Wetar Strait

Last updated

Wetar Strait
Black Rock beach, 2018 (01).jpg
Wetar Strait from Black Rock Beach, East Timor, in 2018
East Timor relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Wetar Strait
East Timor map mhn.jpg
Location Southeast Asia
Coordinates 8°20′00″S126°30′00″E / 8.33333°S 126.50000°E / -8.33333; 126.50000
Type Strait
Etymology Wetar Island
Part of Banda Sea
Basin  countries
Min. width42.6 km (26.5 mi)
References Wetar Strait: Indonesia National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA

Wetar Strait (Indonesian : Selat Wetar, Portuguese : Estreito de Wetar, Tetum : Estreitu Wetar) is an international strait in Southeast Asia. It separates the island of Wetar from the eastern part of the island of Timor. The strait is also the eastern portion of a pair of international straits, the other one being Ombai Strait; the two straits combine to link the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.

Contents

Etymology

Wetar is the name of the Indonesian island on the other side of the strait's northern coastline. [1]

In Tetum, the expression tasi feto (lit. transl. 'female sea') is often used to refer to the 'Ombai-Wetar Strait', which extends along most of Timor's northern shores. The counterpart of that body of water, the Timor Sea, which has larger waves, is more turbid, and washes the whole of Timor's southern coastline, is commonly referred to in Tetum as tasi mane (lit. transl. 'male sea'). [2]

Geography

Point Fatomano [de], East Timor, in 2018 Point Fatomano, 2018 (01).jpg
Point Fatomano  [ de ], East Timor, in 2018

The strait separates the island of Wetar from the eastern part of the island of Timor. It thus lies between the nations of Indonesia to the north and East Timor to the south. [1] [3] [4] At its narrowest point, it is 42.6 km (26.5 mi) across. [1]

To the north west of the strait is the island of Atauro. To the west of the strait, and linking with it, is Ombai Strait. [1] [3]

To the east of the two straits are the south eastern reaches of the Banda Sea, and the southernmost of the Maluku Islands. [1] [3]

Wetar Strait is enclosed by the Banda Sea, the southern limit of which runs from the eastern extremity of Timor along its north coast as far as longitude 125° East. From that point, the sea's western limit heads north to Alor, where it starts a further run, along Alor's south coast, around its east point, and beyond. [5]

As such, the strait is one of two deep water passages in the Indonesian archipelago that link the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the other one being Ombai Strait. The archipelago is the only interocean connection on earth at low latitudes, and the exchange of water between the two oceans is known as the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). [6]

The ITF flows in a generally north east to south west direction. Its main pathway runs from the Pacific Ocean into the Banda Sea via the Celebes Sea, Makassar Strait and the Java and Flores Seas. Some of the ITF then passes directly into Ombai Strait, and some of it flows there indirectly, around Wetar Island's eastern end, and then via Wetar Strait. [7] : 1237  [8] : 16, 17  [9]

By this and other ITF pathways, nutrient-rich water from the Pacific Ocean runs into the Indian Ocean, [8] : 14  [10] at a rate 50 times faster than the discharge of the Amazon River. [8] : 14  During El Niño, the water is cooler and inhibits rain. [8] : 18 

Ecology

Flora

A mangrove patch east of One Dollar Beach, East Timor, in 2013 Mangrove patch behind Cristo Rei, 13 Apr 2013.jpg
A mangrove patch east of One Dollar Beach, East Timor, in 2013

The shallow coastal waters along the northern littoral of East Timor are dominated by a seagrass bed about 2,200 ha (5,400 acres) in total area. [11] : 2-29–2-30  Seagrass beds protect coral reefs from sedimentation and are feeding grounds for dugong (Dugong dugon), an endangered species. [12] : 82  Seven genera of seagrass are known to exist off East Timor's coastline as a whole. [11] : 2–29 

East Timor's coastal waters have also traditionally hosted mangrove forests. Together with seagrasses and coral reefs, they are the primary breeding grounds for many species of fish and shellfish. However, the country's mangrove cover has very substantially declined since 1940, and in the Wetar Strait is now confined to the coastline and hinterland between Cape Fatucama and Manatuto. [12] : xvi, xvii, 3–5, 81, 82  [13]

At the strait's mangrove communities in Hera  [ de ] and Metinaro, East Timor, the latter of which is considered to be the largest mangrove area in the country, the dominant species are Sonneratia alba , Rhizophora apiculata , Ceriops tagal , and Avicennia . Uniquely, the landward zone of both areas is dominated by stunted dense Ceriops tagal or Avicennia, or a mix of the two. In general, the mangroves in both areas are heavily disturbed by human activities, including road and building construction, fish and shrimp ponds, uncontrolled cattle grazing, mangrove cutting, heavy sedimentation, and sea level rise. Both areas are therefore now far smaller than they used to be. [13]

