) in the Kingdom of Denmark, and became its standing committee.^[4]

The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland but more commonly known as the UK or Britain, is a sovereign country lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 22nd-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.

The International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS), founded in 1927 as the International Society of Microbiology, is one of 31 Scientific Unions of the International Council for Science (ICSU).

People's Republic era

After the establishment of the Communist State, Tang successively served as director of Institute of Biological Products of the Ministry of Health, director of Chinese Medical Association, and director general of Chinese Society for Microbiology.^[3] In 1950 he joined the newly created National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, working as its director.^[3] During his time in office, he directed to develop China's first biological products specification - Verification Regulation of Biological Products (《生物製品檢定規程（草案）》).^[3] That same year, a terrible plague hit the whole north China, he developed China's own yellow fever vaccine.^[3]

In the mid 1950s, he first cultured the Chlamydia trachomatis agent in the yolk sacs of eggs.

In 1958, the "Pulling Out Bourgeois White Flag Movement" (拔资产阶级白旗运动) broke out.^[3] Tang was denounced and labeled as "capitalist academic authority", "scum of the nation", "a faithful running dog for the Kuomintang reactionaries", "American spy", "International spy", "a large white flag on the socialist positions", "ride on the backs of the people", "pseudo scientist", "sell the interests of his own country".^[3] Because of the unbearable insult he killed himself on September 30, 1958.^[3]^[5]

In 1978, the Communist Party rehabilitated many victims who suffered political persecution or died in the mass socialism political movements except Tang Fei-fan. In June 1979, the Ministry of Health held a memorial service for him.

In 1981, the I/O Acceleration Technology (IOAT) bestowed its gold medal upon him.^[3] He was held in high esteem by British sinologist Joseph Needham.^[3]

Personal life

In 1925, Tang married He Lian (何璉), daughter of He Jian, a warlord and governor of Hunan province.^[3]

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References

↑ Philip S. Brachman and Elias Abrutyn (2009-07-23). Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. ISBN 9780387098425.
↑ Kumar (2010-01-01). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 9780808924029.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 国家的科学公仆----记中国第一代医学病毒学家汤飞凡 (in Chinese). Shanghai Archives. 2008-06-25.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 中国微生物学家汤飞凡：第一个发现沙眼病毒的人. Hexun (in Chinese). 2013-06-19.
↑ 网易新媒体《遇见》：汤飞凡——曾经最接近诺贝尔奖的中国人，在1958年的政治运动中，他因不堪屈辱而绝望自尽. 163.com (in Chinese). 2015-10-15. 汤飞凡的沙眼衣原体分离培养成功，被作为1958年世界医学十大事件之一而载入世界科技史册。可是令人遗憾的是，就在同一年，不堪忍受屈辱的汤飞凡蒙冤离开了人间，终年62岁。这场悲剧发生在“拔资产阶级白旗运动”中，汤飞凡受到不应该有的批评。他被骂成“资产阶级学术权威”、“插在社会主义阵地上的一面大白旗”、“民族败类”、“国民党反动派的忠实走狗”、“美国特务”、“国际间谍”、“骑在人民头上”、“冒充大科学家”、“出卖国家利益”。

External links

汤飞凡 Baidu Baike (in Chinese)