The Cramps

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The Cramps
Cramps1982-07.jpg
The Cramps in 1982
Background information
OriginNew York City, U.S.
Genres
Years active1976–2009
Labels
Past membersSee members section for others

The Cramps were an American rock band formed in 1976 and active until 2009. Their lineup rotated frequently during their existence, with the husband-and-wife duo of singer Lux Interior and guitarist Poison Ivy the only ever-present members. The band are credited as progenitors of the psychobilly subgenre, fusing elements of punk rock with rockabilly. [1] The addition of guitarist Bryan Gregory and drummer Pam Balam resulted in the first complete lineup in April 1976. They released their debut album Songs the Lord Taught Us in 1980. The band split after the death of lead singer Interior in 2009. [2]

Contents

History

1970s

Lux Interior in 2004 Luxinterior.jpg
Lux Interior in 2004

Lux Interior (born Erick Lee Purkhiser) and Poison Ivy (born Kristy Marlana Wallace) met in Sacramento, California, in 1972. [3] In light of their common artistic interests and shared devotion to record collecting, they decided to form the Cramps. Lux took his stage name from a car ad, and Ivy claimed to have received hers in a dream (she was first Poison Ivy Rorschach, taking her last name from that of the inventor of the Rorschach test). In 1973, they moved to Akron, Ohio, and then to New York in 1975, soon entering into CBGB's early punk scene with other emerging acts like Suicide, the Ramones, Patti Smith, Television, Blondie, Talking Heads, Mink DeVille, and fellow Ohio transplants Dead Boys. The lineup in 1976 was Poison Ivy Rorschach, Lux Interior, Bryan Gregory (guitar), and his sister Pam "Balam" (drums).

In a short period of time, the Cramps changed drummers twice; Miriam Linna (later of Nervus Rex, the Zantees, and the A-Bones and co-owner of Norton Records) replaced Pam Balam, and Nick Knox (formerly with the Electric Eels) replaced Linna in September 1977. In the late 1970s, the Cramps briefly shared a rehearsal space with the Fleshtones, and performed regularly in New York at clubs such as CBGB and Max's Kansas City, releasing two independent singles produced by Alex Chilton at Ardent Studios in Memphis in 1977 before being signed by Miles Copeland III to the young I.R.S. Records label. Their first tour of Great Britain was as supporting act to the Police on that band's first UK tour promoting Outlandos d'Amour .

In June 1978, they gave a landmark free concert for patients at the California State Mental Hospital in Napa, recorded on a Sony Portapak video camera by the San Francisco collective Target Video and later released as Live at Napa State Mental Hospital. Once back to the east coast, they played the revamped 1940s swing club "The Meadowbrook" in New Jersey, which had a huge stage and dance floor. Next they recorded two singles in New York City, which were later re-released on their 1979 Gravest Hits EP, before Chilton brought them back that year to Memphis to record their first full-length album, Songs the Lord Taught Us , at Phillips Recording, operated by former Sun Records label owner Sam Phillips.

1980s

Poison Ivy performing with the Cramps, 1990, Tokyo The Cramps' Poison Ivy.jpg
Poison Ivy performing with the Cramps, 1990, Tokyo

The Cramps relocated to Los Angeles in 1980 and hired guitarist Kid Congo Powers of the Gun Club. While recording their second LP, Psychedelic Jungle , the band and Miles Copeland began to dispute royalties and creative rights. The ensuing court case prevented them from releasing anything until 1983, when they recorded Smell of Female live at New York's Peppermint Lounge; Kid Congo Powers subsequently departed. Mike Metoff of the Pagans (cousin of Nick Knox) was the final second guitarist – albeit only live – of the Cramps' pre-bass era. He accompanied them on an extensive European tour in 1984 (that had been canceled twice because they could not find a suitable guitarist) which included four sold out nights at the Hammersmith Palais. They also recorded performances of "Thee Most Exalted Potentate of Love" and "You Got Good Taste" which were broadcast on 'The Midsummer Night's Tube 1984.' Smell of Female peaked at No. 74 in the UK Albums Chart. [4]

The band appears in the 1982 film Urgh! A Music War . [5]