Fauna

Dolphin at Banda Sea (6).jpg
Dolphins in the Banda Sea in 2017

Both Wetar Strait and Ombai Strait are heavily used by whales, dolphins, whale sharks and manta rays; the two straits combine to form a major migratory route for such marine life between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. [14] East Timor, on the south side of the two straits, is a recognized ‘global hotspot’ for whales and dolphins, [15] [16] and Wetar Strait has been described by marine scientists as an ‘ocean superhighway’ for them. Amongst the species of whales and dolphins that migrate via the strait are blue whales, beaked whales, short-finned pilot whales, melon-headed whales, spotted dolphins, rough-toothed dolphins and bottlenose dolphins. [17]

Wetar Strait is also part of the Coral Triangle, which is recognised as a global centre of marine biodiversity; [18] the coastal zones of East Timor have important areas of coral reef ecosystems. [11] : 2-29–2-30 

The far north western end of the strait includes an Important Bird Area (IBA), Atauro Island. [19] The southern edge includes three IBAs. From west to east, they are Areia Branca no Dolok Oan (at the far western tip of the strait), Subaun (between Metinaro and Manatuto), and Mount Paitchau and Lake Iralalaro (at the far eastern tip of the strait). [20] The last of these IBAs covers almost the same territory as the Nino Konis Santana National Park, the first national park to be created in East Timor. [21]

Ombai-Wetar Strait Hope Spot

On World Oceans Day 2020, the Ombai-Wetar Strait was designated as a Mission Blue Hope Spot. The designation recognises the importance of conserving the open waters on the north side of East Timor, with their globally-significant coral reefs and marine biodiversity. It also emphasises the potential of the two straits for sustainable marine ecotourism development. [22]

Commercial

The Berlin-Ramelau [de] prior to her launch in 2021 2021-05-10 Berlin-Ramelau 1.jpg
The Berlin-Ramelau  [ de ] prior to her launch in 2021

Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a commercial vessel or aircraft has freedom of navigation or overflight solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of a strait between one part of the high seas or exclusive economic zone and another. [23] That transit passage principle applies to the Ombai Strait and Wetar Strait, as they combine to link the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. [4] [24]

The Ombai-Wetar route is longer in distance than its Strait of Malacca-Singapore Strait counterpart. The former route is therefore not really a preferred alternative path for west to east commercial traffic. [4] However, it is sometimes used, and is considered the safest route, for the largest oil tankers transiting between the Persian Gulf and Japan, and is also used by vessels transiting between Australia and the Java Sea or East Asia. [24]

The two straits are always critical for East Timor, both in relation to its own international trade and as routes for internal transport. [24] The Berlin-Ramelau  [ de ] operates internal East Timorese ferry services linking Dili with Manatuto, Baucau, Lautém and Viqueque via the Wetar Strait. [25] [26]

If there were any disruption in the flow of commercial shipping on the Malacca-Singapore route, the Ombai-Wetar route would also have a crucial role to play in global trade, especially for the Asia-Pacific region. [24]

Military

USS Cleveland near the transition between the two straits in 2011, with Cape Fatucama behind her US Navy 110616-O-ZZ999-013 The amphibious transport dock ship USS Cleveland (LPD 7) follows an MH-60S Sea Hawk helicopter and a Timor-Leste patrol.jpg
USS Cleveland near the transition between the two straits in 2011, with Cape Fatucama behind her

The ships and aircraft of all nations, including warships, auxiliaries, and military aircraft, enjoy the right of unimpeded transit passage through straits such as the Ombai-Wetar route and their approaches. Submarines are free to transit the route submerged, as that is their normal mode of operation. [27]

The channels of the Ombai-Wetar route are extremely deep. [4] East Timor has refused advances by China seeking off-shore oil rights and permission to set up radar arrays ostensibly to counter illegal fishing. [24] The two straits therefore provide a route for undetected access by nuclear-powered submarines between the two oceans they connect. [4] [24]

By the mid-1970s, the Ombai-Wetar route had been identified as one of five international straits essential for passage by U.S. ballistic missile submarines, the others being Gibraltar, Malacca-Singapore, Lombok and Sunda. [24] [28] In 1977, a paper published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, based in London, ranked the Ombai-Wetar route as the second-most-important strait in the world to U.S. defense interests, after the Strait of Gibraltar. [29] The two straits are now also considered by China to be strategically significant. [24]

