The territorial waters of Indonesia are defined according to the principles set out in Article 46 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Their boundary consists of straight lines ("baselines") linking 195 coordinate points located at the outer edge of the archipelago ("basepoints"). [1]
The current baselines were established by Government Regulation 38 of 2002 [2] which defined by 183 coordinate points as basepoints. The baselines were modified by Government Regulation No 37 of 2008 [3] which changed as well as added basepoints to take into account the International Court of Justice decision on the sovereignty of Sipadan and Ligitan islands and the independence of East Timor. No additional points were established for the area around Sipadan and Ligitan where the baselines was redrawn, while 10 new basepoints were added for the baseline to run around East Timor. Adjustments with two additional points were also made for the southern Java coast.
Indonesia's first piece of legislation pertaining to baselines and territorial waters was its Act No. 4 of 1960 which was decreed on 18 February 1960. The act established the country's baselines based on the "archipelago theory" which was not recognized by international law at that time. [4] The baselines consisted of straight lines joining 201 basepoints at the edge of the archipelago.
In 1996, Indonesia enacted Law No 6 on the Indonesian Territorial Waters using the principles embodied in the UNCLOS 1982 which Indonesia ratified in 1985. The new law revoked the baselines established by the 1960 act and enabled a new set of baselines to be drawn up through the 2002 Government Regulation. [5]
| Point | Latitude | Longitude | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South China Sea | ||||
| 1 | 1° 14' 27" N | 104° 34' 32" E | Tanjung Berakit Bintan Island, Riau Islands province | |
| 2 | 1° 02' 52" N | 104° 49' 50" E | Sentut Island, Bintan, Riau Islands | |
| 3 | 2° 18' 00" N | 105° 35' 47" E | Tokong Malang Biru Island, Anambas, Riau Islands | |
| 4 | 2° 44' 29" N | 105° 22' 46" E | Damar Island, Anambas, Riau Islands | |
| 5 | 3° 05' 32"N | 105° 35' 00" E | Mangkai Island, Anambas, Riau Islands | |
| 6 | 3° 19' 52" N | 105° 57' 04" E | Tokong Nanas Island, Anambas, Riau Islands | |
| 7 | 3° 27' 04" N | 106° 16' 08" E | Tokong Belayar Island, Anambas, Riau Islands | |
| 8 | 4° 04' 01" N | 107° 26' 09" E | Tokong Boro Island, Natuna, Riau Islands | |
| 9 | 4° 31' 09" N | 107° 43' 17" E | Semiun Island, Natuna, Riau Islands | |
| 10 | 4° 42' 25" N | 107° 54' 20" E | Sebetul Island, Natuna, Riau Islands | |
| 11 | 4° 47' 38" N | 108° 00' 39" E | Sekatung Island, Natuna, Riau Islands | |
| 12 | 4° 47' 45" N | 108° 01' 19" E | Sekatung Island, Natuna, Riau Islands | |
| 13 | 4° 00' 48" N | 108° 25' 04" E | Senua Island, Natuna, Riau Islands | |
| 14 | 3° 01' 51" N | 108° 54' 52" E | Subi Kecil Island, Natuna,Riau Islands | |
| 15 | 2° 38' 43" N | 109° 10' 04" E | Kepala Island, Natuna, Riau Islands | |
| 16 | 2° 05' 10" N | 109° 38' 43" E | Tanjung Datu, West Kalimantan; westernmost terminus of Indonesia-Malaysia land border | |
| Point | Latitude | Longitude | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celebes (Sulawesi) Sea | ||||