In 1985 the Cramps recorded a one-off track for the horror movie The Return of the Living Dead called "Surfin' Dead", on which Ivy played bass as well as guitar. With the release of 1986's A Date With Elvis , the Cramps permanently added a bass guitar to the mix, but had trouble finding a suitable player, so Ivy temporarily filled in as the band's bassist. Jennifer "Fur" Dixon joined them on the world tour to promote the album. Their popularity in the UK was at its peak as evidenced by the six nights at Hammersmith in London, three at the Odeon (as well as many other sell out dates throughout the UK) and then three at the Palais when they returned from the continent. Each night of the tour opened with the band coming on one at a time each: Knox, Fur, Ivy and then Lux before launching into their take on Elvis' "Heartbreak Hotel". The album featured what was to become a predominating theme of their work from here on: a move away from the B-movie horror focus to an increased emphasis on sexual double entendre. The album met with differing fates on either side of the Atlantic: in Europe, it sold over 250,000 copies, while in the U.S. the band had difficulty finding a record company prepared to release it until 1990. [6] It also included their first UK Singles Chart hit: "Can Your Pussy Do the Dog?" [4] [7]

It was not until 1986 that the Cramps found a suitable permanent bass player: Candy del Mar (of Satan's Cheerleaders), who made her recorded debut on the raw live album RockinnReelininAucklandNewZealandxxx , which was followed by the studio album Stay Sick in 1990. It spent one week at No. 62 in the UK Albums Chart in February 1990. [4]

1990s

Lux Interior and Poison Ivy in Tokyo, 1990 The-Cramps.jpg
Lux Interior and Poison Ivy in Tokyo, 1990

Candy del Mar and Knox left the band in 1991. The Cramps hit the Top 40 in the UK for the first and only time with "Bikini Girls with Machine Guns"; [4] Ivy posed as such both on the cover of the single and in the promotional video for the song. The Cramps went on to record more albums and singles through the 1990s and 2000s, for various labels. [7] When the band signed to The Medicine Label, a Warner Brothers imprint, in 1994 – the label made the announcement via a limited edition (500 copies) 12" live album of the Cramps' first two Max's Kansas City shows, given away to all ticket holders as they exited a secret CBGB show in early January of that year.

In 1994, the Cramps made their national US television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing "Ultra Twist".

In 1995 the Cramps appeared on the TV-series Beverly Hills, 90210 in the Halloween episode "Gypsies, Cramps and Fleas". [8] They played two songs in the episode: "Mean Machine" and "Strange Love". Lux Interior started the song by saying "Hey boys and ghouls, are you ready to raise the dead?".

In honor of the success of the Cramps, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has on display a shattered bass drum head that Lux's head went through during a live show.

2000s

On January 10, 2001, Bryan Gregory died at Anaheim Memorial Medical Center of complications following a heart attack. He was 49. [9]

In 2002, the Cramps released their final album, Fiends of Dope Island, on their own label, Vengeance Records. That same year, Lux Interior did a voiceover for the lead singer character of the band The Bird Brains on the animated TV show SpongeBob SquarePants singing 'Underwater Sun.' The song was written and composed by Stephen Hillenburg and Peter Strauss. [10]

The Cramps played their final shows in Europe in the summer of 2006 and their last live show was on November 4, 2006, at the Marquee Theater in Tempe, Arizona.

On February 4, 2009, Lux Interior died at the Glendale Memorial Hospital after suffering an aortic dissection which, contrary to initial reports about a pre-existing condition, was "sudden, shocking and unexpected". [11]

Style and influences

The Cramps are considered progenitors of psychobilly. The Cramps live in Belgium, 2006.jpg
The Cramps are considered progenitors of psychobilly.

The Cramps weren't thinking of this weird subgenre when we coined the term "psychobilly" in 1976 to describe what we were doing. To us all the '50s rockabillies were psycho to begin with; it just came with the turf as a given, like a crazed, sped-up hillbilly boogie version of country.

We hadn't meant playing everything superloud at superheavy hardcore punk tempos with a whole style and look, which is what "psychobilly" came to mean later in the '80s. We also used the term "rockabilly voodoo" on our early flyers.