Economy

Fishing

Children sitting on fishing boats in Suco Maquili [de], Atauro, in 2010 Traditional fishing, Makili8.jpg
Children sitting on fishing boats in Suco Maquili  [ de ], Atauro, in 2010

In East Timor, involvement in fishing is low by comparison with other small island countries. Along the country's portion of the north coast of Timor island, and around Atauro, including within the strait, fishing levels are higher than elsewhere in the country, other than in pockets along parts of its south coast. Many of the fishers fish part time or seasonally, and are otherwise occupied in additional activities such as carpentry, labouring or security work. Most of the fish landings are of small pelagic species, including short-bodied mackerel, sardines ( Clupeidae ), halfbeaks and scads ( Carangidae ). [2]

Tourism

East Timor's whale watching industry is focused on the Ombai-Wetar route, and has been growing rapidly since the 2010s. [16] Annual migrations of whales and dolphins along the route provide some of the best and most accessible whale watching in the world. [16] [30]

Dolphins, and even more so the smaller whale species, such as short-finned pilot and melon-headed whales, can be spotted in Wetar Strait all year round. Between October and December, the strait becomes a major migratory route: many species, both large and small, can be observed, including blue, beaked, humpback, sperm, killer, short-finned pilot and melon-headed whales, together with very large dolphin pods. [15]

Cetaceans migrating along the route are often very close to the north shore of East Timor. The coastal mountains around Subaun, on the strait between Dili and Manatuto, include cliffs and hillsides with excellent panoramic views. Networks of local residents record cetacean movements and behaviour, and then report it in 'real time' to researchers and Dili-based whale watching tour operators. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lombok Strait</span> Strait in Indonesia

The Lombok Strait, is a strait of the Bali Sea connecting to the Indian Ocean, and is located between the islands of Bali and Lombok in Indonesia. The Gili Islands are on the Lombok side.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian Throughflow</span> Ocean current

The Indonesian Throughflow is an ocean current with importance for global climate as is the low-latitude movement of warm, relative freshwater from the north Pacific to the Indian Ocean. It thus serves as a main upper branch of the global heat/salt conveyor belt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banda Sea</span> A sea between Sulawesi and Maluku

The Banda Sea is one of four seas that surround the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, connected to the Pacific Ocean, but surrounded by hundreds of islands, including Timor, as well as the Halmahera and Ceram Seas. It is about 1000 km (600 mi) east to west, and about 500 km (300 mi) north to south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alor Archipelago</span> Archipelago at eastern Lesser Sunda Islands

The Alor Archipelago is part of Indonesia and is located in the eastern part of Lesser Sunda Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaco Island</span> Uninhabited island in East Timor

Jaco Island is an uninhabited island in East Timor, a country occupying the eastern end of the island of Timor in the Lesser Sunda Islands in Southeast Asia. It lies off the eastern tip with Cape Cutcha of the island of Timor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wetar</span> Island in Indonesia

Wetar is a tropical island which belongs to the Indonesian province of Maluku and is the largest island of the Maluku Barat Daya Islands Regency of the Maluku Islands. It lies east of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which include nearby Alor and Timor, but it is politically part of the Maluku Islands. To the south, across the Wetar Strait, lies the island of Timor; at its closest it is 50 km away. To the west, across the Ombai Strait, lies the island of Alor. To the southwest is the very small island of Liran, which is also part of West Wetar District and, further southwest, the small East Timorese island of Atauro. To the north is the Banda Sea and to the east lie Romang and Damar Islands, while to the southeast lie the other principal islands of the Barat Daya Islands. Including Liran and other small offshore islands, Wetar has an area of 2,651.8 km2, and had a population of 7,916 at the 2010 Census and 8,622 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 11,109. Administratively, Wetar is divided into four of the districts (kecamatan) of the Maluku Barat Daya Regency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atauro</span> East Timorese island and municipality north of Dili

Atauro, also known as Kambing Island, is an island and municipality of East Timor. Atauro is a small oceanic island situated north of Dili, on the extinct Wetar segment of the volcanic Inner Banda Arc, between the Indonesian islands of Alor and Wetar. The nearest island is the Indonesian island of Liran, 13.0 km (8.1 mi) to the northeast. At the 2015 census, it had 9,274 inhabitants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Timor (province)</span> Former province of Indonesia

East Timor was a province of Indonesia between 1976 and 1999, during the Indonesian occupation of the country. Its territory corresponded to the previous Portuguese Timor and to the present-day independent country of East Timor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dili Municipality</span> Municipality of East Timor

Dili Municipality is one of the 14 municipalities, formerly districts, of Timor-Leste, and includes the national capital Dili. The municipality had a population of 277,279 as of 2015, most of whom live in the capital city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ombai Strait</span> Strait in Southeast Asia