| 17♦ | 4° 10' 10" N | 117° 54' 29" E | Sebatik Island, Nunukan Regency. East Kalimantan; Easternmost point of Indonesia-Malaysia land border | |
| 18♦ | 4° 09' 58" N | 117° 55' 44" E | Sebatik Island, Nunukan, East Kalimantan | |
| 19♦ | 4° 09' 34" N | 117° 56' 27" E | Sebatik Island, Nunukan, East Kalimantan | |
| 20♦ | 4° 00' 38" N | 118° 04' 58" E | Karang Unarang, Nunukan, East Kalimantan | |
| 21 | 2° 15' 12" N | 118° 38' 41" E | Maratua Island, Berau, East Kalimantan | |
| 22 | 1° 46' 53" N | 119° 02' 26" E | Sambit Island, Berau, East Kalimantan | |
| 23 | 00° 59' 55" N | 120° 12' 50" E | Lingian Island, Tolitoli, Central Sulawesi | |
| 24 | 1° 20' 16" N | 120° 47' 31" E | Salando Island, Tolitoli, Central Sulawesi | |
| 25 | 1° 22' 40" N | 120° 53' 04" E | Dolangan Island, Tolitoli, Central Sulawesi | |
| 26 | 1° 22' 41" N | 120° 53' 07" E | Dolangan Island, Tolitoli, Central Sulawesi | |
| 27 | 1° 18' 48" N | 121° 26' 36" E | Tanjung Kramat, | |
| 28 | 1° 08' 17" N | 122° 25' 47" E | Karang Boliogut, | |
| 29 | 1° 02' 52" N | 123° 06' 45" E | Bangkit Island, Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi | |
| 30 | 1° 09' 29" N | 124° 20' 38" E | Laimpangi, North Sulawesi | |
| 31 | 1° 45' 47" N | 124° 43' 51" E | Manterawu Island, Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi | |
| 32 | 2° 44' 15" N | 125° 09' 28" E | Makalehi, Sangihe, North Sulawesi | |
| 33 | 4° 14' 06" N | 125° 18' 59" E | Kawalusu, Sangihe, North Sulawesi | |
| 34 | 4° 40' 16" N | 125° 25' 41" E | Kawio Island, Sangihe, North Sulawesi | |
| 35 | 4° 44' 14" N | 125° 28' 42" E | Marore Island, Sangihe, North Sulawesi | |
| 36 | 4° 44' 25" N | 125° 28' 56" E | Marore Island, Sangihe, North Sulawesi | |
| 37 | 4° 44' 46" N | 125° 29' 24" E | Batubawaikang Island, Sangihe, North Sulawesi | |
| Philippine Sea | ||||
| 38 | 5° 34' 02" N | 126° 34' 54" E | Miangas Island, Talaud Regency, North Sulawesi | |
| 39 | 5° 33' 57" N | 126° 35' 29" E | Miangas Island, Talaud, North Sulawesi | |
| 40 | 4° 46' 18" N | 127° 08' 32" E | Marampit Island, Talaud, North Sulawesi | |
| 41 | 4° 45' 39" N | 127° 08' 44" E | Marampit Island, Talaud, North Sulawesi | |
| 42 | 4° 38' 38" N | 127° 09' 49" E | Intata Island, Talaud, North Sulawesi | |
| 43 | 4° 37' 36" N | 127° 09' 53" E | Kakarutan Island, North Sulawesi | |
| Halmahera Sea | ||||
| 44 | 3° 45' 13" N | 126° 51' 06" E | Tampida Island | |
| 45 | 2° 38' 44" N | 128° 34' 27" E | Sopi Island | |
| 46 | 2° 25' 39" N | 128° 41' 57" E | Tanjung Gorua | |
| 47 | 1° 34' 44" N | 128° 44' 14" E | Tanjung Lelai | |
| 48 | 00° 43' 39" N | 129° 08' 30" E | Jiew Island, Central Halmahera, North Maluku | |
| Pacific Ocean | ||||
| 49 | 00° 32' 08" N | 130° 43' 52" E | Budd Island, Raja Ampat regency, West Papua province | |
| 50 | 1° 05' 20" N | 131° 15' 35" E | Fani Island, Raja Ampat, West Papua | |
| 51 | 1° 04' 28" N | 131° 16' 49" E | Fani Island, Raja Ampat, West Papua | |
| 52 | 00° 20' 16" S | 132° 09' 34" E | Miossu Island, Sorong, West Papua | |
| 53 | 00° 20' 34" S | 132° 25' 20" E | Tanjung Yamursba, Papua | |
| 54 | 00° 21' 42" S | 132° 43' 01" E | Tanjung Wasio, Papua | |
| 55 | 00° 56' 22" N | 134° 17' 44" E | Fanildo Island, Biak Numfor Regency, Papua | |