—Poison Ivy Rorschach [12]

The Cramps' music is played at varying tempos, with a minimal drumkit. An integral part of the early Cramps sound was dual guitars, without a bassist. The focus of their songs' lyrical content and their image was camp humor, sexual double-entendre, and retro horror/sci-fi b-movie iconography. Their sound was heavily influenced by early rockabilly, such as Jerry Lott AKA The Phantom, whose 1958 single 'Love Me' they covered, [13] rhythm and blues, and rock and roll like Link Wray and Hasil Adkins, 1960s surf music acts [14] such as the Ventures and Dick Dale, 1960s garage rock artists like the Standells, the Trashmen, the Green Fuz and the Sonics, as well as the post-glam/early punk scene from which they emerged, as well as citing Ricky Nelson as being an influence during numerous interviews. They also were influenced by the Ramones and Screamin' Jay Hawkins. [15] Poison Ivy stated, "The failure of outsiders to acknowledge the influence of blues and R&B on The Cramps is an omission bordering on racism. Rockabilly is rooted in the blues and we consider ourselves a blues band." [16]

The band used the phrases gothabilly, [17] psychobilly [18] and "rockabilly voodoo" to market their music. [12] [19] The term "psychobilly" was first used in the lyrics to the country song "One Piece at a Time", written by Wayne Kemp for Johnny Cash, which was a Top 10 hit in the United States in 1976. The lyrics describe the construction of a "psychobilly Cadillac using stolen auto parts." [19] The Cramps have since rejected the idea of being a part of a psychobilly subculture, noting that "We weren't even describing the music when we put 'psychobilly' on our old fliers; we were just using carny terms to drum up business. It wasn't meant as a style of music." [19] Nevertheless, The Cramps, along with artists such as Screamin' Jay Hawkins, are considered important precursors to psychobilly. [19] Critics and journalists classified the Cramps' sound as psychobilly, [20] [21] [22] [23] gothabilly, [17] [24] [25] garage punk, [26] [27] rockabilly, [28] [29] [30] horror punk, [31] garage rock, [32] punk rock [29] and surf. [29]

The Cramps have been cited as an influence by musicians including 45 Grave, [33] the Nomads, [34] Zombina and the Skeletones, [35] Inca Babies, [36] Creeper, [37] the Black Keys, [38] the White Stripes, [39] the Sisters of Mercy, [40] My Bloody Valentine, [41] Faith No More [42] and Southern Culture on the Skids. [43]

Members

Final lineup

Discography

Studio albums

Related Research Articles

Psychobilly is a rock music fusion genre that fuses elements of rockabilly and punk rock. It's been defined as "loud frantic rockabilly music", it has also been said that it "takes the traditional countrified rock style known as rockabilly, ramp[ing] up its speed to a sweaty pace, and combin[ing] it with punk rock and imagery lifted from horror films and late-night sci-fi schlock,... [creating a] gritty honky tonk punk rock."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gothabilly</span> Music genre

Gothabilly is music genre influenced by rockabilly and the goth subculture. The name is a portmanteau word that combines gothic and rockabilly, first used by the Cramps in the late 1970s to describe their somber blend of rockabilly and punk rock. Since then, the term has come to describe a fashion style influenced by gothic fashion, as seen in its use of black silks, satins, lace and velvet, corsets, top hats, antique jewellery, PVC, and leather.

<i>Songs the Lord Taught Us</i> 1980 studio album by the Cramps

Songs the Lord Taught Us is the debut album by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released in 1980 on I.R.S. Records in America and Illegal Records in England. In 2020, Rolling Stone included Songs the Lord Taught Us in their "80 Greatest albums of 1980" list, praising the band for its "psychobilly sound that went way beyond the kitschiest moments of the Ramones or Blondie and into a whole new realm of garage-trash novelty".

<i>Smell of Female</i> 1983 live album by The Cramps

Smell of Female is the first live album by the American rock band the Cramps. The mini-album was recorded at The Peppermint Lounge in New York City on February 25–26, 1983, and issued the same year on Big Beat Records in the UK, Enigma Records in the US and New Rose Records in France. It was also released by New Rose as a quadruple-7" box set, with an additional track, "Weekend on Mars". It was later expanded to album length with three bonus tracks.