Ombai Strait is an international strait in Southeast Asia. It separates the Alor Archipelago from the islands of Wetar, Atauro, and Timor in the Lesser Sunda Islands. The strait is also the western portion of a pair of international straits, the other one being Wetar Strait; the two straits combine to link the Pacific Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

<i>Cristo Rei of Dili</i> Statue of Jesus Christ in Dili, East Timor

The Cristo Rei of Dili statue is a 27.0-metre-high (88.6 ft) colossal statue of Jesus Christ situated atop a globe at Cape Fatucama in Dili, East Timor. It is one of East Timor's main tourist attractions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Timor</span> Country in Southeast Asia

East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. The western half of the island of Timor is administered by Indonesia. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is 14,950 square kilometres (5,770 sq mi). Dili, on the north coast of Timor, is its capital and largest city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coral Triangle</span> Ecoregion of Asia–Pacific

The Coral Triangle (CT) is a roughly triangular area in the tropical waters around Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste. This area contains at least 500 species of reef-building corals in each ecoregion. The Coral Triangle is located between the Pacific and Indian oceans and encompasses portions of two biogeographic regions: the Indonesian-Philippines Region, and the Far Southwestern Pacific Region. As one of eight major coral reef zones in the world, the Coral Triangle is recognized as a global centre of marine biodiversity and a global priority for conservation. Its biological resources make it a global hotspot of marine biodiversity. Known as the "Amazon of the seas", it covers 5.7 million square kilometres (2,200,000 sq mi) of ocean waters. It contains more than 76% of the world's shallow-water reef-building coral species, 37% of its reef fish species, 50% of its razor clam species, six out of seven of the world's sea turtle species, and the world's largest mangrove forest. The epicenter of that coral diversity is found in the Bird’s Head Peninsula of Indonesian Papua, which hosts 574 species. Within the Bird’s Head Peninsula, the Raja Ampat archipelago is the world’s coral diversity bull’s eye with 553 species. In 2014, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) reported that the gross domestic product of the marine ecosystem in the Coral Triangle is roughly $1.2 trillion per year and provides food to over 120 million people. According to the Coral Triangle Knowledge Network, the region annually brings in about $3 billion in foreign exchange income from fisheries exports, and another $3 billion from coastal tourism revenues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diving in East Timor</span> Recreational diving region description

East Timor has some of the best dive sites in the world due to its location, warm waters, minimalist tourist trade and lack of commercial fishing or heavy industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australasian Mediterranean Sea</span> Sea enclosed by the Sunda Islands and the Philippines

The Australasian Mediterranean Sea is a mediterranean sea located in the area between Southeast Asia and Australasia. It connects the Indian and Pacific oceans. It has a maximum depth of 7,440 m and a surface area of 9.08 mil. km².

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibar Bay</span> Bay in East Timor

Tibar Bay is a bay on the north coast of East Timor near Dili, its capital city. The bay forms part of the south shore of Ombai Strait, which separates the Alor Archipelago from the islands of Wetar, Atauro, and Timor in the Lesser Sunda Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bay of Dili</span> Bay in East Timor

The Bay of Dili is a bay on the north coast of East Timor adjacent to Dili, its capital city. The bay forms part of Ombai Strait, which separates the Alor Archipelago from the islands of Wetar, Atauro, and Timor in the Lesser Sunda Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape Fatucama</span> Headland near Dili, East Timor

Cape Fatucama is a cape or large headland a short distance north east of Dili, on the north coast of East Timor. It is best known as the site of the Cristo Rei of Dili, a colossal statue of Jesus Christ.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Dollar Beach</span> Beach near Dili, East Timor