| 56 | 00° 55' 57" | 134° 20' 30" E | Bras Island, Biak Numfor, Papua | |
| 57 | 00° 23' 38" S | 135° 16' 27" E | Bepondi Island, Supiori Regency, Papua | |
| 58 | 00° 41' 56" S | 135° 51' 21" E | Tanjung Wasanbari | |
| 59 | 01° 04' 13" S | 136° 23' 14" E | Tanjung Basari | |
| 60 | 01° 27' 23" S | 137° 55' 51" E | Tanjung Narwaku | |
| 61 | 01° 34' 26" S | 138° 42' 57" E | Liki Island, Sarmi Regency, Papua | |
| 62 | 2° 19' 12" S | 140° 09' 07" E | Tanjung Kamdara | |
| 63 | 2° 26' 22" S | 140° 36' 47" E | Tanjung Kelapa | |
| 64 | 2° 36' 16" S | 141° 00' 00" E | Tanjung Oinake, Jayapura Regency, Papua; Northern terminus of the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea land border | |
| Point | Latitude | Longitude | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arafura Sea | ||||
| 65 | 9° 07' 40" S | 141° 01' 10" E | Torasi, Papua; Southern terminus of the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea land border | |
| 66 | 9° 10' 53" S | 140° 59' 07" E | Torasi | |
| 67 | 9° 12' 13" S | 140° 57' 27" E | Torasi | |
| 68 | 9° 12' 00" S | 140° 56' 08" E | Torasi | |
| 69 | 9° 05' 42" S | 140° 50' 58" E | Blatar | |
| 70 | 8° 16' 11" S | 139° 26' 11" E | Karang Sametinke | |
| 71 | 8° 26' 09" S | 138° 54' 23" E | Komoran | |
| 72 | 8° 26' 44" S | 137° 39' 28" E | Salah | |
| 73 | 8° 12' 49" S | 137° 41' 24" E | Kolepon Island | |
| 74 | 7° 49' 28" S | 137° 50' 50" E | Korima | |
| 75 | 6° 21' 31" S | 138° 23' 59" E | Cook | |
| 76 | 5° 58' 45" S | 138° 03' 22" E | Gosong Triton | |
| 77 | 5° 23' 14" S | 137° 43' 07" E | Laag Island | |
| 78 | 4° 54' 24" S | 136° 45' 35" E | Tanjung Pohonbatu | |
| 79 | 4° 38' 41" S | 136° 07' 14" E | Amarapya | |
| 80 | 5° 35' 42" S | 134° 49' 05" E | Ararkula Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 81 | 6° 00' 09" S | 134° 54' 26" E | Karaweira Barat Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 82 | 6° 19' 26" S | 134° 54' 53" E | Panambulai Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 83 | 6° 38' 50" S | 134° 50' 12" E | Kultubai Utara Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 84 | 6° 49' 54" S | 134° 47' 14" E | Kultubai Selatan Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 85 | 7° 01' 08" S | 134° 41' 26" E | Karang Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 86 | 7° 01' 48" S | 134° 40' 38" E | Karang Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 87 | 7° 06' 14" S | 134° 31' 19" E | Enu Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 88 | 7° 05' 23" S | 134° 28' 18" E | Enu Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 89 | 6° 57' 01" S | 134° 11' 38" E | Batugoyang Island, Aru Islands Regency, Maluku | |
| 90 | 6° 00' 25" | S 132° 50' 42" E | Tanjung Weduar | |
| 91 | 7° 14' 26" S | 131° 58' 49" E | Larat Island, Tanimbar Islands, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency, Maluku | |
| 92 | 7° 39' 49" S | 131° 43' 33" E | Karang Sarikilmasa | |
| Timor Sea | ||||
| 93 | 8° 03' 07" S | 131° 18' 02" E | Asutuban Island, Tanimbar Islands, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency, Maluku | |
| 94 | 8° 03' 57" S | 131° 16' 55" E | Asutuban Island, Tanimbar, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency, Maluku | |