<i>Gravest Hits</i> 1979 EP by The Cramps

Gravest Hits is the first 12" EP by the American rock band the Cramps, compiling both sides of their first two 1978 Vengeance singles, "Surfin' Bird" and "Human Fly", with an added fifth track, a cover version of "Lonesome Town". It was released in July 1979 on Illegal Records and I.R.S. Records. The tracks were all produced by Alex Chilton and recorded at Ardent Studios in Memphis in 1977. The EP's liner notes were credited to "Dr. J.H. Sasfy, Professor of Rockology, American Rock'n'Roll Institute, Washington D.C., U.S.A.". Gravest Hits is one of the first records of both the rockabilly revival and the psychobilly genres. The photograph on the back of the original sleeve, of the band in performance, was taken at the Palladium theater in New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lux Interior</span> American singer

Erick Lee Purkhiser, better known by the stage name Lux Interior, was an American singer and a founding member of the American rock band the Cramps from 1976 until his death in 2009 at age 62.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poison Ivy (musician)</span> American guitarist

Kristy Marlana Wallace, known as Poison Ivy or Poison Ivy Rorschach, is an American guitarist, songwriter, arranger, producer, and occasional vocalist who co-founded the rock band The Cramps.

<i>How to Make a Monster</i> (album) 2004 compilation album by the Cramps

How To Make A Monster is the third compilation album by the American rock band the Cramps. Comprising rare, previously-unreleased tracks, the release is a 2-CD set that includes a 28-page book with extensive liner notes by members Lux Interior and Poison Ivy, as well as rare and previously unseen photos and flyers from their personal collection.

<i>...Off the Bone</i> 1983 compilation album by The Cramps

...Off the Bone is the first compilation album of previously released material by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released in 1983 in the United Kingdom on Illegal Records. The original release had an anaglyph on the cover and a pair of paper red and blue "3D glasses" inside the sleeve for viewing it.

<i>Fiends of Dope Island</i> 2003 studio album by The Cramps

Fiends of Dope Island is the eighth and final studio album by the American rock band the Cramps. The Cramps resurrected their own record label Vengeance Records to release the album in 2003. It was recorded in Hollywood in August 2002. It was self-produced by Poison Ivy and Lux Interior. The album takes its title from the 1959 film, Fiend of Dope Island. "Fissure of Rolando" was dedicated to John Agar (1921-2002).

<i>Big Beat from Badsville</i> 1997 studio album by The Cramps

Big Beat from Badsville is the seventh studio album by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released in 1997 on Epitaph Records.

<i>Flamejob</i> 1994 studio album by The Cramps

Flamejob is the sixth studio album by the American rock band The Cramps. It was released on October 11, 1994, by Creation Records. It was recorded and mixed at the engineer Earle Mankey's Psychedelic Shack in Thousand Oaks, California. It was self-produced by Poison Ivy and Lux Interior. A UK-only reissue in 2003 contained two versions of "Ultra Twist!"

<i>Look Mom No Head!</i> 1991 studio album by The Cramps

Look Mom No Head! is the fifth studio album and the 10th album overall by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released in November 1991 by Restless/Enigma, and licensed to Ace Records under Big Beat in the UK. It was recorded and mixed by Steve McMillan at Ocean Way Studios in Hollywood between June 21 and July 14, 1991. It was self-produced by Cramps guitarist Poison Ivy. Iggy Pop guested on the track "Miniskirt Blues", which was originally recorded by the Flower Children in 1967.

<i>Stay Sick!</i> 1990 studio album by the Cramps

Stay Sick! is the fourth studio album by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released on February 12, 1990, by Enigma Records, recorded at Music Grinder in Hollywood, self-produced by guitarist Poison Ivy and engineered by Steve McMillan. It was the last made in studio with long-time drummer Nick Knox.

<i>RockinnReelininAucklandNewZealandXXX</i> 1987 live album by The Cramps

RockinnReelininAucklandNewZealandXXX is the eighth album overall and the second live album by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released on the band's own Vengeance Records. It was mixed by Greg Heiter and recorded live on August 27, 1986, at the Galaxy in Auckland, New Zealand. The track list was heavily drawn from the album A Date with Elvis, released earlier that year. It was reissued in 1994 with the bonus tracks "Blue Moon Baby", "Georgia Lee Brown" and "Lonesome Town".

