Avicennia

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Avicennia
Avicennia germinans.jpg
Avicennia germinans
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Subfamily: Avicennioideae
Miers
Genus: Avicennia
L. (1753) [1]
Species

See text

Synonyms [2]
  • BontiaL. (1758), nom. illeg.
  • HalodendrumThouars (1806)
  • HilairanthusTiegh. (1898)
  • RackaJ.F.Gmel. (1791)
  • Sceura Forssk. (1775)
  • UpataAdans. (1763)

Avicennia is a genus of flowering plants currently placed in the bear's breeches family, Acanthaceae. It contains mangrove trees, which occur in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas and are characterized by its "pencil roots", which are aerial roots. They are also commonly known as api api, which in the Malay language means "fires", a reference to the fact that fireflies often congregate on these trees. [3] Species of Avicennia occur worldwide south of the Tropic of Cancer.

Contents

The taxonomic placement of Avicennia is contentious. In some classifications, it has been placed in the family Verbenaceae, but more recently has been placed by some botanists in the monogeneric family Avicenniaceae. Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that Avicennia is derived from within Acanthaceae, and the genus is included in that family in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.

Designation of species is made difficult by the great variations in form of Avicennia marina . Between eight and 10 species are usually recognised, with A. marina further divided into a number of subspecies.

The generic name honours Persian physician Avicenna (980-1037). [4]

Description

Members of the genus are among the most salt-tolerant mangroves and are often the first to colonise new deposits of sediment. The sap is salty, and excess salt is secreted through the leaves. The spreading root system provides stability in shifting substrates. Vertical roots called pneumatophores project from the mud, thus the term "pencil roots". These are used in gas exchange as very little oxygen is available in the mud. The flowers are fragrant and rich in nectar, and are pollinated by insects. The embryos exhibit cryptovivipary, a process where they start to develop before the seed is shed, but do not break through the outside of the fruit capsule. [5]

List of species

Eight species are currently accepted: [2]

Propagule of Avicennia sp. Avicennia propagule.jpg
Propagule of Avicennia sp.


Related Research Articles

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The Verbenaceae, the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell.

<i>Avicennia marina</i> Species of plant

Avicennia marina, commonly known as grey mangrove or white mangrove, is a species of mangrove tree classified in the plant family Acanthaceae. As with other mangroves, it occurs in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas.

<i>Rhizophora mangle</i> Species of flowering plant in the mangrove family Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophora mangle, also known as the red mangrove, is a salt-tolerant, small-to-medium sized evergreen tree restricted to coastal, estuarine ecosystems along the southern portions of North America, the Caribbean as well as Central America and tropical West Africa. Its viviparous "seeds", in actuality called propagules, become fully mature plants before dropping off the parent tree. These are dispersed by water until eventually embedding in the shallows.

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<i>Avicennia officinalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Avicennia officinalis is a species of mangrove also known as Indian mangrove. The genus Avicennia is named after the famous Persian scientist Ibn Sina.

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Avicennia rumphiana is a species of tropical mangrove in the family Acanthaceae. It is considered vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in the 2008 assessment. As of March 2022, Plants of the World Online considered it to be only a variety of Avicennia marina, Avicennia marina var. rumphiana. In the Malay language it is known as api api bulu.

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<i>Avicennia schaueriana</i> Species of plant

Avicennia schaueriana is a species of tropical mangrove in the family Acanthaceae. It grows in coastal and estuarine locations along the Atlantic coast of northeastern South America, from Venezuela and the Leeward Islands through Trinidad and Tobago, the Windward Islands, the Guianas, and Brazil to Uruguay.

References

  1. "Genus: Avicennia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-03-30. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  2. 1 2 Avicennia L. Plants of the World Online , Kew Science. Accessed 21 August 2024.
  3. Api-api Putih (Avicennia alba) The Tide Chaser. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  4. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1 A-C. CRC Press. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-8493-2675-2.
  5. Api Api Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park. Retrieved 2012-02-08,
  6. "Avicennia balanophora Stapf & Moldenke — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  7. "Avicennia bicolor Standl. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  8. "Avicennia germinans (L.) L. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  9. "Avicennia integra N.C.Duke — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  10. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Plants of the World Online , Kew Science. Accessed 19 March 2023.
  11. "Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  12. "Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  13. "Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  14. "Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  15. "Avicennia officinalis L. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  16. "Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.

Further reading