| 95 | 8° 10' 17" S | 131° 07' 31" E | Selaru Timur Island, Tanimbar Islands, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency, Maluku | |
| 96 | 8° 18' 27" S | 130° 53' 20" E | Selaru Barat Island, Tanimbar, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency, Maluku | |
| 97 | 8° 20' 30" S | 130° 49' 16" E | Batarkusu Island, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency, Maluku | |
| 98 | 8° 20' 41" S | 130° 48' 47" E | Fursey, | |
| 99 | 8° 20' 54" S | 130° 45' 21" E | Tanjung Arousu | |
| 100 | 8° 13' 29" S | 129° 49' 32" E | Marsela Island, Babar Islands, Maluku Barat Daya Regency, Maluku | |
| 101 | 8° 21' 09" S | 128° 30' 52" E | Meatimiarang Island, Maluku Barat Daya Regency, Maluku | |
| 101A♦ | 8° 14' 20" S | 127° 38' 34" E | Tanjung Karang, Leti Island, Maluku Barat Daya Regency, Maluku | |
| 101B♦ | 8° 14' 17" S | 127° 38' 04" E | Tanjung Kesioh, Leti Island, Maluku Barat Daya Regency, Maluku | |
| Wetar Strait | ||||
| 101C♦ | 8° 06' 07" S | 127° 08' 52" E | Tutun Yen, Kisar Island, Maluku Barat Daya Regency, Maluku | |
| 101D♦ | 7° 58' 31" S | 126° 27' 59" E | Tutun Eden, Wetar Island, Maluku Barat Daya Regency, Maluku | |
| 101E♦ | 8° 03' 44" S | 125° 44' 06" E | Lirang Island, Barat Daya Islands, Maluku Barat Daya Regency, Maluku | |
| Ombai Strait | ||||
| 101F♦ | 8° 19' 04" S | 125° 08' 25" E | Tanjung Lisomu, Alor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province | |
| 101G♦ | 8° 21' 26" S | 125° 03' 37" E | Tanjung Seromu, Alor Island | |
| Sawu Sea | ||||
| 101H♦ | 8° 23’ 58" S | 124° 47’ 10" E | Tanjung Sibera, Alor Island | |
| 101I♦ | 8° 57’ 26" S | 124° 56’ 57" E | Mota Biku, Betun Regency on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province; Northern terminus of Indonesia-East Timor land border | |
| Timor Sea | ||||
| 101J♦ | 9° 27’ 37" S | 125° 05’ 20" E | Mota Talas, Betun Regency on Timor Island; Southern terminus of Indonesia-East Timor land border | |
| 102 | 9° 38' 09" S | 124° 59' 39" E | Tanjung Wetoh, Timor Island | |
| 103 | 9° 52' 58" S | 124° 45' 00" E | Tanjung Batu Merah, Timor | |
| 104 | 10° 07' 14" S | 124° 28' 59" E | Tanjung Haikmeo, Timor | |
| 105 | 10° 10' 19" S | 124° 23' 44" E | Tanjung Tunfano, Timor | |
| 106 | 10° 49' 47" S | 123° 13' 22" E | Tanjung Puleh, Rote Island | |
| 107 | 11° 00' 36" S | 122° 52' 37" E | Ndana Island, off Rote Island | |
| Point | Latitude | Longitude | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian Ocean | ||||
| 107 | 11° 00' 36" S | 122° 52' 37" E | Ndana Island, off Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara | |
| 108 | 10° 37' 37" S | 121° 50' 15" E | Tanjung Merebu, Sawu Island, East Nusa Tenggara | |
| 109 | 10° 50' 00" S | 121° 16' 57" E | Dana Island, Sumba Timur Regency, Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara | |
| 110 | 10° 49' 54" S | 121° 16' 38" E | Dana Island, Sumba Timur Regency, Sumba | |
| 111 | 10° 19' 02" S | 120° 27' 13" E | Tanjung Ngunju, Sumba Timur Regency, Sumba | |
| 112 | 10° 20' 22" S | 120° 07' 02" E | Mangudu Island, Sumba Timur Regency, Sumba | |
| 113 | 10° 20' 08" S | 120° 05' 56" E | Mangudu Island, Sumba Timur Regency, Sumba | |
| 114 | 9° 41' 55" S | 119° 03' 27" E | Tanjung Merapu | |
| 115 | 9° 33' 46" S | 118° 55' 29" E | Tanjung Karoso | |