<i>A Date with Elvis</i> (The Cramps album) 1986 studio album by the Cramps

A Date with Elvis is the third full-length studio album by the American rock band the Cramps, released in the UK on Big Beat Records in 1986. The title was appropriated from A Date with Elvis (1959), the eighth album by Elvis Presley. The album was recorded in fall 1985 and engineered by Steve McMillan and Mark Ettel at Ocean Way Studios in Hollywood, California. The album was first released in the US in 1990 by Enigma Records, with the bonus tracks "Blue Moon Baby", "Georgia Lee Brown", "Give Me a Woman", and "Get Off the Road". The Cramps reissued the album on their own Vengeance Records in 2001. The original album was reissued in the UK by Big Beat in 2013 on orange vinyl, and subsequently reissued again by Vengeance Records in the US, UK and Canada in 2014. It was the Cramps' most commercially successful album release, charting internationally and reaching the top 40 of the UK Albums Chart.

<i>Bad Music for Bad People</i> 1984 compilation album by the Cramps

Bad Music for Bad People is the second compilation album of previously released material by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released in 1984 on I.R.S. Records and was seen by most fans as a cynical cash-in by the record label, following the departure of the band. Sounds, the now defunct UK music paper, gave the album a 5-star review but said, "Miles Copeland's IRS label pick the carrion of their former label mates even cleaner by releasing a watered down version of the ...Off the Bone singles collection that was released in the UK...The music's still great even if the scheming behind Bad Music for Bad People stinks of decay and corruption".

<i>Psychedelic Jungle</i> 1981 studio album by The Cramps

Psychedelic Jungle is the second album by the American rock band the Cramps. It was released in May 1981 on I.R.S. Records. It was engineered by Paul McKenna and recorded in January 1981 at A&M Studios. It was self-produced by the Cramps. The photo on the back cover of the album was taken by the noted photographer and director Anton Corbijn.

The Sting-rays were a British rock band from Greater London which recorded on Ace Records' garage and psychedelic subsidiary Big Beat and Joe Foster's Kaleidoscope Sound in the 1980s.