One Dollar Beach or Dollar Beach is a public beach on the north coast of East Timor, east north east of Dili, the capital city. It is long, white, sandy and clean, and also frequently deserted, yet popular with beach users at other times.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Leifer, Michael (1978). Malacca, Singapore, and Indonesia. International Straits of the World, Volume 2. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff. pp. 83–84. ISBN   9028607781.
  2. 1 2 Hunnam, Kimberley; Carlos, Imelda; Hammer, Michael P.; Dos Reis Lopes, Joctan; Mills, David J.; Stacey, Natasha (2021). "Untangling Tales of Tropical Sardines: Local Knowledge From Fisheries in Timor-Leste". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.673173 . hdl: 1885/277964 . ISSN   2296-7745.
  3. 1 2 3 Sailing Directions for Java: Lesser Sundas; South, Southeast, and East Coasts of Borneo; and Celebes. Publication - Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic Center, no. 72 (revised 5th (1962) ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Defense, Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic Center. 1976. p. 267. ISBN   1038099951.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Mohd Rusli, Mohd Hazmi bin (10 February 2012). "Maritime Highways of Southeast Asia: Alternative Straits?" (PDF). RSIS Commentaries (24/2012). S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies: 2. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  5. ↑ Limits of Oceans and Seas (PDF). Special Publication No 28 (3rd ed.). Monte-Carlo: International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  6. ↑ Moore, Thomas; Marra, John (27 February 2002). "Satellite observations of bloom events in the Strait of Ombai: Relationships to monsoons and ENSO". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 3 (2): 2. Bibcode:2002GGG.....3.1017M. doi: 10.1029/2001GC000174 . ISSN   1525-2027. S2CID   129540061 . Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  7. ↑ Molcard, R.; Fieux, M.; Syamsudin, F. (2001). "The throughflow within Ombai Strait". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 48 (5): 1237. Bibcode:2001DSRI...48.1237M. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00084-4.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Monroe, Robert (Spring 2006). "Straits of Plenty: An International Research Team Unravels Current Patterns Where a World-Spanning Current Squeezes Through Tiny Passage". Explorations. 12 (4). Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  9. ↑ Susanto, R. Dwi; Song, Y. Tony (April 2015). "Indonesian throughflow proxy from satellite altimeters and gravimeters". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans . 120 (4): 2844–2855. Bibcode:2015JGRC..120.2844S. doi: 10.1002/2014JC010382 . ISSN   2169-9275 . Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  10. ↑ "Scuba diving in Alor". ZuBlu. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 Nippon Koei Co (November 2019). Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste: Preliminary Assessment for Dili Airport Runway Upgrading Project (Financed by the Technical Assistance Special Fund) (PDF) (Report). Asian Development Bank (ADB). Project Number:52320-001. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  12. 1 2 The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Timor-Leste (2011 – 2020) (PDF) (Report) (rev. ed.). Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  13. 1 2 Ilman, Muhammed (2017). Assessment Report of the Biophysical, Ecological and Socio-Economic Conditions of Mangroves Ecosystem of Timor Leste (Report). UNDP/MAF. pp. 3, 7–13. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  14. ↑ Tibar Bay Port: Summary of Environment and Social Scoping Study (PDF) (Report). Government of Timor-Leste. November 2013. p. 12. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  15. 1 2 "Dolphins & Whales". Tourism Timor-Leste. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Edyvane, Karen (9 December 2021). "From fishing to 'whale spotting' in Subaun: Citizen science, local knowledge and partnerships combine to make unique whale watching in Timor-Leste". Tourism Timor-Leste. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  17. ↑ "6 Top Experiences". Immigration Service of Timor-Leste. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  18. ↑ Allen, G. R. 2007 Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. doi : 10.1002/aqc.880
  19. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Atauro Island". BirdLife International . Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  20. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Important Bird Areas – Timor-Leste". BirdLife International . Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  21. ↑ "Timor-Leste (formerly East Timor) declares first national park". BirdLife International. 3 August 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  22. ↑ ""Hope Spot" nomination recognizes Timor-Leste's Marine Biodiversity". Tourism Timor-Leste. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  23. ↑ "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", Part III, Article 38.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Borges, Duarte (2021). "A maritime strategy for Timor-Leste" (PDF). Sea Power Soundings (20). Royal Australian Navy . Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  25. ↑ Freitas, Domingos Piedade (16 September 2021). "Berlin-Ramelau chega a Timor-Leste no próximo mês de outubro" [Berlin-Ramelau arrives in East Timor in October] (in Portuguese). Tatoli . Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  26. ↑ "Ferry built in China set to be delivered to Timor-Leste". Forum for Economic and Trade Co-operation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries (Macao). 20 September 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  27. ↑ Van Dyke, Jon M. (2 October 2008). "Transit Passage Through International Straits" (PDF). The Future of Ocean Regime-Building. University of Hawaii. pp. 178, 179, 186–187, 194–197. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50. ISBN   9789004172678 . Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  28. ↑ Osgood, Robert E.; Hollick, Ann L.; Pearson, Charles S.; Orr, James C. (1976). Toward A National Ocean Policy, 1976 and Beyond. Washington, DC: Ocean Policy Project, Johns Hopkins University. p. 4.
  29. ↑ Jolliffe, Jill (29 April 1986). "The war Indonesia denies. Documents suggest fighting in East Timor continues". The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  30. ↑ Bhatia, Aunindita (29 May 2022). "10 Facts About The Lesser-Known Timor-Leste". TheTravel. Retrieved 5 July 2022.

Further reading

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Wetar Strait at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.