| 116 | 8° 53' 22" S | 118° 28' 02" E | Toro Doro | |
| 117 | 9° 06' 15" S | 117° 03' 25" E | Tanjung Talonan | |
| 118 | 9° 06' 37" S | 117° 00' 46" E | Tanjung Talonan | |
| 119 | 8° 55' 20" S | 116° 00' 08" E | Sophialouisa Island | |
| 120 | 8° 49' 11" S | 115° 35' 13" E | Tanjung Sedihing | |
| 121 | 8° 51' 06" S | 115° 10' 32" E | Tanjung Ungasan | |
| 122 | 8° 50' 56" S | 115° 06' 31" E | Tanjung Mebulu | |
| 123 | 8° 47' 14" S | 114° 31' 33" E | Tanjung Bantenan | |
| 124 | 8° 30' 30" S | 113° 17' 37" E | Barung Island | |
| 125 | 8° 24' 24" S | 111° 42' 31" E | Sekel Island | |
| 126 | 8° 22' 17" S | 111° 30' 41" E | Panehan Island | |
| 127 | 8° 12' 03" S | 110° 42' 31" E | Tanjung Batur | |
| 127A♦ | 8° 06' 05"S | 110° 26' 20" E | Tanjung Ngeres Langu | |
| 127B♦ | 7° 46' 39" S | 109° 25' 52" E | Batu Tugur | |
| 128 | 7° 47' 05" S | 109° 02' 34" E | Nusakambangan Island | |
| 129 | 7° 49' 17" S | 108° 25' 57" E | Tanjung Legokjawa | |
| 130 | 7° 49' 11" S | 108° 19' 18" E | Manuk Island | |
| 131 | 7° 49' 03" S | 108° 17' 55" E | Tanjung Tawulan | |
| 132 | 7° 44' 32" S | 107° 50' 32" E | Tanjung Gedeh | |
| 133 | 7° 23' 20" S | 106° 24' 14" E | Ujung Genteng | |
| 134 | 7° 01' 00" S | 105° 31' 25" E | Tanjung Deli | |
| 135 | 6° 51' 17" S | 105° 15' 44" E | Karang Pabayang | |
| 136 | 6° 50' 22" S | 105° 14' 20" E | Tanjung Guhakolak | |
| 137 | 5° 53' 45" S | 104° 26' 26" E | Batukecil Island | |
| 138 | 5° 14' 22" S | 103° 54' 57" E | Ujung Walor | |
| 139 | 5° 30' 50" S | 102° 21' 11" E | Tanjung Kahoabi | |
| 140 | 5° 31' 13" S | 102° 16' 00" E | Tanjung Labuho | |
| 141 | 5° 30' 30" S | 102° 14' 42" E | Tanjung Labuho | |
| 142 | 5° 21' 35" S | 102° 05' 04" E | Tanjung Kooma | |
| 143 | 4° 01' 12" S | 101° 01' 49" E | Mega Island | |
| 144 | 3° 17' 48" S | 100° 19' 47" E | Sibarubaru Island | |
| 145 | 2° 50' 14" S | 99° 59' 55" E | Tanjung Betumonga | |
| 146 | 1° 51' 58" S | 99° 04' 34" E | Sinyaunyau Island | |
| 147 | 1° 40' 43" S | 98° 52' 35" E | Tanjung Simansih | |
| 148 | 1° 13' 32" S | 98° 36' 07" E | Tanjung Sakaladat | |
| 149 | 00° 05' 33" S | 97° 51' 14" E | Simuk Island | |
| 150 | 00° 04' 05" S | 97° 50' 07" E | Simuk Island | |
| 151 | 1° 12' 47" N | 97° 04' 48" E | Wunga Island | |
| 152 | 1° 24' 19" N | 97° 03' 38" E | Tanjung Toyolawa, Nias Island, North Sumatra | |
| 153 | 2° 31' 47" N | 95° 55' 05" E | Simeulucut Island, Aceh Province | |
| 154 | 2° 57' 51" N | 95° 23' 34" E | Salaut Besar Island, Aceh | |
| 155 | 2° 58' 57" N | 95° 23' 06" E | Salaut Besar Island, Aceh | |
| 156 | 4° 52' 33" N | 95° 21' 46" E | Raya Island, Aceh | |
| 157 | 5° 16' 34" N | 95° 12' 07" E | Rusa Island, Aceh | |
| 158 | 5° 47' 34" N | 94° 58' 21" E | Benggala Island, Aceh | |
| 159 | 6° 04' 30" N | 95° 06' 45" E | Rondo Island, Aceh | |
| 160 | 6° 04' 30" N | 95° 07' 11" E | Rondo Island, Aceh | |
| Point | Latitude | Longitude | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Straits of Malacca | ||||
| 160 | 6° 04' 30" N | 95° 07' 11" E | Rondo Island, Aceh Province | |
| 161 | 5° 53' 50" N | 95° 20' 03" E | Ujung Le Meule, Aceh | |
| 162 | 5° 30' 12" N | 95° 53' 16" E | Ujung Pidie, Aceh | |
| 163 | 5° 16' 31" N | 96° 49' 57" E | Ujung Peusangan, Aceh | |