References

  1. ↑ Remington, Alexander F. (February 6, 2009). "Lux Interior, 62 - Co-Founder of the Cramps, An Early Psychobilly Band". The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23, 2017. Lux Interior ... was lead singer and co-founder of the pioneering psychobilly band the Cramps, ... which formed in the early 1970s, [and] were the first band to gain a following in psychobilly ....
  2. ↑ The Wild Wild World of The Cramps: Ian Johnston, Omnibus Press, 1990
  3. ↑ Leibrock, Rachel (February 4, 2009). "Cramps singer Lux Interior dies at 60". The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 124. ISBN   1-904994-10-5.
  5. ↑ "Gypsies, Cramps and Fleas". IMDb . Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  6. ↑ Porter, Dick (2007). The Cramps, A Short Rock n Roll History. Plexus. p. 111. ISBN   978-0-85965-368-8.
  7. 1 2 Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 219–220. ISBN   1-84195-017-3.
  8. ↑ "Gypsies, Cramps and Fleas". IMDb.com. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Cramps Star Bryan Gregory Dies". NME . January 15, 2001. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  10. ↑ "The Cramps founder Lux Interior once appeared on 'SpongeBob SquarePants'". faroutmagazine . February 4, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  11. ↑ "The Cramps". The Cramps. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  12. 1 2 Spitz, Marc; Mullen, Brendan (2001). We Got the Neutron Bomb: The Untold Story of L.A. Punk (1st ed.). New York City: Three Rivers Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN   0-609-80774-9 . Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Original versions of Love Me by the Cramps | SecondHandSongs". SecondHandSongs.
  14. ↑ Gotrich, Lars (February 5, 2009). "Cramps Frontman Lux Interior Dies At 62". NPR . Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  15. ↑ "Lux Interior: maniacal front man of the Cramps". The Times . February 6, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  16. ↑ Porter, Dick (2007). The Cramps, A Short Rock n Roll History. Plexus. p. 144. ISBN   978-0-85965-368-8.
  17. 1 2 Breen, Meagan (March 5, 2009). "An Introspective into Gothabilly". Auxiliary Magazine. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
  18. ↑ Epstein, Daniel Robert (July 15, 2003). "The Cramps by Missy". SuicideGirls . Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Downey, Ryan J. (November 2004). "Psyched to Be Here". Alternative Press . pp. 77–78.
  20. ↑ Palmer, Robert (July 30, 1986). "THE POP LIFE; EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOBILLY ON NEW CRAMPS ALBUM". The New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  21. ↑ Morris, Chris (March 13, 1999). "Declarations of Independents". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 11. p. 72. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  22. ↑ Bobbitt, Melissa (June 28, 2016). "10 essential psychobilly bands you need to know". AltPress. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  23. ↑ Deming, Mark. "The Cramps | Biography & History". AllMusic . Retrieved December 23, 2019.
  24. ↑ Uutela, Deanna (October 4, 2007). "Case of the Zombies". Eugene Weekly . Eugene, Oregon. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
  25. ↑ van Elferen, Isabella (2015). Goth Music: From Sound to Subculture. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. ISBN   978-1-317-96297-7.
  26. ↑ Ensminger, David A. (2011). Visual Vitriol: The Street Art and Subcultures of the Punk and Hardcore Generation. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 250. ISBN   978-1-60473-969-5.
  27. ↑ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "The Cramps: Fiends of Dope Island Review" at AllMusic . Retrieved September 11, 2011.
  28. ↑ "The 80 Greatest Albums of 1980". Rolling Stone . November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 Cummings, Sue (June 1986). "The Cramps: A Date With Elvis". Spin. 2 (3): 32. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  30. ↑ McDonnell, Evelyn (May 3, 1990). "The Cramps: Stay Sick![Bonus Tracks]". Rolling Stone . No. RS 577. Wenner Media. ISSN   0035-791X. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007.
  31. ↑ Ph.D, Jacqueline Edmondson (2013). Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 502. ISBN   978-0-313-39348-8.
  32. ↑ Mandel, Leah (May 2, 2019). "The Guide to Getting into The Cramps, Garage Rock's True Freaks". Vice . Retrieved March 12, 2023.
  33. ↑ Bean, Mikey (2019). Phantoms: The Rise of Deathrock from the LA punk scene. p. 19.
  34. ↑ Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ Rivera, Alberto. "Unearthing Zombina and the Skeletones". Indiemusic.co. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  36. ↑ Strong, Martin C. (1999) "The Great Alternative & Indie Discography", Canongate, ISBN   0-86241-913-1
  37. ↑ Goodman, Eleanor (August 18, 2015). "Do you want to join Creeper's fright club?". Metal Hammer . Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  38. ↑ Kara, Scott (December 1, 2011). "The Black Keys get back into the groove". The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  39. ↑ Adams, Owen (July 18, 2007). "Why The White Stripes want to join the Gun Club" (Music Blogs). Guardian. London. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
  40. ↑ Milo, Nadine (October 1983). "La Métaphore Reptilienne Sisters Of Mercy". Rock The Town. No. 10. p. 16. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Tous nos groupes préférés sont de vieux groupes éteints, à part Motorhead, les Cramps, les Banshees, et les Psychedelic Furs (All of our favorite bands are old, dead bands apart from Motorhead, the Cramps, the Banshees, and the Psychedelic Furs.)
    Lefevre, Olivier (September 1983). "Merci Les Soeurs". En Attendant. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Peu de nos contemporains possèdent une véritable dimension, les Banshees, les Psychedelic Furs. Les autres ne sont pas honnêtes. (Few of our contemporaries have got a true dimension. The Banshees, the Psychedelic Furs. The other bands are not honest.)
  41. ↑ McGonial, Mike (2007). Loveless. 33⅓. New York: Continuum. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-8264-1548-6.
  42. ↑ Wiederhorn, Jon (November 4, 2014). "Interview: Faith No More Give Update from the Studio". Revpmver. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  43. ↑ Huey, Steve. "Southern Culture On The Skids Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved December 28, 2022.

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