| 164 | 5° 15' 04" N | 97° 29' 40" E | Tanjung Jamboaye, Aceh | |
| 165 | 5° 13' 01" N | 97° 32' 54" E | Paru Buso Island, Aceh | |
| 166 | 4° 53' 38" N | 97° 54' 49" E | Ujung Peureula, Aceh | |
| 167 | 4° 25' 36" N | 98° 17' 15" E | Ujung Tamiang, Aceh | |
| 168 | 3° 46' 38" N | 99° 30' 03" E | Berhala Island, North Sumatra Province | |
| 169 | 2° 52' 10" N | 100° 41' 05" E | Batu Mandi Island, North Sumatra | |
| 170 | 2° 05' 42" N | 101° 42' 30" E | Tanjung Punah, Rupat Island, Riau Province | |
| 171 | 1° 31' 29" N | 102° 28' 13" E | Tanjung Parit, Bengkalis Island, Riau | |
| 172 | 1° 06' 04" N | 102° 58' 11" E | Tanjung Kedabu, Rangsang Island, Riau | |
| 173 | 1° 11' 30" N | 103° 21' 08" E | Iyu Kecil Island, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province | |
| 174 | 1° 09' 59" N | 103° 23' 20" E | Karimun Kecil Island, Karimun, Riau Islands | |
| Singapore Straits | ||||
| 175 | 1° 09' 13" N | 103° 39' 11" E | Nipah Island, Batam, Riau Islands Province | |
| 176 | 1° 09' 12" N | 103° 39' 21" E | Nipah Island, Batam | |
| 177 | 1° 07' 44" N | 103° 41' 58" E | Pelampong Island, Batam | |
| 178 | 1° 07' 27" N | 103° 46' 30" E | Karang Helen Mars, Batam | |
| 179 | 1° 09' 26" N | 103° 48' 50" E | Karang Benteng, Batam | |
| 180 | 1° 11' 06" N | 103° 52' 57" E | Batu Berhanti, Batam | |
| 181 | 1° 12' 29" N | 104° 04' 47" E | Nongsa Island, Batam | |
| 182 | 1° 12' 16" N | 104° 23' 37" E | Tanjung Sading, Bintan Island, Riau Islands Province | |
| 183 | 1° 14' 35" N | 104° 33' 22" E | Tanjung Berakit, Bintan | |
| 1 | 1° 14' 27" N | 104° 34' 32" E | Tanjung Berakit, Bintan | |
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is an international agreement that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. As of June 2016, 167 countries and the European Union are parties.
The term territorial waters is sometimes used informally to refer to any area of water over which a sovereign state has jurisdiction, including internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially the extended continental shelf. In a narrower sense, the term is used as a synonym for the territorial sea.
Sebatik Island is an island off the eastern coast of Borneo, partly within Indonesia and partly within Malaysia. It is one of the 92 officially listed outlying islands of Indonesia.
Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the seabed. It is located in the Celebes Sea off the east coast of Sabah, Malaysia. It was formed by living corals growing on top of an extinct volcanic cone that took thousands of years to develop. Sipadan is located at the heart of the Indo-Pacific basin, the centre of one of the richest marine habitats in the world. More than 400 species of fish and hundreds of coral species have been classified in this ecosystem. Sipadan Island was at the top of Rodale's Scuba Diving Magazine Gold List for 'The Top Dive Destination in the World'. In fact it shared its top spot with 2 other destinations known for the diversity of their marine life — the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador and Truk in Micronesia. Further more, one of the dive operators; Scuba Junkie was voted by the public the "Best Dive Resort in the World 2020" at DiveMagazine's annual Dive Travel Awards.
Ligitan is a small island in Tawau, Sabah, located east of the island of Borneo, in the Celebes Sea. In the past, the island was at the centre of a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia. The matter was brought for adjudication before the International Court of Justice and, at the end of 2002, the Court awarded the island along with the island of Sipadan to Malaysia, on the basis of the "effective occupation" displayed by the latter's predecessor and the absence of any other superior title. The Philippines had applied to intervene in the proceedings on the basis of its claim to Northern Borneo, but its request was turned down by the Court early in 2001.
The North Borneo dispute, also known as the Sabah dispute, is the territorial dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah. Sabah was previously known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation.
Canadian Internal Waters is a Canadian term for the waters "on the landward side of the baselines of the territorial sea of Canada."
According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a nation's internal waters include waters on the side of the baseline of a nation's territorial waters that is facing toward the land, except in archipelagic states. It includes waterways such as rivers and canals, and sometimes the water within small bays.
Ambalat is a sea block in the Celebes sea located off the east coast of Borneo. It lies to the east of the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan and to the south-east of the Malaysian state of Sabah, and it is the subject of a territorial dispute between the two nations. Malaysia refers to part of the Ambalat block as Block ND6 (formerly Block Y) and part of East Ambalat Block as Block ND7 (formerly Block Z). The deep sea blocks contain an estimated 62,000,000 barrels (9,900,000 m3) of oil and 348 million cubic meters of natural gas. Other estimates place it substantially higher: 764,000,000 barrels (121,500,000 m3) of oil and 3.96 × 1010 cubic meters (1.4 trillion cubic feet) of gas, in only one of nine points in Ambalat.
The Indonesia–Malaysia border consists of a 1,881 km land border that divides the territory of Indonesia and Malaysia on the island of Borneo. It also includes maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea.
The Indonesia–Singapore border is a maritime boundary in the Straits of Singapore between Indonesia's Riau Islands which lie to the south of the border, and the islands of Singapore which lie to the north. The Straits of Singapore is one of the region's busiest waterways as it is the main channel for Singapore's ports.
The Malaysia–Philippines border is a maritime boundary located in the South China, Sulu and Celebes Seas. It separates the Malaysian state of Sabah, which is on the island of Borneo, and the Sulu Islands of the southern Philippines.
A maritime boundary is a conceptual division of the Earth's water surface areas using physiographic or geopolitical criteria. As such, it usually bounds areas of exclusive national rights over mineral and biological resources, encompassing maritime features, limits and zones. Generally, a maritime boundary is delineated at a particular distance from a jurisdiction's coastline. Although in some countries the term maritime boundary represents borders of a maritime nation that are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, maritime borders usually serve to identify the edge of international waters.
An archipelagic state is a designation used for island countries that consist of an archipelago. The designation is legally defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). In various conferences, The Bahamas, Fiji, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines are the five original sovereign states that obtained approval in the UNCLOS signed in Montego Bay, Jamaica on 10 December 1982 and qualified as the archipelagic states.
Events from the year 2002 in Indonesia
The baselines of the Philippines are the set of geodesic lines completely encircling the Philippine archipelago from where the maritime entitlements of the country are measured from. It was first established in 1961 by an act of the Congress of the Philippines which was further amended in April 2009 to optimize and conform it to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which the Philippines is a signatory to. A total of 101 basepoints providing for 100 baselines were identified under Republic Act No. 9522, which identified Amianan Island as the northernmost, Frances Reef as the southernmost, Pusan Point as its easternmost and the Balabac Great Reef as the westernmost points of the main Philippine archipelago.
The Ligitan and Sipadan dispute [2002] ICJ 3 was a territorial dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia over two islands in the Celebes Sea, namely Ligitan and Sipadan. The dispute began in 1969 and was largely resolved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2002, which opined that both of the islands belonged to Malaysia.
Wawasan Nusantara or Indonesian Archipelagic Vision is the national vision of Indonesia towards their people, nation, and territory of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia; which includes its land, sea, also the air and space above it, as a unity of political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security entity. This national insight subsequently becomes the perspective or vision of the nation towards its national goals and ideals.
The borders of Indonesia include land and maritime borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Timor Leste, as well as shared maritime boundaries with Australia, India, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
A constitutional referendum was held in Palau on 1 May 2020. Voters were asked whether they approved of an amendment to article 1 of the constitution, which defined its maritime borders. The proposal was approved by 97% of voters.
